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By  E  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  WILD   BIRDS 
AND  THEIR  MUSIC 

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Illustrations,  and  numerous  Musical  Diagrams. 

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FIELD   BOOK  OF  AMERICAN   WILD 
FLOWERS 

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Q.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 
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SAbbatia.. 


Sabbatia,  chlopoides. 


FIELD  BOOK  OF 
AMERICAN  WILD 
m  FLOWERS 


BEING  A  SHORT  DESCRIPTION  OF  THEIR 
CHARACTER  AND  HABITS,  A  CONCISE 
DEFINITION  OF  THEIR  COLORS,  AND  IN- 
CIDENTAL  REFERENCES  TO  THE  INSECTS 
WHICH  ASSIST  IN  THEIR  FERTILIZATION 

By  F.  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS 

MEMBER  OF  THE  NEW  ENGLAND  BOTANICAL  CLUB 

AND  AUTHOR  OF 
FAMILIAR      FLOWERS     OF     FIELD     AND     GARDEN 
FAMILIAR    TREES    AND    THEIR    LEAVES,    FAMILIAR 
FEATURES    OF   THE    ROADSIDE,  ETC.  ^^^^^^^^ 


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WITH  NUMEROUS  REPRODUCTIONS  OF  WATER 
COLORS  AND  PEN-AND-INK  STUDIES  FROM  NATURE 
BY    THE   AUTHOR   S         ig         3?         iB         ®         ig         * 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 


NEW   YORK  g  LONDON 

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•S*         Ube  'Stnfcl;erbocf;er  press         £ 


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Copyright,  1902 

BY 

F.  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS 


Published,  April,  1902 

Reprinted,  August,  1902  ;    January,  1903  ;    May,  1903  ;    January,  1904 ; 

June,  1904 ;  October,  1904 ;  July,  1905 


Ube  Iftnicfterbocfeer  ipress,  IRew  Jgorft 


To 
C.   A.   M. 

IN    REMEMBRANCE    OF 

MANY   JOURNEYS   AFIELD   IN 

THE   BEAUrXPUL    VALLEY   OF   THE   PEMIGEWASSET 

THIS    BOOK    IS    AFFECTIONATELY 

INSCRIBED 


CONTENTS. 


List  of  Colored  Plater    .  .  .  .         . 

Technical  Terms         .  .  . 

Colors — an  index  to  assist  in  the  identifi- 
cation OF  A  FLOWER  OR  ITS  FRUIT  BY  MEANS 
OF  THE  COLOR 

Insects  which  assist  in  the  Fertilization  of 

Flowers  .... 
Introduction  .... 
Families: 

Cat-tail  (Typhaceco) 

Bur  Reed  (Sparganiacece) 

Water  Plantain  {Alismacece) 

Arum  {AracecB) 

Yellow-eyed  Grass  {Xyridacece) 

Spider  wort  {Connnelinacecs) 

Pickerel  Weed  {Pontederiacecs) 

Lily  (Liliacecu) 

Amaryllis  {AniaryUidacecB)     . 

Iris  {IridacecE) 

Orchid  {OrchidacecB) 

Birthwort  {A  ristolochiacecs) 

Buckwheat  (PolygonacecB) 

Goosefoot  {Chenopodiacecs) 

Amaranth  {AmarantacecE) 

Purslane  (Portulacacecs) 

Pink  iCaryophyllacecB) 

Water- Lily  {Nymph(sacece)    . 

Crowfoot  {RanunculacecE) 

Barberry  {B erheridacecs) 

Poppy  (PapaveracecB)    . 

Mustard  {CrucifercB) 

Pitcher  Plant  {Sarraceniacece) 

Sundew  {Droseracece)     . 

Orpine  (Crass ulacece) 


PAGE 

ix 


xui 

XV 


4 
6 

lO 

i8 
i8 

22 

24 

6o 
62 
68 
98 
102 
1 10 
112 
114 
116 
126 
128 
152 
156 
166 
176 
178 
180 


CONTENTS. 


Saxifrage  {Saxifragacece) 

Rose  (RosacecB) 

Pulse  (Leguminosce) 

Geranium  (Geraniacece) 

Sorrel  {OxalidacccB) 

Flax  {Liyiacece) 

Milkwort  {PolygalacecB) 

Spurge  (EuphorbiacecB) 

Cashew  {Anacardiacecs) 

Staff-tree  {Cclastracecs) 

Jewel-weed  {Balsaminacecs) 

Buckthorn  {Rhamnacece) 

Vine  {VitacecE) 

Mallow  {MalvacecB) 

St.  John's-wort  (HypericacecB) 

Rock-rose  (Cistacece) 

Violet  {Violacece) 

Loosestrife  (LythracecF) 

Meadow-beauty  {M elastoynacecB) 

Evening  Primrose  (OnagracecB) 

Ginseng  (AraliacecF) 

Parsley  {U inbellijercB)    . 

Dogwood  (Cornacece) 

Pyrola  {Pyrolacece) 

Heath  {EricacecB) 

Diapensia  {Diapenstacecs) 

Primrose  (Primiilacece) 

Plumbago  or  Leadwort  (PlumbaginacecB) 

Gentian  (Gentianacecu) 

Dogbane  (Apocynacece) 

Milkweed  (AsclepiadacecE) 

Convolvulus  {ConvolvtilacecB) 

Phlox  (PolemoniacecE) 

Borage  {BoragmacecB)    . 

Vervain  (y erhenacecB)    . 

Mint  (Labiates) 

Nightshade  (SolanacecB) 

Figwort  {ScrophulariacecB)     . 

Broom-rape  {OrobanchacecB)  . 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Plantain  {Plantaginacece)       .          .          .          .438 

Madder  (Rubiacece) 

440 

Honeysuckle  (Caprifoltacece) 

446 

Valerian  {ValerianacecB) 

452 

Gourd  {Cucurbitacece)    . 

454 

Bellflower  (Catiipanulacecs)    . 

456 

Lobelia  {Lobeliacece) 

462 

Composite  {Composites) 

466 

:x           ...... 

537 

COLORED  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FACING  PAGE 

Sabbatia Frontispiece 

Arrowhead 6 

Large  Flowering  Trillium .42 

Day  Lily 58 

Hooker's  Orchis , 86 

Large  Pl'rple  Fringed  Orchis 92 

Showy  Orchis ...96 

Bouncing  Bet 116 

Evening  Lychnis 120 

Marsh  Marigold 144 

Wild  Swamp  Rose 204 

Fringed  Polygala 240 

Bird-foot  Violet 27'6 

Shinleaf         .        .                324 

Fringed  Gentian 356 

Oswego  Tea 398 

Monkey  Flower 422 

Twin  Flower 448 

Early  Golden-rod 480 

New  England  Aster 486 

Robin's  Plantain '    .  500 

Elecampane 504 

Cone-flower 508 

Common  Thistle 520 


TECHNICAL  TERMS. 

Corolla.     The  flower-cup  composed  of  one  or  more  di- 
visions called  petals. 
Petal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  the  corolla. 
Calyx.      A   flower-envelop,   usually   green,   formed  of 

several  divisions  called  sepals,  protecting  the  bud. 
Sepal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  the  calyx. 
Stamen.     Anther  and  filament  combined. 
Anther.     The  pollen-bearing  organ,  usually  yellow. 
Filament.     The  stalklike  support  of  the  anther. 
Pistil.     Ovar}',  style,  and  stigma  combined. 
Ovary.     The  seed-bearing  organ. 
Style.     The  stalklike   projection   proceeding  from  the 

ovary  and  terminated  by  the  stigma. 
Stigma.     The  generally  sticky  and  sometimes  branching 

termination  of  the  pistil  through  which  fertilization 

by  the  pollen  is  effected. 
Rostellum.     See  Orchid  Family  description,  page  68. 
Regular  Flower.     Generall}^  symmetrical  and  uniform 

in  the  number  of  its  parts. 
Perfect  Flower.     A  flower  complete  in  all  the  common 

parts. 
Staminate.     With  stamens  and  without  pistils. 
Pistillate.     With  pistils  and  without  stamens. 
Polygamous.     Pistillate,  staminate,  and  perfect  flowers 

on  the  same  plant  or  on  different  plants. 
Spathe.     A  leaflike  formation  enclosing  a  floral  growth. 
Spadix.     A  flesh}^  spike  of  flowers. 
Bracts.     Small  leaflike  formations. 
Stipule.     Small  leaflike  formations  confined  to  the  base 

of  the  leaf. 
Pubescent.     Covered  with  soft  short  hairs. 
Cleistogamous  Flower.     A  flower  closed  to  all  outward 

agencies  and  self-fertilized  in  the  bud. 


COLORS. 

AN     INDEX     TO  <- ASSIST    IN     THE     IDENTIFICATION     OF     A 
FLOWER    OR    ITS    FRUIT    BY    MEANS    OF    THE    COLOR. 

Black,  24,  26,  36,  258,  260,  412,  450. 

Blue,  22,  26,   152,  360,  380,  424. 

Brown,  3,  436,  530 

Coral  Red,  150,  446,  448. 

Cream  Color,   or  Cream  White,  or  Yellowish  White,    26,  38,  72.  74, 

76,  78,  90,  igo,  194,  21 2,    220,  258,  284,  320,  368,  380,  3S2,  442. 

446,  504,  528. 
Cream  Yellow,  46,  474 

Crimson,  122,  180,  194,  210,  242,  266,  324,  366. 
Crimson-pink,    80,    96,  106,   116,    118,    164,  190,    212,    262,   334,  336, 

352,  356    366,  368,  386,  400,  448. 
Golden  Yellow,   16,   54,  94,   126,   128,  142,    144,    156,    164,    194,    .?,'2, 

214,  228,  256,  268,  270,  272,    280,    282,  308,    310,  312,    344,    348, 

472,  474,  476,  478,  480,  482,  508,  510,  512,  514,  518,  524,  528,  532. 
Green,  to,  12,  16,  24,  36,  44,  46,  68,   84,  86,   98,    100,  102.    104,     106, 

T08,    iTO,  112,    136,  138,    186,  246,  248,    252,  258,    260,   274,  292, 

318,  366,  368,  412,  430,  498,  502,  506,  S12,  518. 
Green-yellow,  24,  30,  72,  82,   106,  152,    180,   214,   248,  304,  310,    362, 

412,  414,  430,  432,  498,  500,  516. 
Greeni.-,h  White,  28,  48,  56,  76,  78.  84,  88,  90.  108,  128,  130,  150,  168, 

180,  182,  184,  226,    244,  250,  254,   302,   304,   316,   322,   324,  362, 

364,  370,  434.  444.  454.  456. 
Lavender,  284,  350,  396,  414,  416,  422,  424,  426,  460,  488. 
Lilac,  148,  226,  276,  278,  294,  296,  334,  338,  358,  362,  368,  374.  400, 

406,  408,  422,  440,  486,  488,  492,  494,  498,  500,  522,  528,  534. 
Lilac-white,  134,  486,  490,  492,  494,  496. 
Madder  Purple,   70.   72,  98.   182,  448,  466. 
Magenta,  28,  40,  60,  80,  82,    120,   164,  178,   200,   216,   218,   230,  232, 

234,  240,  242,  244,  264,  274,  286,   288,    290,    294,    324,    336,  342, 

352,  366,  374,    376,    386,  390,  408,  410,   418,  428,   432,  450,  4S6, 

488,  496,  500,  506,  508,  520,  522,  530. 
Magenta-crimson,  78,  96,  366,  454.  468. 
Magenta-pink,  80,  92,    116,   162,    166,   218,    220,  230,   244,   264,  288, 

342,  352,  388,  452. 
Maroon,  40,  224,  250. 

Orange,  10,  58.  64,  254,  338,  366,  418,  526 
Orange-yellow,  52,  84,  88,  336,  382,  516 
Pink,  6,  20,  28,  40,  42,  56,  60,  106,  108,  114,  118,  122,  126,  136.  162, 

188,  190,  204,    206,    210,    212,  264,  266,   320,  326,  330,    332,  334, 

336,  340,  342,  348,  354.    356,    364.  370,  374.    400.   442,   448,  450. 

452,  468,  500. 

xi 


COLORS. 


Purple,  82,  92,  130,  214,  220,  222,  226,  266,  278,  280,  282,  284,  310, 
338,  35°.  374.  382,  384,  386,  390,  392,  394.  398,  400,  402,  406, 
410,  412,  418,  422,  430,  436,  456,  458,  470,  484,  486,  488,  492, 
494,  496,  498,  534. 

Purple-black   44;  304,  446. 

Purple-brown,   10,  70,   194,  302. 

Purple-red,   14,   176,   190,   '24. 

Red,  152,  176,   180,  270,  292,  326,  328,  330,  336,  400,  450,  462. 

Ruby  Red,  30,  32,    192,  304,  412. 

Scarlet,  10,  42,  48,  52,  146,  196,  266,  318,  350,  398,  430,  446,  448, 
452. 

Ultramarine  Blue,  20,   148,   362,  384. 

Violet,  64,  122,  148,  208,  210,  222,  238,  276,  278,  282,  358,  374, 
376,  378,  382.  384,  386.  388,  396,  398,  400,  402,  404,  406,  412, 
416,  424,  454,  458,  460,  462,  464,  470,  486,  490,  494,  496,  500. 

Violet-blue,  18,  20,  22,  62,  64,  66,   148,  276,  356,  358,  360,  488,  524. 

White,  4,  6,  8,  12,  22,  26,  30,  32,  34,  40,  42,  46,  54,  56,  60,  64,  82,  84, 
88,  90,  94,  96,  114,  118.  120,  122,  124,  126,  132,  134,  136,  146, 
150,  152,  154,  156,  160,  162,  166,  168,  170,  174,  178,  180,  182, 
184,  186,  192,  i9'6,  200,  222,  232,  234,  242,  246,  248,  262,  264, 
266,  r!76,  278,  280,  282,  284,  294,  296,  300,  302,  304,  306,  308, 
310,  312.  314.  316,  322,  324.  326.  328.  330.  332,  334.  340.  344. 
348,  350,  354.  370,  372.  374.  376,  378.  380,  384,  388,  390,  394, 
396,  400,  402,  406,  408,  412,  414,  416,  420,  422,  426,  432,  438, 
440,  442,  444,  446,  448,  450,  452,  454,  460,  462,  464,  466,  468, 
470,  484,  486,  490,  492,  494,  496,  498,  502,  504,  514,  516,  518, 
520,  530,  534. 

Yellow,  18,  38,  50,  58,  60,  114,  138,  140,  142,  158,  170,  172,  174, 
186,  194,  198,  200,  202,  208,  216,  228,  236,  238,  256,  266,  268, 
274,  282,  292,  296,  298,  300,  304,  344,  346,  362,  390,  414,  416, 
418,  426,  428,  430,  432,  434,  436,  442,  450.  452,  478,  496,  506, 
510,  512.  S14,  518,  S20,  526,  528,  532,  534. 

Yellow,  Deep,  140,  142,  144,  158,  268,  504. 


Xll 


Junonia  coenia 


BUTTERFLIES 
CONCERNED  IN  THE  CROSS-FERTILIZATION  OF  FLOWERS, 
xiii 


The  Bumblebees.         Various.     The  Sypphid  Flies. 


Bombus  vagans. 


The  Honeybee. 
Apis  mellifica. 


Epistalis  flavlpes. 


Syrpus  Lesueurii. 

Bombus  temapius        '    '"     Xwf  \^^/' 

(Orange.b.nd«i)  g^^bylius  fratellus. 


CThese  two  files  much  enlarged) 


^^T?o\ydoridL  card  us. 


Bombus  fpigjdus  Bombyhusatpiceps. 


(Orange-banded) 


^  Megachile  latimana 

Bombus   Vipginicus  (Leaf-cutter bee) 


Hal  ictus  confusus. 


Bombus  teppicolaL 


"I 

Mai  lota  posticata. 


Andnena  vicina. 

Halfctus  &»Andpen& 
are  ground  bees. 
Bombus  Pennsylvanicua  Syrpus  diversipes. 


BUMBLEBEES,  BEES,  AND  FLIES    CONCERNED  IN  THE 
CROSS-FERTILIZATION  OF  FLOWERS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Perhaps  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  wild  fiowei 
of  late  has  become  popular.  If  such  is  the  case  I  am 
presumably  justified  in  presenting  it  in  a  new  light,  or, 
to  speak  more  to  the  point,  in  the  position  it  occu- 
pies according  to  the  light  of  one  who  loves  to  draw  it. 

Quite  recently,  in  a  conversation  about  art  with  Mr. 
Fosdick,  the  artist,  he  remarked  to  me  that  those  who 
followed  our  profession  were  legitimately  and  continu- 
ally seeking  after  expression  regardless  of  limitation.  I 
have  since  thought  this  was  a  very  happy  truth.  Per- 
haps, therefore,  it  is  sufficient  to  account  for  the  exist- 
ence of  a  volume  on  our  American  flora,  fully  one  half 
of  which  is  pictures. 

This  is  a  field-book  of  wild  flowers  ;  it  originated  in 
the  fields  and  it  is  intended  to  go  back  there,  I  trust,  in 
the  hand  of  its  good  reader.  Of  course,  not  all  of  it  was 
written  on  sunny  meadow  and  in  shady  wood,  nor  were 
all  of  its  illustrations  made  at  once  from  specimens  gath- 
ered during  various  botanical  rambles  ;  but,  in  the  truest 
sense  of  the  word,  nearly  all  of  the  book  is  a  direct 
result  of  field  work,  ranging  from  New  Hampshire  to 
Virginia. 

Not  many  years  ago,  my  highly  esteemed  friend,  the 
late  William  Hamilton  Gibson,  in  the  course  of  an  ad- 
dress he  was  delivering  before  the  Society  of  American 
Florists,  said  that  some  day  he  hoped  to  write  a  botany 
in  plain  English,  It  is  unnecessary  to  add  that  if  he 
had  lived  to  do  so,  in  all  probability  he  would  have  con- 
tributed as  much  to  our  happiness  as  the  father  of 
American  botanj',  Dr.  Asa  Gray.  Undoubtedly  he  felt, 
as  the  rest  of  us  have  felt,  the  great  need  of  simple,  un- 
technical  English  in  direct  connection  with  botany. 
But  there  are  difficulties  to  face  in'  even  a  modest  at- 
tempt  to   avoid   bothersome   technicalities.     We   nmst 


INTRODUCTION. 

necessarily  retain  the  Latin  names  and  surrender  the 
advantage  of  those  direct,  crisp  terms  which  express 
vohimes  to  students  wlio  understand  them  and  nothing  at 
all  to  others  who  do  not.  On  tlie  other  hand,  we  can  re- 
sort to  the  drawing,  which  often  expresses  more  at  the 
glance  of  the.  eye  than  the  best  turned  phrase,  technical 
or  otherwise  ;  so  with  plain  English  and  the  plainer 
drawing,  one  ought  to  be  able  to  identify  a  plant  with- 
out great  difficulty. 

To  be  sure,  one  is  continually  running  into  "  snags"  ; 
it  is  not  all  plain  sailing  even  for  the  botanist. 
Rules  are  all  very  well  in  their  way,  but  unfortunately 
Nature  abides  by  them  only  when  it  suits  her  conven- 
ience. There  are  hybrids  and  extreme  forms  galore ; 
there  are  puzzling  groups,  difficult  families,  and  differ- 
ences of  expert  opinion  ;  in  fact  there  are  so  many  prob- 
lems for  one  to  solve  that  the  very  interest  in  botany  lies 
in  their  solution.  The  roses  seem  to  be  indifferently  sep- 
arated. The  genus  Polygonum  is  simple  onh^  to  one  who 
is  satisfied  to  know  about  three  species.  The  Epilobiiuna 
are  not  all  easily  distinguished  apart.  Sisyrinchium, 
that  beautiful  little  blue-eyed  grass,  shows  signs  of  com- 
plications relative  to  species  which  prove  that  it  is  not 
as  simple  as  it  looks.  Pentstemon  occasionally  puzzles 
one  by  taking  a  half-way  form.  Sagittaria,  the  genius 
of  the  sluggish  river,  tries  to  be  everything  it  ought  not 
to  be  in  leaf  and  flower,  so  Mr.  J.  G.  Smith  settles  the 
matter  by  calling  the  forms  a,  b,  c,  d,  etc.  Even  the 
dandelion  and  the  strawberry  have  lost  their  simplicit3% 
and  now  each  poses  as  one  of  two  very  distinct  species. 
Then  there  is  Lactuca  —  what  a  puzzler  !  Anyone  who 
knows  Lactuca  despairs  about  its  leaves  ;  a  third  of  the 
way  up  the  plant-stem  they  represent  one  species,  half- 
way up  they  represent  another,  and  at  the  finish  the 
flowers  take  up  the  disagreement  where  the  leaves  leave 
off,  and  declare  for  a  third.  I  have  known  one  plant, 
Lactuca  Canadensis,  to  look  like  three  things  all  at  once ! 
When  one  reaches  the  mints,  whatever  trouble  existed 
before  seems  child's  pla}'  ;  here  is  an  order  of  plants 
which  was  apparently  created  for  the  express  purpose  of 
convincing  the  amateur  that  he  can  never  master  botany. 


INTRODUCTION. 

What  is  particularly  hard,  too,  is  the  fact  that  the  bot- 
anists have  apparently  shaken  the  names  up  in  a  bag 
and  sorted  them  out  afresh. 

Regarding  that  bugbear  of  the  botanical  student,  no- 
nienclatuie,  it  may  be  well  to  make  a  plain  statement 
of  the  facts  of  the  case.  Neither  the  older  system  of 
plant  arrangement  according  to  Dr.  Gray  nor  some  of 
his  names  can  remain  as  the}'  have  been.  At  present 
the  botanists  prefer  the  system  of  Engler  and  Prantl.  It 
certainly  shows  more  distinctly  the  character  of  devel- 
opment in  plant  form  by  placing  Typhace^  first  and 
Composite  last,  not  to  speak  of  the  satisfactory  charac- 
ter of  the  arrangements  in  between.  As  for  names,  few, 
after  all,  of  Dr.  Gray's  choosing  are  to  be  displaced. 
His  successors  are  now  engaged  with  such  revision  as  is 
really  necessary.  Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Merritt 
L.  Fernald  I  q^m  able  to  adopt  most  of  these  names,  and 
the  extreme  care  with  which  the  system  they  represent 
has  been  worked  out  inclines  me  to  believe  it  will  be  ulti- 
mately and  universally  accepted. 

At  the  present  time  there  is  no  international  agreement 
regarding  nomenclature  by  the  scientists  of  the  new 
and  the  old  world.  From  what  I  know  of  the  so-called 
Rochester  Code,  I  shoidd  say  it  is  a  disturbing  influence 
among  already  agitated  conditions,  and  its  lack  of  con- 
sistency does  not  entitle  it  to  unreserved  acceptance. 
Perhaps  its  instability  is  more  clearly  attested  by  the 
two  articles  from  Mr.  Fernald's  pen  which  appeared  in 
the  Botanical  Gazette,  vol.  31,  March.  1901,  and  vol.  32, 
Nov.,  1901,  and  by  the  action  long  since  of  most  of  our 
eminent  botanists,  who  have  published  a  signed  protest 
against  it. 

In  reference  to  the  color  names  used  in  this  book  it 
would  be  advisable  to  concisely  explain  the  principle 
upon  which  they  are  based.  There  is  always  one  unfail- 
ing source  where  one  may  obtain  color  properly  labeled  ; 
that  is  at  the  color  dealer's.  Perhaps  I  must  modify 
this  statement  and  say  moat  generally  properly  labeled. 
It  is  upon  a  purely  scientific  basis  that  the  flowers  are 
given  their  proper  color  names  ;  this  is  the  list  in  simple 
form  : 

xvii 


INTRODUCTION. 

Pure  yellow  Pure  pink  Violet 

Deep  yellow  Crimson  Blue-violet 

Golden  yellow  Crimson-pink  Ultramarine 

Pure  orange  Magenta  Pure  blue 

Scarlet  Magenta-pink  Madder  purple 

Pure  red  Pure  purple  Madder  brown 

Beyond  various  modifications  of  tliese  hues  there  are  no 
color  names  of  any  value  whatever  in  relation  to  the 
wild  flower.  We  have  in  the  color  dealer's  catalogue 
numerous  conditions  of  these  hues  indicated  by  standard 
names  :  there  is  Naples  yellow,  a  dilute  form  of  golden 
yellow  ;  crimson  lake,  a  subdued  rendering  of  crimson  : 
and  vermilion,  which  is  a  synonym  for  scarlet.  These 
are  standard  colors  which  have  never  varied,  and  which 
will  probably  last  with  many  others  as  long  as  painting 
does. 

In  botanical  and  ornithological  works  we  find  such 
color  names  as  fuscous,  rufous,  vinaceous,  ferruginous, 
rose-purple,  greenish  purple,  etc.;  they  mean  nothing  at 
all  to  one  who  is  not  a  scientist,  and  I  half  suspect  they 
mean  but  little  to  one  who  is.  Purple  (botanically 
speaking)  is  a  dreadfully  abused  term  wliich  is  made  to 
stand  for  half  the  rainbow  ;  it  means  anything  from 
crimson  to  violet.  As  an  actual  fact  it  is  fairly  repre- 
sented by  Mimulus  ringens,  and  one  Jot  to  the  right  or 
left  of  that  hue  is  not  purple.  Pure  yellow  is  perfectly 
represented  by  CEnothera  biennis,  and  no  tint  to  the 
right  or  left  of  that  is  a  true  yellow.  JMagenta  is  a 
crimson-purple  ;  the  list  of  flowers  which  represent  it 
is  too  long  to  give  here.  Blue  in  its  pure  form  only 
exists  (dilutely)  in  Myosotis.  But  I  find  that  if  I  disturb 
all  the  botanists'  color  names  I  may  complicate  matters 
and  add  to  the  confusion  wliich  already  exists  in  plant 
names,  so  I  am  content  to  let  Ranunculus  stand  in  plain 
yellow,  although  the  color  is  not  pure  yellow,  and  it 
ranges  through  eight  distinct  deep  or  golden  tones.  In 
many  other  instances,  also,  I  have  refrained  from  mak- 
ing a  change,  although  I  am  compelled  to  draw  the 
line  at  rose-purple,  and  call  it  by  its  proper  title,  light 
magenta. 


INTRODUCTION. 


I  have  found  myself  indebted  to  many  authors  of 
botanical  lists  for  the  information  I  give  regarding  the 
distribution  of  plants,  and  I  have  had  frequently  to 
congratulate  myself  upon  the  possession  of  that  excel- 
lent work,  Brainerd,  Jones,  and  Eggleston's  Flora  of 
Vermont.  But  it  seems  as  though  I  am  most  indebted, 
for  many  things,  to  the  late  gifted  Dr.  E.  Newlin  Wil- 
liams, who,  while  this  book  was  going  to  press,  lost  his 
life  in  an  excursion  during  a  bitter  cold  wave  in  Febru- 
ary among  the  White  Hills  we  both  loved  so  well.  He 
would  have  made  his  mark  as  a  botanist  if  he  had  chosen 
that  profession,  and  he  was  more  than  well  informed  in 
many  other  departments  of  knowledge.  Not  long  ago 
we  trudged  together  on  a  botanical  excursion  over  the 
slopes  of  Mt.  Washington,  and  I  found  myself  depend- 
ing upon  him  for  the  identification  of  many  an  alpine 
species  ;  he  knew  them  all  at  a  glance,  and  their  whole 
history  as  well.  From  him  I  received  the  specimen  of 
Belamcanda  which  is  drawn  here,  together  with  much 
information  regarding  the  flora  of  eastern  Pennsylvania. 
I  had  looked  forward  to  the  time  when  I  should  place 
this  book  in  his  hands  and  say,  "  Here  is  one  of  the  re- 
sults of  our  pleasant  mountain  rambles  together." 

I  am  also  indebted  to  others  for  help  in  the  writing  of 
this  volume.  I  soon  found  my  "  wild  garden ''  a  field  of 
work  too  narrow  to  enable  me  to  record  all  that  might 
be  recorded  regarding  the  visitations  of  insects  ;  hence  I 
was  glad  to  turn  to  those  remarkable  essays  on  the  sub- 
ject by  Prof.  Charles  Robertson  which  appeared  in  the 
Botanical  Gazette.  Then,  too,  by  the  courtesy  of  Dr. 
Robinson,  Curator  of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  practically 
the  whole  magnificent  collection  of  valuable  specimens 
and  the  splendid  library  have  been  open  to  me  for 
reference. 

One  must  alwaj^s  ask  for  the  indulgence  of  tlie  reader 
and  apologize  if  mistakes  appear,  but  if  they  do  it  will 
be  in  spite  of  great  vigilance.  Again,  much  of  the  de- 
scriptive text  may  seem  somewhat  bald  and  brief  through 
the  effort  to  sustain  the  portable  character  of  the  book  ; 
thus  the  brilliant  and  extensive  Composite  family  suf. 
fers  for  want  of  elbow-room.     But.  on  the  whole,  I  con- 


INTRODUCTION. 

sidered  that  we  all  know  that  family  best  of  all  and  we 
would  be  glad  to  give  it  all  the  room  it  needed  on  our 
highways  if  not  in  our  book,  which  must  fit  the  narrow 
limits  of  our  pocket  at  all  hazards. 

F.  Schuyler  Mathews. 

Boston,  Mass., 

March,  1903. 


FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  WILD 
FLOWERS. 


CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.     Typhaceae, 


CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.     Typhacece. 

Perennial  marsh  herbs  with  stemless,  ribbonlike  leaves, 
and  with  flowers  of  two  kinds,  st  jninate  and  pistillate 
on  the  same  plant,  lacking  petals  or  flow-er-cup.     Natu- 
rally not  dependent  upon  insects  for  fertilization . 
^        .|  The  light  olive  green  leaves  usually  exceed 

Tyijha  latifoiia  the  flower-stem  in  height.  The  upper  half 
Yellow=brown  of  the  cj'lindrical  flower-spike  consists  of 
June-July  ^j-^g  stamens,  and  the  low^er  half  of  the  pis- 
tils ;  the  abundant,  yellow,  powdery  pollen  of  the 
staminate  flow^ers  scattering  itself  over  the  pistillate 
flowers  below,  fertilizes  them. 

It  is  the  compact  down  of  the  bractless  pistillate  flowers 
tipped  with  red-brown  that  forms  the  familiar  cat-tail 
of  August  and  September.  At  that  time  only  a  few 
lingering  remnants  of  the  staminate  flowers  remain  on 
the  withering  tip  of  the  stem  above.  The  completely 
developed  cat-tail  measures  fully  1  inch  in  diameter. 
In  June  it  is  important  to  note  that  the  tw^o  kinds  of 
flowers  are  not  appreciably  separated  by  a  gap  as  in  the 
next  species  described.  The  color  of  the  staminate  flow- 
ers is  a  variable  olive  yellow-brown,  or  bro\vnish  yellow, 
according  to  age. 

Typha  is  the  Greek  Tvcpr/,  meaning  fen  or  bog,  and 
latifoiia  refers  to  the  broader  leaf  of  this  species.  The 
plant  is  4-8  feet  high,  and  is  common  in  swamps  everj'- 
where. 

The  slenderer  species  knowm  specifically  as 
leaved  Cat=tail  ^^^9'^*^^*/^^*^'  ^^^^  i^'  narrow-leaved,  is  re- 
Tijpha  angusti-  markable  for  the  distinct  and  considerable 
/^>''«  separation,  on  the  stem,  of  the  two  groups 

Yellow>brown  ^^  flowers  ;  this  is  usual,  but  not  without 
June-July 

exception.     The  structure  of  the  pistillate 

flowers  is  also  different  from  that  of  the  same  flowers  on 
Typha  latifoiia ;  under  a  glass  it  will  be  seen  that  they 
possess  a  hairlike  bractlet  slightly  swollen  at  the  top. 
This  cat-tail  is  narrow,  rarely  measuring  over  f  inch  in 
diameter.  The  plant  is  4-9  feet  high,  and  grows,  not 
invariably,  near  the  coast  from  Me.,  south;  it  is  some- 
times found  as  far  west  as  Mich,  and  Mo.  ;  it  is  common 


Cat-taLil 
Typhd  IdAifolia. 


Narrow-leaved  Cat-tail. 
Typha  angustifolium. 


BUR  REED  FAMILY.     Sparganiacex. 


in  Nantucket,  and  along  the  N.  J.  coast,  and  is  reported 
at  Mt.  Equinox,  Vt.,  by  Miss  Mary  A.  Day. 

BUR  REED  FAMILY.     Sparganiacece. 
Marsh  herbs  with  flowers  arranged  like  those  of  Typha 
but  collected  in  separate  spherical  heads.     Largely  self- 
fertilizing,  but  assisted  in  the  process  by  aquatic  insects 
and  flies. 

G  t  B  R  ed  ^^^^  deep  green  leaves  are  similar  to  those 
Sparganiuiii  ot  the  foregoing  species  and  are  about  f 
eurycarpum  inch  wide.  The  downy  flowers  are  in 
Brown=white  dense  round  heads  scattered  along  the  top 
May-August      ^^  ^j^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^  j.j^^  ^-^^^^  ^^  ^j^^  cat-tails 

consist  of  the  two  kinds,  staminate  and  pistillate,  abso- 
lutely separated.  The  green  fruit  is  a  burlike  sphere 
composed  of  nutlets  wedge-shaped  below,  and  flattened 
above  with  an  abrupt  point  in  the  centre,  so  that  tlie 
general  appearance  of  its  surface  is  not  unlike  that  of 
the  pineapple.  The  name  is  from  67tdpyavov,  a  band,  in 
allusion  to  the  ribbonlike  leaves.  The  plant  is  3-7  feet 
high,  and  is  common  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers 
from  Me. ,  south  to  Va. ,  and  west. 

This  is  a  much  smaller  species  with  nar- 
Smaller  Bur  ,  ,  .        ,       , 

l^ggjj  rower  leaves,  and  a  snnple  stem  and  row 

Sparganium       of  flower-heads.     The  green  fruit  is  about 

simplex  I  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  decidedly  bur- 

Brown=white     j^^^  appearance,  the  nutlets  tapering  to  a 

point  at  either  end,  and  the  upper  point 
being  much  longer  than  that  of  the  fruit  in  the  preced- 
ing species.  The  plant  is  1-2  feet  high,  and  is  generally 
in  the  water,  erect  or  sometimes  afloat ;  it  is  found  from 
Me.  to  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

This  familiar  variety,  which  is  common 
Branching  in  all  bogs,  is  larger  than  the  foregoing 

Bur  Reed  in  many  respects,  and  it  is  distinguished 

Sparganium  f^j.  j^g  branching  and  somewhat  angular 
Brown=white  Aower-stem  ;  the  latter  grows  out  at  the 
June-August     point  where  the  leaf  is  joined  with  the 

plant-stem.  The  plant  is  1-2  feet  high, 
and  is  distributed  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 
The  sparganiums  are  all  peculiarly  decorative  plants. 


Great  Bur  Reed.     5parganium  simplex.  Branching  BupReed. 
Sp^pQdnium  eupycarpum.  Sparganium  andpocladum. 


WATER  PLANTAIN  FAMILY.    Alismaceae. 


WATER  PLANTAIN  FAMILY.     Alismacece. 

Marsh  herbs  with  long-stemmed  leaves,  and  flowers  of 
three  orders,  thus  : 

1.  With  stamens  and  pistil,  2.  Staminate  and  pistil- 
late growing  on  one  plant,  3.  Staminate  and  pistillate 
growing  on  different  plants.  The  flowers  have  three 
conspicuous  petals  and  generally  six  stamens  ;  they  are 
visited  by  numerous  insects  which  undoubtedly  assist  in 
the  process  of  fertilization. 

The  leaves,  all  from  the  root,  are  olive 
AUsma  Phni^^^  green,  strongly  veined,  and  elhptical  but 
fayo  very  variable  in  shape,  broader  or  longer. 

White  or  pale     and  sometimes  heart-shaped  at  the  base. 
P'"**^  The  flower-stem  is  tall  and  symmetrically 

^y-  ep  em-  branched,  displaying  the  three-petaled, 
very  small  white  or  rarely  delicate  pink 
flowers  to  great  advantage.  The  flowers  are  perfect, 
with  six  stamens  and  a  pistil  ;  they  are  possibly  self- fer- 
tilized, but  more  probably  cross-fertilized  by  the  beelike 
drone-flies  {Syrphidce),  all  pollen-eaters  and  honey- 
drinkers.  The  plant  is  1-3  feet  high,  and  is  found  in  the 
shallow  water  of  ponds  and  sluggish  streams  every- 
where. The  name,  wliich  is  of  uncertain  Greek  origin, 
is  supposed  to  refer  to  the  occurrence  of  the  species  in 
salt  marshes. 

.      ^  This  genus  is  reinarkable  for  its  mani- 

Arrowhead  n  ^  ^  ■     ■  ■,  ,,    t 

Sagittaria vari-^^^^  variations;  hence  it  IS  called  varia- 
ahiiis  hilis.    SagittaHa  is  derived  from  the  Latin 

^hite  sagitta,  an  arrow,  referring  to  the  shape 

July-Septein=     ^^  ^^^Q  leaves.     There  are  fourteen  native 
ber 

species  recorded,  by  Britton  and  Brown, 

and  over  twentj^  by  Jared  G.  Smith,  while  Gray  recog- 
nizes but  seven.  However,  until  botanists  arrive  at  a 
united  opinion  regarding  this  group,  it  will  be  a  safe 
and  therefore  preferable  course  to  accept  the  fewer 
species  recognized  by  Gray.  It  is  an  unreliable  method 
of  procedure  to  rely  upon  leaf  character  for  the  founda- 
tion of  a  species,  and  unfortunately  this  has  a  great  deal 
to  do  with  the  separation  of  SagittaHa  into  many  spe- 
cies or  groups.  The  particular  species  called  variabilis 
6 


Arrow  hea^d. 


Sagittd^pia  I  at  i  folia. 


WsctepPlantcvin 


AlismaPlanUgo. 


WATER  PLANTAIN  FAMILY.    Alismacess 


shows,  according  to  Gray,  four  variations  as  follows : 
var,  obtusa  {S.  latifolia,  Form  a,  of  J.  G.  Smith)  has 
flowers  mostly  of  the  third  order  above  described,  and 
broad,  blunt-pointed  leaves :  var.  latifolia  {S.  latifolia 
proper  of  J.  G.  Smith)  has  the  second,  or  imperfectly  the 
third  order  of  flowers  above  described,  and  varying  broad 
or  narrow,  acute  leaves  :  var.  angustifolia  (S.  latifolia, 
Form  d,  of  J.  G.  Smith)  has  flowers  of  the  second  order, 
and  leaves  with  narrow,  divergent  lobes  ;  found  in 
mountain  districts  :  var.  diversifolia  (S.  latifolia,  Form 
e,  of  J.  G.  Smith)  has  flowers  of  the  second  order, 
and  lance-shaped  or  broader  leaves,  variably  arrow- 
pointed.  These  are  mere  forms,  not  varieties. 
Sagittaria  vari-  ^  well  established  type  with  very  broad 
abilis  yar.jm-  blunt  leaves,  is  pubescent,  or  woolly- 
bescens  coated,  especially  the  flower-stem.     This 

is  the  S.  latifolia  jnibescens  of  J.  G.  Smith.  It  is  found 
from  Me.,  south,  usually  east  of  the  Alleghanies. 
Sagittaria  En-  This  is  also  a  well  established  type,  the 
gelmanniana  flowers  of  which  are  scarcely  1  inch 
J.  G.  Smith  across,  and  the  leaves  remarkably  narrow 
and  linear.  The  fruit  is  a  narrow  wedge-shaped  nutlet 
tipped  with  a  small  erect  beak.  Somewhat  rare.  Mass. , 
N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  south.  The  leaves  of  the  arrowhead  are 
shiny  dark  green,  and  the  three-petaled  flowers  are  pure 
wliite  relieved  by  the  charming  bit  of  golden  yellow 
contributed  by  the  large  anthers.  The  flowers  grow  in 
clusters  of  three,  the  staminate  ones  above,  and  the 
pistillate  below.  The  pollen  is  distributed  bj^  a  variety 
of  agents,  not  least  of  which  are  the  insects  which  fre- 
quent wet  places,  among  them  the  beautiful  glassy- 
winged  dragon-fly.  The  tendency  of  some  of  the  types 
to  develop  only  staminate  flowers  on  one  plant  and  pistil- 
late on  another,  suggests  the  probability  that  Sagittaria 
is  beginning  to  rely  entirely  upon  insects  for  fertiliza- 
tion. Remarkably  decorative  in  every  part  of  its  struc- 
ture, the  arrowhead  like  the  cat-tail  is  a  great  favorite 
among  artists.  Common  everywhere.  The  three  forms 
angustifolia,  latifolia  (2nd  order),  and  obtusa  (3rd  order), 
are  reported  in  Neb.  by  H.  J.  Webber. 


Na.rpow-leaved      j^l     Anpowhead. 
Sagittari^  variabilis  var.angustifolia.  of  AsaOray 
or  Sac^lttapja  latifolia  form  d.  of  J.  G. Smith. 


ARUM  FAMILY.     Aracese. 


ARUM  FAMILY.     Aracece. 

Perennial  herbs  possessing  a  sharp,  peppery  juice,  and 
with  sometimes  perfect,  but  generally  only  two  orders 
of  flowers  ;  i.  e.,  1.  Staminate  and  pistillate  on  the  same 
plant,  2.  Staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  plants. 
The  flowers  crowded  on  a  club  or  spadix  enclosed  within 
a  hood  or  spathe.  Fertilization  assisted  by  insects. 
Indian  Turnip  Generally  with  two  long-stemmed,  tri- 
or Jack=in-the=  parted  dull  green  leaves  without  a  gloss, 
P"'P'*  which  overshadow  the  hooded  flower  be- 

h^Uuvi  "  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  junction  of  the  leaf-stems. 
Purple=brown  The  flowers,  on  the  clublike  spadix  within 
and  green  the  hood,  are  grouped  at  the  base  of  the 

April-July  spadix  and  are  generally   staminate   and 

pistillate  on  separate  plants,  that  is  to  say,  the  stamens 
are  abortive  on  one  plant  and  the  pistils  are  abortive 
on  another  ;  thus  small  insects  (the  gnat  of  the  genus 
Mycetophila  especially)  are  a  means  of  fertilization,  and 
frequently  they  may  be  found  imprisoned  in  close  quar- 
ters between  the  bases  of  spathe  and  spadix.  It  is  pos- 
sibly developing  a  dependence  upon  insects  for  fertiliza- 
tion ;  but  often  one  plant  develops  both  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers.  Tlie  novel  and  beautiful  green  and 
purple-brown  striped  spathe  is  variable  in  depth  of  color  ; 
exposed  to  sunlight  it  is  usually  quite  pale,  while  in  the 
dark  woods  it  is  exceedingly  purple  ;  as  a  rule  the  plant 
prefers  the  shaded,  wet  woods.  The  handsome  cluster- 
ing berry  like  fruit  is  at  first  green  and  finally,  in  late 
August,  brilliant  scarlet.  The  plant  attains  a  height  of 
1-2|  feet.  It  is  common  in  the  woods  in  wet  situations, 
everywhere.  The  exceedingly  peppery  bulb  becomes 
edible  after  boiling. 

Green  Dragon,  This  species  generally  has  a  single  com- 
Dragon-root,  pound  leaf  with  seven  or  more  obovate- 
or  Dragon         lance-sliaped,  pointed,  dull  green  leaflets. 

AnZmaDra-.  ^^'^  ^^^^^  ^P^^^^^  ^^  "^^^^l^^^  Composed  of 

contium  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers,  and 

Dull  white-  it  tapers  to  a  slender  point,  reaching  far 

K''ee"  beyond   the    rolled-up,   greenish,   pointed 

ay-  une.  spathe.     The  berries  are  red-orange.     The 


./Wf: 


Xatr.eo„.™.    A--«^4'«,„. 


ARUM  FAMILY.     Araceae. 


plant  is  1-3  feet  high,  and  grows  in  wet  woods  or  low 

grounds  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 

The  rich  green  leaves  are  arrow-shaped 
Arrow  Arum  .^,  •        ^        •  rn 

Peltandra  with  one  prominent  vein  or  nerve.     The 

nndulata  flowers  are  staminate  and  pistillate  on  the 

Green  same  plant,   covering  the  long  tapering 

May-June  spadix  ;  the  pointed  green  spathe,  rolling 

and  wavy  on  the  margin,  is  4-7  inches  long.  The  clus- 
ter of  berries  is  green,  and  is  at  first  enclosed  in  a  green 
sheath,  the  fleshy  base  of  the  spathe.  The  plant  grows 
1-1^  feet  high,  in  shallow  water,  from  Me.  south,  and 
west  to  Mich.  It  derives  its  name  from  TteXzr/,  a  target 
or  shield,  and  vvrjp,  stamen,  from  the  targetlike  form 
of  the  latter. 

Water  Arum  ^  little  swamp  flower  resembling  the 

CaUa  palustris  so-called  calla-lily  ;  the  latter  is,  of  course. 
White  not  a  lily,  and,  curiously  enough,  not  a 

''""®  true  calla,  it  is  a  RicharcUa.      The  deep 

green  leaves  of  the  water  arum  are  long-heart-shaped 
with  long  stems.  The  open  and  rolling  edged  spathe  is 
white  above  and  greenish  beneath.  The  yellow  spadix 
is  entirely  covered  with  flowers,  the  lower  ones  perfect, 
i.  e.,  with  all  the  parts  complete,  and  the  upper  ones 
often  staminate.  Fertilization  is  assisted  by  insects  and 
pond-snails.  The  berries,  red  and  distinct,  in  a  head  like 
those  of  the  Jack-in-the-pulpit,  are  ripe  in  August.  The 
plant  grows  5-10  inches  high  and  is  at  home  in  cold 
bogs,  from  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Minn.  The 
name  Calla  is  ancient  and  obscure,  palustris  is  the  Latin 
name  for  swamp. 


Appow  Apum. 
Peltandra.  undulata 


Watep  Arum. 

Calia,  pail  ust pis. 


ARUM  FAMILY.     Araceae, 


A  sinerle  species,  of  the  earliest  appear- 
Skunk  Cabbage  .     ^     .  ^     ,  ^  ^j      i  i  •   u 

Symplocarpus     ^^ce  111  spring,  having  a  fetid  odor,  which 

fcetidus  attracts  numerous  insects,  and  a  closely 

Dark  purple=  coiled  purple-red  streaked  and  blotched, 
red  and  green  green,  leathery  spathe  which  entraps 
March-April        f.  1      ^i     •       ^     ^i         m         ^       ^  ^■       ■ 

them  to  their  death.     The  stout  spadix  is 

compactly  set  with  perfect  lavender-flesh-colored  flowers, 
i.  e. ,  flowers  with  stamens  and  pistil.  The  conspicuous  an- 
thers are  a  grayish  straw-color.  The  fruit  is  the  enlarged 
and  fleshy  spadix  enclosing  round  bulletlike  seeds  imme- 
diately beneath  its  surface  which  ripen  in  September. 
The  name  is  from  6vu7tXoHr/,  connection,  and  Hapito'i, 
fruit,  alluding  to  the  connection  of  the  ovaries  forming 
compound  fruit.  The  color  of  the  shellike  spathe  is  not 
without  testhetic  interest;  the  madder  purple,  green, 
and  yellow-green  are  blended  and  streaked  with  a  pecul- 
iar charm  ;  inside,  the  red  is  darkest.  The  leaves  will 
at  first  be  found  in  a  compactly  coiled,  pointed  spike 
close  beside  the  ruddy  spathe.  Later  wiien  the  coarse  1- 
2  feet  long,  cabbagelike  leaves  are  unfolded  the  origin  of 
the  common  name  becomes  evident.  The  odor  of  the 
flower  is  imitative  of  decaying  flesh,  but  it  is  not  wholly 
bad,  it  reminds  one  of  the  smell  of  a  mustard  plaster, 
and  raw  onions ;  the  cut  stem  decidedly  suggests  the 
latter.  The  plant  is  found  in  swamps,  beside  brooks, 
and  in  wet  glades.  Common  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga., 
and  west  to  Iowa  and  Minn.  Found  at  Clarendon  Hills, 
Mass. 


14 


SkunK  Cabbd^^e 


"    Mil 


Symplocarpus  fcetidus. 


ARUM  FAMILY.     Aracese, 


Golden  Club 

Orontiuni 
aquaticiim 
Golden  yellow 
April-May 


A  single  species,  perennial  and  aquatic, 
whose  prominent  golden  yellow  spadix 
(the  club)  scarcely  larger  around  than  its 
long,  snaky  stem,  is  thickly  clustered  with 
the  completely  developed  flowers  of  gen- 
erally six  sepals,  as  many  golden  stamens,  and  a  pistil. 
The  spathe  is  undeveloped  and  removed  from  the  spadix, 
appearing  like  a  mere  leaflet  on  the  flower-stem.  Fruit 
green  and  bladderlike.  The  long-stemmed,  oblong,  dark 
green  leaves  float  upon  the  water.  It  is  a  beautiful 
aquatic  plant  whose  flowers  deserve  close  examination 
under  the  glass,  1-2  feet  high,  common  in  the  shallows 
of  ponds,  from  Mass.,  south,  and  generally  found  near 
the  coast.     Name  from  the  Syrian  river  Orontes. 

The  stiff,  swordlike,  light  green  leaves 
give  the  plant  a  rigid  character.  It  has 
inconspicuous  flowers  compactly  covering 
a  tapering  cylindrical  spadix  which  grows 
angularly  from  the  side  of  a  two-edged  stem 
resembling  the  flat  ribbonlike  leaves.  The 
individual  flower  has  a  pistil,  six  stamens,  and  as  many 
sepals  of  a  dull  yellow-green  color.  The  fruit  is  a  small 
berry,  at  first  gelatinous  and  finally  dry,  but  the  plant  is 
mostly  propagated  by  its  stocky  roots.  Namc^^KopaS 
of  unknown  meaning,  from  Pliny.  The  horizontal,  pun- 
gent, and  pleasantly  aromatic  rootstalk  is  a  familiar  com- 
modity of  the  apothecary.  There  is  a  striped-leaved 
variety.  The  plant  grows  1-4  feet  high,  or  more,  and  is 
found  beside  small  streams  and  in  wet  ground,  from 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Kan. 


Calamus  or 
Sweet  Flag 

Acorns 
Calamus 
Yellow=green 
June-July 


l6 


Golden  Club. 
Orontium  d.qua.ticum. 


Sweet  Flavg. 
Acopus  Cala^mus. 


YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAMILY.     Xyridaceas. 


YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAMILY.     Xyridacece. 

Perennial  herbs  with   narrow,  grassHlie  leaves,   and 
perfect,  regular  flowers,  with  three  spreading  lobes  and 
a  slender  tube.     Fertilized  largely  by  insects. 
Yellow=eyed  ^  ^^^^^^  swamp  plant  with  grasslike,  or 

Grass  rather  slender  rushlike,  light  green  leaves 

Xyrisflexuosa    which  twist  as  they  grow  old,  and  flowers 
Yellow  about  \  inch  across,  of  three  yellow  petal- 

u  y-  ugus  j^j^^  divisions,  three  stamens,  and  as  man}' 
sepals,  the  flowers  proceeding  from  a  conelike  head  com- 
posed of  light  green  leafy  scales.  The  fruit  is  an  oblong 
many-seeded  capsule.  The  name  is  from  Sfpz?  an 
unknown  Greek  plant  with  two-edged  leaves.  The 
plant  grows  6-16  inches  high,  in  sandy  bogs  or  morasses, 
from  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex.  There 
is  a  mountain  variety  barely  1  foot  high,  with  very 
slender  leaves,  which  rarely  twist,  known  as  var.  pusilla. 
It  is  found  in  bogs  from  the  White  Mts.,  south  to  the 
Pocono  Mts.  of  Penn.,  and  in  N.  J.  It  blooms  in  the 
same  season. 

A  tall  species,    with  a  slender   flower- 
Carolina  Yel=  ,  /  '       ,  .  ,  .     ,   . 
low=eyed  Grass  stem,  and  leaves  reachnig  nearly  an  inch  m 

Xyris  Carolini-  width.      The  conelike    head    also   longer 

ana  and  measuring  nearly  f  inch.     It  growls 

Yellow  -|^_2  fgg^  high,  and   is   found   in   swamps 

near  the  coast  from  Mass.,  south  to  Fla. 

and  La. 

SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.     Commelinacece. 

Herbs  wuth  jointed  and  often  leafy  branching  stems, 
the  leaves  sheathed  at  the  base,  and  generally  perfect 
flowers,  i.  e.,  flowers  with  stamens  and  pistil.  Cross- 
fertilization  assisted  by  insects. 

The  grass  green  leaves  are  lance-shaped, 

ay  ower  ^^^  browm-sheathed  at  their  iunction  wuth 
Commelina  hir-  "^ 

t^llfi  the  plant-stem;  the  sheath  is  hairy-edged. 

Light  violet=      The  flowers  are  three-parted  and  irregular, 

^''"^  that  is,  unequal  in  size,  form,  and  struc- 

"^"*  be  tural  parts  ;  for  instance,  two  of  the  blue 

petals  are  larger  than  the  third.     The  leaf 

i8 


Yellow-eyed 
Xyris  Carolinians 


Xyris  flexuosa. 


SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.     Commelinacess. 


immediately  below  the  flowers  is  heart-shaped,  and 
clasping,  forming  a  hollow  from  which  the  flower-stem 
proceeds.  The  flowers  expand  only  in  the  morning.  The 
plant  is  erect,  stout-stemmed,  and  grows  2-3  feet  high. 
It  is  named  for  the  early  Dutch  botanist  Kaspar  Comme- 
Hn.  Fond  of  damp  and  shady,  but  warm  places,  it  dis- 
tributes itself  along  river  banks  and  streams  from 
southern  N.  J.,  south,  and  west  to  Mo. 
Virginia  Day  "^^^i^  is  a  much  commoner  species  in  the 

Flower  northeastern  section  of  the  country,  and 

Commelina  it  differs  from  the  foregoing  species  in  the 
Virginica  following    particulars.      The    leaves  and 

blue  ^'**  ^  "  stem  are  slenderer,  the  stem  taller,  but 
June-Septem-  branching  and  reclining,  frequently  tak- 
ber  ing  root  at  the  joints,  and  the  whole  plant 

is  frequently  slightly  rough  to  the  touch.  The  third 
petal  is  also  particularly  inconspicuous  and  abortive. 
The  plant  grows  l.i-3  feet  high,  and  is  found  on  river 
banks  or  wet  shaded  places,  from  southern  N.  Y.,  south, 
and  west  to  Neb.  and  Tex. 

This  species  has  mucilaginous,  upright 
Tradescantia  stems,  with  light  green ,  narrow ,  and  linear 
Virginica  leaves.    The  flowers  are  regular  with  three 

Light  violet-      purplish  ultramarine    blue   petals    which 

.  "^  ,  richly  relieve  the    golden    anthers  with- 

May-AugU8t 

in;  the  latter  are  widely  removed  from  the 

prominent  stigma.  It  is  unquestionably  cross-fertilized 
by  the  earlier  queen  bumblebees  Bomhus  pennsylvani- 
cus  and  B.  separatus,  who  are  attracted  by  the  plentiful 
pollen,  and  evidently  come  in  contact  with  the  exposed 
stigma  before  stumbling  among  the  yellow  anthers.  It 
is  also  a  familiar,  old-fashioned  garden  flower,  common 
beside  the  farm-houses  of  the  north.  It  is  named  for 
John  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  I.  of  England. 
It  grows  1-li  feet  high,  usually  in  rich  or  moist  ground, 
from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  Tliere 
are  variable  forms  of  this  species,  as  well  as  another 
slenderer  southern  species  with  smaller  pink  flowers, 
6-12  inches  high,  named  Tradescantia  rosea.  It  is  dis- 
tributed from  Md.,  south,  and  west  to  Mo.  There  are 
garden  varieties  of  Tradescantia  also  white  and  purple. 
20 


Vipginia  Day  Flower.         /^^  5piderwopt. 

Commelind.Virgiriicav.      /if  Tra^descantia  Vipgirvice^. 


PICKEREL  WEED  FAMILY.     Pontederiacem. 


PICKEREL  WEED  FAMILY.     Pontederiacece. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  perfect  (i.  e.  having  stamens  and  pis- 
til), more  or  less  irregular  flowers  issuing  from  a  spathe  or 
leaflike  envelop,  which  are  mostly  fertihzed  by  insects. 

A  tall  plant  with  one  blunt  arrowhead- 
Pickerel  Weed  j^  .  ^^^^  green,  thick  leaf,  varying  to 
Pontederia  cor-  ^      '  ®       ,         .  ,         ,  ■, 

^^f^  a  very  elongated   triangle   shape,  and  a 

Light  violet-      showy  flower-spike  about  4  inches  long, 
blue  crowded     w4th     ephemeral,     violet-blue 

June-Septem-    f^^^^^j.^  which  are  marked  with  a  distinct 

yellow-green  spot.  Immediately  below 
the  spike  is  the  small  spathe.  Sometimes  the  flowers 
are  white.  The  flower-cup  is  funnel-formed  and  six- 
divided,  the  upper  three  divisions  united,  and  the  three 
lower  ones  spread  apart.  The  six  stamens  are  three  of 
them  long  and  protruding,  and  three  short  which  are 
often  abortive  ;  the  blue  anthers  are  so  placed  that  it  is 
impossible  for  an  insect  to  enter  the  flower-cup  without 
brushing  against  them  and  detaching  the  pollen.  The 
fruit  is  a  bladderlike  receptacle  containing  one  seed.  The. 
plant  is  named  for  Giulio  Pontedera,  a  professor  of 
botany  at  Padua  about  1730.  Pickerel  weed  grows  1-3 
feet  high,  and  is  commonly  found  in  the  shallows  of  ponds 
and  sluggish  streams,  sometimes  associated  with  the 
arrowhead.  The  deer  in  the  Adirondack  region  fre- 
quent the  lake  shores  to  feed  upon  it. 
Mud  Plantain  ^  small  water  plant  with  deep  green, 
Heteranthera  floating,  round-kidney-shaped  leaves  on 
renifonnis  long  stems,  and  2-5  white  or  pale  blue  per- 

White  or  bluish  ^^^^^y.  developed  flowers,  which,  Hke  those 

of  the  preceding  species,  are  exceedingly 
short-lived.  The  tiny  flowers  proceed  from  a  spathe  or 
leafy  enclosure  projecting  from  the  sheathed  side  of  a 
leaf-stem.  The  flower-cup  shows  six  nearly  equal 
divisions  spread  above  its  slender  tube.  Tlie  plant  is 
named  for  its  unlike  anthers,  ^rf/oa  different,  andavBT^pd 
anther  ;  the  specific  renifonnis  means  kidney-formed, 
in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  leaf.  It  grows  about  12 
inches  high,  in  mud  or  shallow  water,  from  Conn,  to 
N.  J.,  and  west  to  Kan.,  Neb.,  and  La. 


Pickerel  Weed 


Mud  Planta^in. 


Pontederiei  cordata.  Heter^ntherd  peni/brmis. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Uliaceae. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliacece. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs  with  a  flower-cup  of  generally 
six  parts  remarkable  for  its  simplicity  and  beauty. 
Flowers  with  six  stamens  each  of  which  stands  before 
one  of  the  divisions.  In  the  case  of  Allium  the  flowers  j 
spring  from  a  spathe  or  leafy  inclosure,  like  the  flowers  j 
of  most  of  the  species  already  described. 
Carrion  Flower  The  light  green  veiny-corrugated  leaves 
Smilax  are  mostly  round-ovate  and  heart-shaped 

herbacea  ^^  ^Y\e  base,  pointed  at  the  tip,  and  devoid 

Ma^y"juiy  ^'^     ^^  S^^^^'  *^^^^^  stems  greatly  varying  in 

length,  measuring  i-3  inches  ;  with  a  ten- 
dril at  either  side.  The  long  flower-stem,  proceeding 
from  between  the  tendrils,  is  topped  by  a  hemispherical 
flower-cluster  with  spokelike  stemlets.  The  greenish- 
yellow  flowers  are  insignificant  and  putrid-odored  ;  they 
are  staminate  and  pistillate  on  separate  plants,  thus  show- 
ing their  dependence  upon  insects  for  fertilization,  par- 
ticularly upon  those  flies  which  are  attracted  by  carrion. 
The  cluster  of  berries  is  first  green  and  finally  blue-black 
with  a  bloom.  It  is,  indeed,  a  beautiful  and  decorative 
vine,  most  unfortunate  in  the  repellent  odor  of  its  flow- 
ers at  the  time  of  bloom.  It  is  very  variable,  grows  to  a 
length  of  4-15  feet,  and  frequents  river  banks  and  thickets. 
Common  from  the  coast  west  to  Dak.  and  Neb. 
Green  Brier  "^^^^  slightly  zigzag  stem  and  branches, 

Smilax  the  latter  more  or  less  squarish,  are  cov- 

rotundifolia       ered    With    scattered    prickles,    and    the  \ 
Light  green       broadly  ovate,  short-stemmed,  light  green    \ 

leaves  are  2-3  inches  long  and  pointed.  \ 
The  leaf -stalk  is  bent  upward  at  a  riglit  angle  ;  in  the 
angle  are  the  slender  tendrils.  The  flower-stalk  bears 
fewer  flowers  than  that  of  the  preceding  species.  The 
berries  are  blue-black.  It  is  common  in  most  thickets, 
and  closely  connects  with  a  western  form,  var.  quadran- 
gularis,  the  branches  of  which  are  quite  perceptibly 
square.  Common  from  the  coast  west  to  Minn,  and 
Tex.  It  is  a  familiar  vine  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  and 
at  North  Easton,  Mass., but  it  is  not  found  in  the  moun- 
tain region  of  N.  H. 

24 


I 


Carrion  Flower. 
SmildX  herbacea 


Green  Brier. 
Smilax  rotund  ifolia. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceae. 


Clintonia 

CUntonia 

borealis 

Cream-color, 

greenish 

June-early 

July 


A  handsome  woodland  plant  with  from 
two  to  four  (usually  three)  shiny,  light 
green,  large  oval-oblong  leaves  ;  a  slender 
flower-stalk,  about  7  inches  high,  bears 
from  three  to  six  cream-colored  drooping 
flowers  greenish  on  the  outside.  The 
flower  is  formed  of  six  distinct  sepals,  and 
is  perfect,  having  six  stamens  and  a  pistil ;  its  form  is 
lily  like  and  dainty.  It  was  named  for  DeWitt  Clinton, 
once  governor  of  New  York.  It  unfortunately  lacks 
odor  and  color  to  make  it  perfectly  attractive,  but  it  is 
not  without  a  subtle  and  delicate  grace.  The  berries, 
which  are  ripe  about  the  middle  of  August,  turn  a  beau- 
tiful pure  blue,  a  color  devoid  of  any  purplish  tinge,  and 
therefore  one  which  is  rare  and  remarkable  in  nature. 
Prussian  blue  mixed  with  a  little  white  will  exactly 
match  the  unique  color  of  the  Clintonia  berry.  The 
plant  grows  6-16  inches  high,  and  is  common  in  the 
northern  woods,  especially  where  they  are  cold  and 
moist.     Me.,  south  to  N.  C,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  far  less  common  species,  with  a  woolly 

Clintonia  ^,  ,  ■,    r,  i     i  <•     i  •  \. 

nmbcllata  flower-stem,  and  flowers  half  the  size  of 

White,  spotted  those  of  the  foregoing  species,  borne  in  a 
May-June  thick  cluster.     The  flowers  are  also  very 

different  in  color  ;  they  are  mostly  white 
speckled  with  madder  purple,  and  possess  a  sweet  odor. 
The  berries  are  globular  and  black.  Height  8-22  inches. 
Rich  woods  of  the  AUeghanies  from  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  ;  not 
in  New  Eng. 


26 


Clintonid.  bopealis. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacese, 


Twisted  Stalk 

Streptopus 

amplexifoUus 

Greenish 

white 

May-July 


The  leaves,  strongly  clasping  the  zigzag 
stem,  are  smooth  and  light  green,  with  a 
wliitish  bloom  beneath.  The  curh'-se- 
paled,  greenisli  flower  is  about  |  inch 
wide,  and  hangs  by  a  long,  crooked, 
threadlike  stem  from  beneath  the  leaves. 
The  flower  is  perfect  and  regular,  with  six  lance-shaped 
sepals,  and  is  either  solitary  or  (rarely)  in  pairs.  The 
name  is  from  the  Greek,  for  twisted,  and  stalk  or  foot. 
The  usually  solitary  berry  is  red,  round,  and  nearly  \ 
inch  in  diameter.  2-3  feet  high.  Cold  moist  woods. 
Me.,  west  to  the  Rockies,  and  south  to  N.  C,  in  the 
mountains. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  dull 
purple-pink  flower,  its  leaves  which  are  not 
whitened  with  a  bloom  beneath,  but  are 
altogether  green  and  finely  hairy  at  the 
edge,  and  its  earlier  period  of  bloom. 
l-2i  feet  high.  In  the  same  situations, 
but  extending  farther  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Ore. 

The  genus  Streptopus  is  dependent  in  part  upon  insect-- 
for  cross-fertilization.  Some  of  the  most  frequent  visit- 
ors are  the  bumblebees,  the  beelike  flies  Bombylius,  and 
the  bees  of  the  genus  Andrenidce,  still,  their  effect  upon 
the  flower  is  mere  probability.  It  takes  much  time  and 
attention  to  make  sure  of  the  i^esidts  of  such  insect  visita- 
tions. Certainly  the  delicate  green-white  coloring  of 
one  species  and  the  magenta  of  the  other  directh'  indi- 
cate the  adaptation  of  the  flowers  to  insect  visitors. 


Streptopus 
roseus 

Dull  purple- 
pink 

May-early 
July 


28 


Twisted  5ta.lk 


Streptopus  poseus. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceae. 


Asparagus 

Asparagus 


This  beautiful  perennial,  so  well  known 
as  a  vegetable,  is  not  quite  as  familiar  to 
ufflcinalis  us  in  its  a?sthetic  dress.    Its  leaves  (or  prop- 

Green=yellow  ^^.^^.^  j^g  branchlets),  are  threadlike  ;  and 
it  assumes  a  busliy,  almost  larchlike  figure 
as  it  grows  older,  and  becomes  decorated  with  round, 
scarlet  berries.  The  tiny  green-yellow  flowers  are  six- 
parted,  and  rather  inconspicuous.  The  name  is  ancient. 
Adventive  from  the  old  country,  and  a  frequent  escape 
from  kitchen  gardens  everywhere.  It  is  a  favorite  among 
the  farmers'  wives  who  use  it  decoratively  in  their  homes ; 
certainly  it  is  not  less  decorative  than  the  florist's  famous 
Aspcu^agus  plumosiis. 

A  really  beautiful  woodland  plant  slightly 
^gj.^  resembling  Solomon's  Seal,   but  bearing 

Smilacina  its  SpirHealike  cluster  of  fine  white  flowers 

racemosa  at  the  tip  of  the  Stem.     The  light  blue- 

^*^'*®  green  leaves  are  oblong  and  ovate-lance- 

shaped,  taper-pointed,  and  with  very  short 
stems — hardly  any,  in  fact.  The  tiny  flower  has  six 
distinct  white  sepals,  and  is  perfect,  with  six  stamens 
and  a  pistil.  The  flower  cluster  is  pyramidal,  and  the 
zigzag  plant-stem  gracefully  inclines.  The  berries, 
smaller  than  peas,  are  at  first  greenish  then  yellowish 
white  speckled  with  madder  brown,  and  finally,  in  late 
September,  a  dull  ruby-red  of  translucent  character. 
They  possess  an  aromatic  taste.  A  familiar  plant  of  the 
White  Mt.  region  The  name  is  a  diminutive  of  Smilax, 
without  appropriate  application.  Common  in  moist 
copses  and  beside  woodland  roads.  1-3  feet  high.  Me., 
south  to  S.  C.  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 


30 


v:-:^ 


Fdise  Spikend^rd. 


Smila^cina.  racemosau 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacess. 


A  much  smaller  species  than  the  fore- 
going, with  a  very  small  but  pretty  starry 
cluster  of  white  flowers  at  the  tip  of  the 
stem.  The  leaves,  light  blue-green  and 
very  firm,  clasp  the  zigzag  stem.  The 
flower  is  \  inch  wide.  The  berries,  which 
are  few,  are  at  first  spotted  and  finally 
dull  ruby-red.  8-16  inches  high.  Moist  banks  and 
meadows.  Me. ,  south  to  N.  J. ,  and  west. 
Three=Ieaved  A  still  smaller  species,  with  generally 

False  Soio=  three  leaves,  but  sometimes  two  or  even 
four,  tapering  to  a  sheathing  base  ;  flowers 
smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, and  the  berries  red  like  those ,  of 
the  next  species.  2-6  inches  high.  In 
bogs  or  wet  woods.  Me.,  south  to  Penn., 
west  to  Mich. 

Although  the  resemblance  of  Smilacina  tn'folia  to 
3Iaianthemum  Canadense  (the  next  species  described)  is 
close,  the  differences  are  easily  detected  by  a  close  ob- 
server. The  (usually)  three  leaves  of  Smilacina  trifolia 
clasp  the  stem  but  are  in  no  way  heart-sliai)ed  at  the 
base.  This  species  also  has  six  sepals  and  as  man^^ 
stamens,  and  the  wiiole  plant  is  invariably  smooth,  not 
fine-hairy  as  is  sometimes  the  case  with  the  next  species. 
The  berries  of  Smilacina  and  Maiantliemum  are  closely 
similar,  but  those  of  Smilacina  stellata  are  in  a  measure 
harder,  more  opaque  than  any  of  the  others,  and  cer- 
tainly not  blackish,  as  described  in  Gray's  Manual,  6th 
Edition,  but  dull  red. 


False  Soloo 
mon's  Seal 

Smilacina 

stellata 

White 

May-early 

June 


mon's  Seal 

Smilacina 

trifolia 

White 

May-early 

June 


*- 


32 


False  Solomons  Seal. 
Smilacina  stella,ta. 


Smilacina  tpifolia. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceas. 


A  tiny  woodland  plant  resembling  Smila- 

»f"^*i"  cina   trifolia,   with    small   white    flowers 

Mayflower  ^  ' 

Maianthemum  which  differ  from  those  of  the  genus  bm^- 
Canadense  laciiia  in  having  only  four  sepals  and  as 

White  many  stamens.     It  has  two  to  three  light 

May-  une  green,  shiny  leaves  which  are  ovate-lance- 

shaped  or  broader,  with  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base. 
The  berries  are  yellow- white,  spotted  with  madder  brown, 
until  early  fall  when  they  turn  a  dull  translucent  ruby- 
red. 

A  familiar  plant  in  the  woods  of  the  White  Mts.  ;  gen- 
erally in  moist  places.  3-6  inches  high.  The  name  is 
from  Mains,  May,  and  dyOejuov,  flower.  Me.,  west  to 
Minn,  and  Iowa,  south  to  N.  Car. 

This  is  the  only  one  true  species,  familiar 
VaUe*  ^  "^  cultivation.  It  has  two  oblong  leaves, 
Convallaria  shiny  and  smooth,  and  a  slender  stalk 
majalis  bearing  a  one-sided  row   of    tiny   white 

^**'*^  flowers,     extremely     sweet-scented    and 

ay-ear  y  dainty,  Flower-cup  bell-shaped,  with  six 
lobes  recurved,  and  six  stamens.  It  is  ap- 
parently cross-fertilized  by  bees  who  collect  the  pollen, 
as  there  is  little  or  no  honey  at  the  base  of  the  bell ;  in 
the  absence  of  insects  it  is  self-fertilized  (Hildebrand). 
Berry  red.  The  name  is  from  the  Latin  convallis,  valley, , 
and  the  Greek  for  lily.  Identical  with  the  European 
flower  of  the  gardens,  it  also  grows  on  the  higher 
Alleghanies,  from  Va.  to  8.  Car. 


34 


Canada   Mayflowen  Lily  of  the  Valley 

naianthemum  Canadense.      Convallaria  majalis. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacew. 


The  pendulous  position  of  the  flowers  of  this  genus,  is 

in  a  great  measure  protective  ;  the  wind  and  weather  can 

not  injure  or  uselessly  scatter  the  pollen.     The  flowers, 

moreover,  have  sliort  styles  and  long  anthers,  and  are 

unquestionably  cross-fertilized  by  the  larger  bees ;  the 

bumblebees  Boinbus  vagans,  and. Bombusj^ennsylvaniciis 

are  common  visitors,  together  with  innumerable  small 

insects. 

The  oblong-ovate,  light  green  leaves 
Solomon's  Seal  «      i     i     •  j       i       u  ^i 

Pohjuonatum      smooth  or  finely  hany  and  paler  beneath, 

biflonuH  arranged  alternately  either   side  of    the 

Pale  green  slender,  smooth  stem  ;  the  cylindrical  and 

April-June  tassellike  perfect  flowers  (each  having  six 
stamens)  depend  in  clusters  of  two,  rarely  three,  belo^^' 
them.  An  extremely  pretty  and  graceful  plant  when 
under  cultivation.  The  fruit,  at  first  a  green  berry  with 
a  whitish  bloom,  at  last  becomes  blue-black  and  resembles 
a  small  Concord  grape  ;  it  imparts  an  additionally  decora- 
tive appearance  to  the  plant.  1-3  feet  high.  Common 
in  thickets  beside  woodlands,  and  on  hillsides.  Me., 
south,  and  west  to  E.  Kan.,  Neb.,  and  Tex. 

The  plant  is  taller  and  smooth,  icithout 
Solomon's  Seal  *^^®  ^^®  hairiness.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
Polygonatum  and  partly  clasping  the  plant-stem,  3-8 
giganteum  inches  long,  and   many-ribbed.     Flowers 

Pale  Green  j^  clusters  of  from  two  to  eight.     Stem 

jyl  stout  and  round.    2-8  feet  high.    Meadows 

and  river  banks.     Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and 
west  to  the  Rockv  Mts. 


36 


Solomon's  5eal. 


Pol^/gonatum  biflorum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceae. 


A    graceful    woodland    plant,    smooth 

Uvularia  per-      throughout,  with  a  forking  stem  (one  to 

foliata  three  leaves  below  the    fork),  the    deep 

Pale  corn  green  ovate-lance-shaped  leaves  appearing 

y*"''7  as  if  perforated  bv  it.     The  delicately  fra- 

riay-June  ^  ^  "  ,  ,     .      .  ^ 

grant  flower-cup,   granular-rough  inside, 

is  attenuated  but  lilylike,  with  six  distinct  pale  corn 
yellow  sepals.  Flowers  perfect,  with  six  short  stamens 
and  a  pistil.  Sepals  with  a  deep  honey-bearing  groove 
within  ridged  on  either  edge. 

Seed  pod  a  three-parted  capsule,  appearing  as  if 
chopped  oif  at  the  end,  and  in  this  respect  entirely  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  Oakesia  following.  Name  from 
uvula,  palate,  referring  to  the  way  the  flower  hangs. 
It  grows  6-18  inches  high,  in  rich  woods,  from  Me.  to 
the  Dakotas,  and  south. 

This  is  the    commoner    bellwort  from 
Large-flowered  _^  ^  ,  , 

Bellwort  western     New    Eng.,     west    and    south. 

Uvularia  gran-  The  deep    green    leaves    are    flne-white- 

diflora  hairy  beneath  ;  the  large  pale,  corn  yellow 

a  e  corn  flower,  inclining  to  green,  at  the  summit, 

April-June         ^^  f^l^J  li  inches  long,  and  smooth  inside. 

Stem  with  a  single  leaf  or  none  below  the 
fork.  A  more  limited  distribution,  south  to  Ga.  and  west 
to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  S.  Dak. 

.  Similar  in  some  respects  to  the  foregoing 

olkesiasessiU-  genus,  but  with  marked  differences.  Stem 
folia  angled.     The  deep  green  leaves,  fine-hairy 

Corn  or  cream  beneath.  Conspicuously  three  -  grooved, 
yellow  sharp-pointed,   and  stemless,    or  slightly 

clasping.  The  six  divisions  of  the  flower 
less  pointed,  no  ridges  within  the  flower-cup,  the  latter 
more  huffish  cream-colored,  but  still  near  corn  yellow\ 
The  seed  capsule  three-sided,  resembling  a  beech  nut.  The 
one  or  two  flowers  on  slender  stems,  at  first  terminating 
the  plant  stem,  but  finally  appearing  opposite  the  leaves 
by  reason  of  the  growth  of  the  branches.  Named  for 
William  Oakes,  an  early  botanist  of  New  England. 

Stem  6-13  inches  high.  It  is  very  common  in  the 
north  woods.     Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and 


38 


LaiPge-flowered  Bellwort. 
Uvulapia.  gpandiflord. 


Oakesia. 

sessilifolia 


LILY  FAMILY.     Uliaceas. 


Ark.     Uvularia  and  Oakesia  are  both  slender  drooping. 

leaved  plants,  early  in  the  season  at  the  time  of  bloom  , 

later  they  expand  to  a  broader  figure. 

The  trilliums  are  handsome   woodland 
Stemless  Trilli=     ,,.,,.        -      .  -,  ,  ,        , 

um  or  Wake=    P^^^^^s  with  stout  stems,  ruddj^  purple  at 

robin  the  base  ;  their  perfect  flowers  have  three 

Trillium  sessile  green  sepals  which  remain  until  the  plant 
Dull  magenta=  -^yithers,  three  petals  much  larger,  and  six 
A^  ril-Ma  stamens.     T.  sessile  has  stemless,  slightly 

fragrant  flowers  with  narrow  petals  and 
sepals,  the  former  rather  erect  and  spreading,  dull  ma- 
genta-red, varying  to  a  greenish  tone.  Leaves  stemless, 
somewhat  four-sided  but  ovate,  and  often  blotched  with 
lighter  and  darker  green.  Red  berry  spherical  or  nearly 
so,  ^  inch  deep.  The  name  is  from  triplum,  triple,  a 
characteristic  of  all  parts  of  the  plant.  5-10  inches  high. 
Moist  woods.     Penn.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

_  .„.  Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  fol- 

Trilhum  ,        .  .      ,  rr,,        , 

recurvatum        lowmg  particulars.     The  leaves  are  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  into  a  stem,  and  the 
flower  has  reflexed  sepals,  and  pointed  petals  narrowed 
at  the  base.     6-16  inches  high.     Rich  woods.     Ohio  and 

west. 

„,  ,        . .  A  very  common  eastern  species,   with 

Wake=robin,  or  „  .,     ,  ,  ^ 

Birth  root  four-sided  ovate  leaves  scarcely  stemmed, 

Trillium  erec-     and  abruptly  pointed,  and  flowers,  with  a 

t''^^  reclining  stem,  var3ing  in  color  from  wliite 

aroon,  or         ^^  pink,  brownish  purple-red  or  maroon, 
white,  etc.  .  ,       _  x-      i 

April-June  ^"^'^^^^   "^^'  o'^'ate,  spreading  petals  nearly 

1|  inches  long,  the  sepals  a  trifle  shorter. 
Sometimes  the  flower  is  dull  i3ink,  of  a  brownish  purple 
tone,  and  rarely  it  is  greenish.  It  is  ill-scented,  and  as  a 
consequence  attracts  the  carrion-loving  green  fly  (Lucilia 
caniicina),  commonly  called  the  flesh-fly,  who  finds  the 
raw-meat  color  of  the  flower  as  acceptable  as  the  odor. 
According  to  Clarence  M.  Weed  this  fly  is  the  most  use- 
ful pollen  disseminator  of  Trilliuin  erectum.  Berry 
darker  red,  round-ovate.  7-15  inches  high.  Rich 
woods.     New  Eng.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 


40 


v^^. 


ill  \  ijlf\ 


Berry  of 
undulatum 


Pa^inted  Trillium. 
Trillium  undula^tum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     LWaceas. 


A    handsome,     large  -  flowered    species 

in^g^rillium'^"   flowering    later,    and    cultivated  by  the 

Trillium  grandi-  florists.   The  waxy-white  petals  l|-2  inches 

floruin  long,  larger  than  the  sepals,  curve  grace- 

^*"*^  fully  backward,  and,  as  they  grow  older, 

^    "  turn  pink.    10-18  inches   high.     The  red 

berry  fully  1  inch  long.    Rich  woods.     Vt.  to  N.  C,  west 

to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Leaves    almost    stemless    and    broadly 

Trillium  four-sided  ovate.     Flower  with  wdiite  or 

Trillium  pinkish  wavy  petals  f  inch  long,  and  with 

cernuum  a  short  Stem  recurved  so  that  the  blossom 

^'*'*^  is  often  hidden  beneath  the  leaves.     8-14 

inches  high.     Moist  woods.     New  Eng.  to 

Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

A  very  small  species  with  ovate  leaves, 
Dwarf  White       ,    ^  ■      i        i  i  a  i  i    / 

Trillium  ^~^  mches  long,  and  flowers  whose  white 

Trillium  nivale  petals,  less  than  1  inch  long,  are  scarcely 

White  w^avy.     Berry  red,  about  I  inch  in  diame- 

March-May        ^^^.^  flattened  and  spherical,    with   three 

rounded  divisions.    A  dwarf  plant  2-5  inclies  high.    Rich 

woods.     Pa.  and  Ky.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  genus, 

Trillium  ^^^  very  common  in  the  rich  woodlands 

Trillium  un-       of  the  north.     Leaves  ovate  and  tapering 

duiatum  to  a  sharp  point.     Green  sepals  quite  nar- 

^**'*^'  row,  and  the  gracefully  recurved,  wavy- 

crimson=striped    -,-,,.  ,  ,  i      i       -Ti 

May-June  edged  white  petals  strongly  markea  with 

a  crimson  V  deep  or  pale,  as  the  case  may 
be;  it  is  i\ever  jjurjjle.  The  dark  scarlet  ovate  berry  f 
inch  long,  ripe  in  September,  and  falling  at  a  touch. 
8-16  inches  high.  Cold  damp  woods  and  beside  wood- 
land brooks.     New  Fng.  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 


42 


Large FloweringTri ilium.      Trillium  grand iflorum. 


NoddingTrillium.     ,p 
Trillium  cernuum. 


Dwarf  White  Trill  I  um. 
Trillium  nivale. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacess. 


terra-cotta 
May-June 


The  only  species,  the  thin,  circHng,  long- 
C  c  mber  ovate,  light  green    leaves  of  which   are 

Medeola  Vir-      arranged  around  the  middle,  and  the  three 
ginica  ovate  ones  around   the  top  of  the   thin 

^'■®*""'^^  stem.     The  inconspicuous    nodding,    but 

perfect  flower  is  |  inch  wide,  green,  and 
accented  by  the  reddish  terra-cotta  color 
of  the  six  stamens,  and  the  three  long,  recurved  terra- 
cotta brown  stigmas,  i.  e.,  the  three  divisions  of  the 
tip  of  the  pistil ;  the  three  petals  and  three  sepals  are 
also  recurved.  In  September  about  two  or  three  purple- 
black  berries  replace  the  flowers  at  the  apex  of  the  plant. 
Named  for  the  sorceress  Medea  on  account  of  its  sup- 
posed medicinal  virtue.  The  common  name  alludes  to 
the  succulent,  horizontal,  white  tuberous  root  which 
tastes  like  cucumber,  and  was  in  all  probability  relished 
by  the  Indians.  1-3  feet  high.  Rich  damp  woods.  Me., 
w^est  to  Minn.,  and  south. 

Medeola  Virginica  is  a  characteristic  woodland  plant, 
common  in  the  "White  Mountain  woods.  It  is  adapted 
to  subdued  sunlight,  and  is  interesting  in  both  flower 
and  fruit.  The  blossoms,  often  beneath  the  three  uppei 
leaves,  are  thus  protected  from  the  dripping  of  the  trees 
in  wet  weather  ;  their  colors  are  esthetic.  Crawling 
insects  cannot  easily  mount  the  (at  first)  woolly  stem  and 
rob  the  flower  of  its  pollen,  flying  insects  readily  find 
the  blossom,  and  in  September  the  three  crowning  leaf- 
lets beneath  the  berries  are  stained  with  dull  crimson, 
the  color  attracting  birds  to  the  fruit.  It  is  therefore 
evident  that  the  plant  depends  in  some  measure  upon 
visitors. 


44 


I 


Indian  Cucumber. 


Medeola  Virgin  ica.. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacex. 


Blazing  Star,  ^^^^  stem  bearing  light  green,  flat,  lance- 
or  Devil's  Bit  shaped  (blunt)  leaves  at  the  base  with  sev- 
Chamoilirium  eral  shorter,  narrower  ones  farther  up, 
Carolinianum  ^^^^  terminated  by  a  feathery  spike  4-10 
June-Jiily  inches    long   of  small,    fi*agrant  flowers, 

white  with  a  tinting  of  the  yellow  stamens 
characterizing  the  staminate,  and  in  conspicuous  white 
the  pistillate  ones.  It  is  quite  dependent  upon  insects 
for  cross-fertilization,  the  staminate  flowers  growing  on 
one  plant  and  pistillate  on  another  ;  the  flower-cup  has 
six  narrow,  spreading  white  sepals.  The  pistillate  plant 
is  more  leafy.  Fruit  an  oblong  capsule.  The  name, 
which  was  first  applied  to  a  half-grown,  low  speci- 
men, is  from  X'-xiiai,  on  the  ground,  and  XEipiov,  lily. 
The  wandlike  stem  1-4  feet  high.  Low  grounds  and 
swamps,  from  Mass.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Neb.  and  Ark. 
Bunch  Flower  "^^^^  lowest  leaves  nearly  1  inch  wide, 
Melanthium  the  few  upper  ones  small,  and  linear  or 
Virginicum  grass-sliaped.  Flowers  polygamous,  i.  e., 
Cream  yellow,  gtaminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  on 
turning  brown     ,  ^  _       ,  ,i  <. 

June-August      ^^^^  same  plant.     It  does  not,  therefore, 

rely  fully  upon  insects  for  fertilization. 
Flower-cup  of  six  separate,  greenish  cream  yellow  sepals 
turning  brown  with  age.  Fruit,  an  ovoid-conical  cap- 
sule, three-lobed.  The  name  is  from  /ueXa<;  black,  and 
avfjoi,  flower,  in  allusion  to  the  dark  color  which  the 
flower  assumes  upon  withering.  The  leafy,  slender 
stem  is  3-5  feet  high.  It  grows  in  wet  woods  and  mead- 
ows, from  Conn.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Tex. 

Indian  Poke  or  A  leafy  perennial  herb  with  xQvy  poison- 
American  ous  coarse  roots,  remarkable  in  the  early 
''^  stage  of  its  development  for  its  beautiful 
Verairuin  pure  yellow^-grecn  color,  which  becomes 
viride  darker  and  dull  within  four  weeks,  and 
Dull  yellow-  finally  withers  to  an  unsightly  brown  be- 
^''^^"  fore  the  summer  is  in  its  prime.      The- 

broad  ovate,  clasping  leaves  are  scored  with 
numerous  ribs,  and  crinkled  in  parallel  lines.  The  un- 
interesting large  flower-spike  is  dull  yellow-green  turn- 


46 


Devil's  Bit 


Chamael  iri urn  Carol  inianum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacese, 


ing  brownish  with  age  ;  the  flowers,  like  those  of  the 
preceding  genus,  are  polygamous,  but  small,  with  six 
green  sepals.  Capsule  also  like  that  of  Melanthium. 
Name  from  vere,  truly,  and  ater,  dead  black,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  blackening  (really  turning  brown)  of  the 
plant  upon  withering.  The  plant  is  j)oisonous  in  all 
parts  for  sheep  and  cattle.  It  grows  2-7  feet  high,  in 
wet  meadows  and  low  grounds,  everywhere; 
g^jjyj  Stem  leafy,  stovit  and  erect,  with  grass- 

stenanthium  like  leaves.  Flower-spike  sometimes  2  feet 
stenanthium  long ;  the  flowers  are  also  polj^gamous. 
robustum  Flower-cup  w'hitish  green  or  white  with 

White  or  green  t        ,  ,  ,  , 

July-Aueust  ^^-^  narrow  spreadmg  lance-shaped  sepals, 
I  inch  long.  Leaves  grasslike.  Fruit 
capsule  pointed  long-ovate.  The  name  is  from  drevo'i, 
narrow,  and  ai^Boi,  flower,  alluding  to  the  slender  sepals 
and  flower-cluster.  3-5  feet  higli.  Penn.  to  S.  C,  west 
to  Ohio  and  Tenn. 

The  lily  group  is  distinguished  for  its  handsome  bell- 
shaped  flowers,  of  six  distinct  spreading  sepals  \v\i\\  a 
honey-bearing  groove  at  the  base  of  each.  Flowers  per- 
fect with  six  prominent  stamens,  and  a  long  pistil  the 
tip  of  which  is  a  three-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  an  oblong 
capsule  containing  many  flat  seeds.  The  bulb  scaly. 
The  name  Latinized  from  the  Greek  Xstpiov. 

„,     ^ .  ..  The  most  beautifully  colored  wild  lily 

Wood  Lily  or  -^i      u   •    i  ^  ,      .         ^ 

Wild  Orange-  ^^  ^^1'  with  bright  green  leafy  stems, 
Red  Lily  flower-cup  opening  iqncard,  and  the  six 

Lilium  sepal  divisions  narrowing  to  a  stemlike 

PlxUadeiphicum  gienderness  toward  the  base.  The  color 
Orange=scarlet  ■  o  i    .      ,  ,    - 

j^ly  varying    from  orange-scarlet    to  scarlet- 

orange  or  paler,  and  spotted  with  purple- 
brown  on  the  inner  part  of  the  cup.  The  sepals  do  not 
recurve.  From  one  to  three  flowers  are  borne  at  the 
branching  summit  of  the  plant-stem.  A  small  form 
common  in  Nantucket  bears  a  single  lighter-colored 
flower.  1-3  feet  high.  Dry  and  sandy  soil,  common  in 
the  borders  of  thin  woods.  Me.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn, 
and  Mo. 


48 


Wood  Lily. 


Lilium  Philadelphicum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacess. 


Yellow  The  common  lily  of  the  north,  found 

Meadow  Lily  most  often  upon  low  meadows.  Thiestem 
or  Canada  Lily  j^  slender  or  stout,  very  light  green  and 
itZLxse  smooth,  and  bears  the  light  green  lance- 

Buff  yellow  shaped  leaves  in  circles.  The  stem  divides 
spotted  into  several  branches  (really  flower-stems) 

purple=brown  g^ch  of  which  bears  a  pendulous  flower, 
u  y  ^^^^  yellow  on  the  outside,  and  a  deeper 

orange-buff  spotted  purple-brown  on  the  inside.  The 
nectar  is  protected  from  the  rain  by  the  i)endulous  posi- 
tion of  the  flower-cup  ;  it  is  gathered  mostly  by  the 
wild  honey-bee,  and  the  leaf-cutter  bee(i!/egrac7iz7e),  who 
visit  the  flower  to  gather  the  brown  pollen  as  well. 
These  insects  are  therefore  the  most  potent  means  of 
fertilizing  this  lily.  It  grows  2-5  feet  high,  and  fre- 
quents moist  meadows  and  copses,  from  Me.,  south  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn.  Neb,,  and  Bio. 

Liliiun  Canadense  is  probably  the  most  popular  wild 
lily  of  our  range.  However,  it  certainly  does  not  possess 
the  beauty  of  color  that  characterizes  the  wood  lily,  nor 
the  subtle  delicacy  of  the  Turk's  Cap  ;  but  the  graceful 
curves  of  its  pendulous  bells  are  unsurpassed  in  any  wild 
or  cultivated  flower,  and  it  must  always  command  the 
greatest  admiration  for  that  matchless  quality.  Of  the 
three  wild  lilies  this  one  is  also  the  most  prodigal  of  its 
charms  ;  it  is  not  only  in  the  meadow,  it  is  everywhere. 

As  for  the  Carolina  Lily  described  farther  on,  I  am 
disposed  to  consider  it  a  questionable  variety.  Until  all 
botanists  agree  upon  its  right  to  varietal  rank,  it  would 
be  best  to  count  it  as  a  mere  form.  But  as  that  form  is 
absolutely  distinct  I  give  the  lily  the  benefit  of  the  doubt. 


50 


Yellow  Mea^dow  Lily. 


Li  Hum  Canadense. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Uliaceas. 


Turk's  Cap 
Lily 

TAlium 

superbiDH 

Buff  orange= 

yellow 

July-early 

August 


A  less  coniiiion,  but  most  beautiful  spe- 
cies remarkable  for  its  completely  reflexed 
petals,  or  rather  sepals,  which  leave  the 
handsome  stamens,  tipped  by  the  brown 
anthers,  fully  exposed  to  view  ;  tlie  flower- 
cup  is  thickly  freckled  with  brown,  and 
hangs  in  a  half-drooping  position.  It  is 
also  largely  fertilized  by  bees,  but  is  frequently  visited 
by  the  monarch  butterfly  {Ayiosia  plexij^jnis)  of  a  tawnj- 
and  black  color,  whose  favorite  plant  is  the  common 
milkweed.  The  light  green  leaves  of  this  lily  hold 
alternating  positions  at  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  but 
are  more  or  less  in  circles  at  the  lower  part.  3-7  feet 
high.  It  is  oftenest  found  in  wet  meadows  not  very  far 
from  the  coast,  and  it  is  distributed  from  Me.  (rather  rare) 
and  Mass.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
A  similar  species  the  flowers  of  which 
have  far  less  reflexed  sepals,  with  perhaps 
fewer  spots.  The  leaves  are  darker  green 
and  broader,  rather  blunt-lance-shaped. 
2-3  feet  high.  Commonly  found  in  the 
dry  woods  and  among  the  mountains. 
Va.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

A  Japanese  species  escaped  from  gar- 
dens, and  commonly  found  beside  old  farm- 
houses.    Its  leaves  are  lance-sliaped  and 
^uT^-.r^^*'^'^'^*  scattered  along  a  stiff,  straight,  cottony, 
dark-colored  stem,  with  black  bulblets  at 
the  point  where  they  join  the  plant-stem.     The  flower 
sepals  are  strongly  spotted  and  reflexed.     Me.  to  N.  Y. 


Carolina  Lily 

Liliiua 

siqjerbion,  vai 
CaroliiiHinnm 
Buff  orange=. 
yellow 
August 

Tiger  Lily 

Lilium 
tigrinum 


52 


TurkaQpLily 


Lilium  supepbum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceas, 


A  small,  lilylike  flower  distinguished 
°Y  'ir  Ad=^  ^^^'  ^^^  brown-purple-tinged  (outside)  gold 
der'8  Tongue  yellow  color  ;  sometimes  the  purple  tinge 
Erythronium  is  wanting  in  the  flower,  but  the  two  leaves 
Americanum  .^j.^  almost  always  strongly  mottled  with 
u  go  ye  =  .^_  these  are  elliptical,  pointed,  nearly 
April-May  stemless,  and  proceed  from  the  root.    The 

flower  is  j)erfect,  with  six  stamens  and  a 
pistil,  and  it  is  especially  adapted  to  long-tongued  in- 
sects ;  it  is  undoubtedly  cross-fertilized  by  the  early 
bees,  chief  among  which  are  the  queen  bumblebees 
{Bombus  pentisylvanicus)  whom  I  have  often  observed 
enter  the  flower-bell  and  issue  plentifully  besprinkled 
with  pollen.  Other  occasional  visitors  are  the  small 
butterflies  Colias  pliilodice—yeWow ,  and  Pieris  rapce — 
A^iite.  It  is  probable,  too,  that  many  species  of  flies  are 
attracted  to  this  plant  on  account  of  its  mottled  color  ; 
but  the  majority  of  flies  are  poor  pollen  disseminators. 
The  name,  Greek,  for  red,  in  allusion  to  the  European 
species  which  is  purple-red.  The  little  plant,  5-10 
inches  high,  is  common  in  moist  woods  and  beside 
brooks  in  swamp}-  places,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to 
Minn.     Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

A  very  similar   species   with   narrower 
White  Adder's  ^n     i  i  t^-       ^i  ^     ^     n 

Tonsrue  leaves  mottled  less  distmctly  or  not  at  all, 

Erythronium      smooth,  thick,  and  whitish  green.      The 
albidum  flowers    are   white,   or  dull,   pale  violet- 

wliiteorvioiet=j-jj^gg(j  outside,  and  yellow-tinged  at  the 
March-May  heart,  inside ;  the  six  divisions  of  the 
flower-cup  strongh'  recurved.  As  the  white 
stigma  in  Erythronium  matures  in  advance  of  the 
golden  anthers,  it  is,  generally  speaking,  cross-fertilized; 
its  most  frequent  visitor  is  the  bumblebee  {Bombus  vir- 
ginicus).  5-8  inches  high.  Common  only  in  the  west 
and  south.  N.  J.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
Found  near  Carlinville,  southern  111.  (Prof.  Robertson). 


54 


Yellow  Adders  Tongue. 
Epythronium  Americ^num 


Erythponium  albidum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacest. 


A  slender  ornamental  plant  of  Europe, 
Star=of=BethIe=  ^    „  ,  rpi        ■,      i 

i^gj^  escaped   from  gardens.      The  dark  green 

OrnithoqaJniii  leaves  are  narrow  and  linear,  and  the 
umbeUatum  flowers  are  borne  in  a  branched  cluster  ; 
^*^'*^  they  are  white  inside,  green-lined  outside. 

ay-  une  and  they  open  only  in  the  sunshine.    Name 

from  the  Greek,  meaning  bird's  milk,  supposed  to  al- 
lude to  the  egg-white  color  of  the  flower.  4-12  inches 
high.  Found  most  often  in  fields  and  meadows  near 
farm-houses.     Mass.  to  Pa.  and  Va. 

WMd  L    k  ^^^  spring  the  wild  leek  develops  two  or 

Allium  tricoc-  three  light  green,  flat,  oblong-lance-shaped 
cum  leaves  8-10  inches  long,  and  about  1  inch 

Greenish  white  wide  or  more,  and  by  summertime  when 
une-  u  y  these  are  withered,  the  white  or  greenish 

white  flowers  begin  to  bloom,  in  a  spokelike  cluster  from 
a  spathe  or  leaflets  at  the  top  of  a  naked  stem.  The 
perfect  flowers  with  stamens  and  pistil,  are  six-parted, 
with  six  green-white  sepals.  The  flowers  are  rich  honey- 
bearers  and  undoubtedly  are  mostlij  fertilized  by  bees. 
It  is  an  onion-scented  herb  whose  name  is  the  Latin  for 
garlic,  and  it  is  not  remarkable  for  its  beauty.  It  grows 
4-15  inches  high,  in  rich  woodlands  from  west  N.  E., 
west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa,  and  south  among  the  Alle- 
ghanies  to  N.  Car. 

„,., .  ^    ,.  A     more     commonlv     distributed,    ex- 

Wild  Garlic  "  ' 

Allium  Cana-      tremely  narrow-leaved  species  frequenting 

dense  wet  meadows,  the  flower-cluster  of  which 

Pale  pink  or       jg  sparse  in  bloom  or  else  is  replaced  by  a 

^  '  ^,  thick  cluster  of  bulblets— a  frequent  oc- 

May-June  .  ,        ,^.  m.,       /, 

currence  with  Allium.     The  flowers  sepals 

are  narrow  and  obtuse,  and  quite  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

8-24  inches  high.     Me.  to  Minn.,  and  south  to  the  Gulf. 

The  Alliums  are  mostly  assisted  by  flies,  bees,  moths, 

and  butterflies  in  the  process  of  fertilization. 


56 


Wild  Garlic.    "^^ 
Allium  C^^nddense 


Wild  Leek. 
Allium  tricoccum. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliacese, 


Day  Lily 

HemerocaUr 


A  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  escaped 

from  gardens.     Leaves  angled  in  section, 

fulva  tapering   to   a  sharp  point,   narrow  and 

Tawny  orange    light  green.     The  flower-stalk  tall  bearing 

July-August      visually  eight  or  nine  blossoms  which  open 

one  or  two  at  a  time.     The  flower  divisions  six,  three 

narrow,  and  three  wide  and  blunt,  very  fragile,  and 

rusty  or  tawny  light  orange,  with  a  veined   texture. 

The  name  is  from  the  Greek,  and  means  beautiful  for 

only  a  day.     2-5  feet  high.     Found  usually  on  meadows 

and  upon  the  borders  of  streams.     I  gathered  it  not  far 

from   the  Arondack    Spring,    Saratoga,    where  it  was 

growing  wild  and  plentiful.     Mass.  and  N.  Y.,  south  to 

Va.  and  Tenn. 

„  ..       ^  A  beautiful  but  far  less  common  species, 

Yellow  Day  •         n  j    ^  ^ 

Lily  occasionally   escaped  from   country   gar- 

Hemerocallis      dens,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  pure  bright 
flora  yellow  flowers  more  delicate  and  slender 

Yellow  ^jj  form,    having  a  delightfully  fragrant 

odor.  2-3  feet  high.  The  leaves  of  both 
these  plants  grow  thickly,  and  are  characterized  by 
graceful,  drooping  curves. 

Hemerocallis  fulva  is  rapidly  becoming  established  as 
a  wild  flower  in  many  parts  of  the  country.  Its  tenacity 
of  life  under  apparently  adverse  conditions  is  remarkable. 
It  propagates  rapidly  by  its  spreading  roots,  and  some- 
times takes  complete  possession  of  by-ways  and  spare 
corners  where  the  environment  is  favorable.  In  various 
parts  of  New  York  State  the  plant  is  abundant.  Less 
attractive  in  figure  than  the  delicate  yellow  Hemerocallis 
Jlava,  and  odorless  besides,  it  makes  up  for  such  dis- 
crepancies by  a  magnificent  tawny  orange  matched  by 
few  if  any  members  of  the  Lily  Family.  The  flowers 
bloom  for  one  day  only. 


? 


58 


Hemerocallis  fulva. 


St5.p-of-Bethlehem.     OpnithoQalum  umbelktum. 


AMARYLLIS  FAMILY.     Amaryllidacem, 


AMARYLLIS  P\\MILY.     Amaryllidaceai. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  generally  showy,  perfect  flow- 
ers— with  stamens  and  pistil — having  six  generally  equal 
divisions  of  the  flower-cup.  Mostly  fertilized  by  bees, 
the  beelike  flies  {Syrphidoe),  and  small  butterflies  (Hes- 
peria). 

Leaves    somewhat    thick,    blunt,    and 
zlqTwonthL^  shining  deep  green,   long  and  straight.  I 
Atamasro  The  flower  perfect  with  six  stamens  and  \ 

Pink  or  white     a  pistil,  the   former  very   much   shorter 
April-July         ^j^g^jj  ^j-^g  flower-cup.     The  flower-cup  is 
symmetrical  and  divided  into  six  distinct  lobes,  crimson 
pink,  white  with  a  magenta  tinge,  or  white  ;  it  is  rarely 
eight-lobed.    Unquestionably  the  plant  is  cross-fertilized 
by  insects,  chiefly  by  bees,  the  honeybee  {AjJis  mellifica)  j 
visiting  the  flower  most  frequently,  and  generally  early  ; 
in  the  morning.     The  low  position  of  the  anthers  in  the  , 
flower-tube  makes  it  impossible  for  the  bee  to  pass  them 
without  powdering  herself  with  pollen.     The  name  is  ] 
from  the  Latin  and  Greek,  Zephyr  us,  the  west  wind,  \ 
and  dvOo'^,  a  flower.     The  fruit  is  a  depressed  capsule. 
6-15  inches  high.     In  moist  localities.     Del.  to  Fla.  and 
Ala. 

The  leaves  are  deep  green,  linear,  grass- 
Star  Grass  ...  ^  -  il     U     •  riM  %      4. 

Hvvoxis  ^^^^'  ^^^^  covered  with  hairs.     The  perfect 

erecta  flower  is  six-parted,  with  six  stamens  of 

Yellow  unequal  lengths  ;  it  is  deep  yellow  inside, 

April-July  ^j^fi  hairy  and   greenish  outside.     There 

are  perhaps  three  flowers  at  the  top  of  the  hairy  stalk, 
which,  by  a  plentiful  supply  of  pollen,  attract  both 
smaller  bees  (Hcdictus)  and  smaller  butterflies,  notably 
the  Meadow  Fritillary  {Brenthis  bellona).  Prof.  Robert- 
son says  the  plant  depends  mostly  upon  the  genus 
Halictus  for  fertilization,  and  that  it  is  self-  as  well  as 
cross-fertilized.  Hypoxis  is  commonly  found  in  the 
meadow  grass,  in  dry  situations.  The  name  is  of  Greek 
origin,  alluding  to  some  unknown  plant  with  sour 
leaves.  3-6  inches  high.  Me. ,  south,  west  to  Minn.,  E.! 
Kan.,  and  Tex. 


6o 


^tam^scoLily.  Star  Grass, 

lephypanthes  Atamasco.  Hypoxis  erecta. 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Iridacess, 


IRIS  FAMILY.    Iridacece. 

Perennial  herbs  found  in  damp  or  moist  situations, 
having  straight  straplike  leaves  and  showy,  perfect 
flowers  of  three  and  six  parts.  Commonly  cross-ferti- 
lized by  honeybees,  bumblebees,  and  the  beelike  flies 
(Syrphidcp) . 

A  handsome,  and  decorative  plant,  with 
Larger  Blue  light  green,  straight,  flat  leaves,  and  three- 
Flag  or  Fleur=  parted  perfect  flowers  blooming  one  by 
^®=***  one    from  a    green    bract    or    leaflet  at 

Iris  versicolor        ,      ,.        ^  i      i.  •  i  i.    n         -tii 

Violet=bIue        ^'^^^  ^^P  ^^  ^  somewhat  n-regular  stalk.    The 
May-July  stamens  are  hidden  and  inserted   at  the 

base  of  the  three  larger  and  more  showy 
divisions  of  the  flower,  which  are  beautifully  veined 
with  deep  violet  over  a  whitish  ground  tinted  at  tlie  base 
with  yellow.  The  stamens  are  under  each  of  the  three 
straplike  divisions  of  the  style  (the  middle  portion  of  the 
pistil)  which  directly  overlie  the  showy  purple-veined 
petals  or  divisions.  Thus  the  insect,  generally  a  bee,  in 
order  to  reach  the  honey,  must  alight  upon  the  showy 
petal,  crawl  beneath  the  overlianging  style-division,  and 
brush  past  the  anther  hidden  below  it,  dislodging  the 
yellow  pollen  in  its  passage.  At  the  tip  of  each  style- 
division  is  the  stigma,  and  upon  this  some  of  the  pollen 
is  deposited  as  the  bee  passes  ;  but  it  is  really  the  pollen 
from  some  previously  visited  flower  which  possesses  the 
greater  fertilizing  power,  therefore  the  iris  is  a  plant 
which  has  especially  adapted  itself  to  cross-fertilization. 
It  is,  however,  robbed  of  its  nectar  by  the  little  yellow 
butterfly  {Colias  philodice),  who  goes  straight  to  the  base 
of  the  flower  between  the  divisions,  and  reaches  the 
honey  with  its  long  tongue,  and  also,  according  to  the 
testimony  of  C.  M.  Weed,  by  the  tiny  skipper  butterfly 
(Hesperia).  Fruit  a  long  three-lobed  capsule.  The  name 
is  from  7pz5,  the  rainbow,  in  allusion  to  the  prismatic 
colors  of  the  species.  16-30  inches  high.  On  the  wet 
margins  of  ponds,  and  in  swamps,  from  Me.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn. ,  Ark. ,  and  Neb. 


62 


I 


Blue  Flag. 


pis  vepsicolop. 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Jridaceas. 


A  slender-stemmed   species  with   very 
Bi^"  R  narrow   grasslike    leaves,,  and  a   smaller 

jrls  flower  with   generally   narrower  propor- 

prismatira  tions,  and  an  extremely  short  tube,  but  a 

Violet=blue  ^^^^  slender  stem  proceeding  from  smaller 
May-June  bracts  or  leaflets.     The  fruit  capsule  nar- 

rowly three-lobed  and  angular.  This  species  is  mainly 
found  near  the  coast  in  brackish  swamps,  or  wet  grounds. 
1-3  feet  high.     Me.  to  Penn.  and  N.  Car. 

A  usually  one-flowered,  small,  slendfM-- 
Irisverna  stemmed    species    with    grasslike    leaves 

VioIet=blue  scarcely  over  seven  inches  long,  the  flower 
and  yellow  with  the  three  principal  divisions  nar- 
April-May  rowed  toward  the  base,  slightly  woolly, 
and  deep  gold  yellow  at  the  narrowing  part.  Some- 
times the  flowers  are  white.  The  fruit  capsule  is  ol)- 
tusely  triangular  and  short.  4-8  inches  high.  ( )ii 
wooded  hillsides,  from  south  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  K}-. 

A   lance-shaped   leaf   tapering  at  both 
Dwarf  Iris  ends  distinguishes   this  species   from  all 

Iris  crlstatn  others  ;  the  leaf  is  bright  green,  4-9  inches 
Light  Violet  long,  and  about  ^  inch  wide.  The  flowers  , 
^"  ~  ^^  are  very  light  violet  with  the  broad  outer  i 
divisions  crested;  i.  e.,  they  are  marked  with  three 
raised  parallel  flutings  along  the  centre,  the  middle  one 
of  which  is  orange  j^ellow.  The  flower  is  exceedingly 
delicate  in  color  and  dainty  in  form.  The  fruit  capsule 
is  sharply  triangular  and  ovate  in  outline,  hardly  twice 
as  long  as  it  is  wide.  3-6  inches  high.  It  is  a  very 
dwarf  plant  common  on  the  hillside  and  along  streams, 
from  Md.  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  southern  Ind.  and 
Mo. 

g      .  A  Chinese  plant  escaped  from  cultiva- 

Lily  tion,  similar  to  the  iris,  but  much  more 

Belamcanda  branched.  The  leaves  flat  and  light  green, 
Chinensis  like  those  of  the  iris,  the  perfect  flowers 

Golden  orange,  ^^,.^j^  ^^^  ^^^^^  divisions  of  a  hght  golden 
niagenta=  ,  °        ^^ 

spotted  orange  color  mottled  with  dull  magenta 

August-  spots.      Three  prominent  stamens.     Sev- 

September         eral  flowers  in  bloom  at  once.     The  fruit  * 
capsule  is  fig-stiaped,  1  inch  long,  and  when  the  scales  or  1 

64 


Crested  Dwai/  Iris.      '     Blackberry  Lily. 

Ins  crisUtac.  BelamcdndaCliir\ensi5. 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Iridaceas. 


Blue=eyed 
Grass 

Sisyrinchium 
angustifolium 
Deep  vioIet= 
blue 
May-July 


divisions  of  the  shell  fall  in  August,  the  blackberry  like, 
fleshy-coated,  black  seeds  are  exposed  to  view.  The  name 
is  East  Indian.  2-4  feet  high.  The  plant  has  escaped 
from  gardens  to  roadsides  and  low  hills,  from  south  N. 
Y.  and  Pa. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Ind.  and  Mo. 

A  stiff  grasslike  little  plant  with  linear; 
pale  blue-green  leaves  less  than  the  some- 
what twisted  and  flat  flower-stem  in 
height.  The  flowers  are  perfect,  with  a 
prominent  pistil,  and  three  stamens  ;  the 
six  divisions  are  blunt  and  tipped  with  a 
thornlike  point ;  they  are  violet-blue,  or 
sometimes  white  ;  the  centre  of  the  flower  is  beautifully 
marked  with  a  six-pointed  white  star  accented  with 
bright  golden  yellow,  each  one  of  the  star-points  pene- 
trating the  deeper  violet-blue  of  the  petallike  division. 
The  flower  is  mostly  cross-fertilized  by  bees,  and  the 
beelike  flies  (Syrphidce).  Seed  capsule  globular.  The 
name  is  Greek  in  origin,  and  is  meaningless.  6-13  in- 
ches high.  In  fields  and  moist  meadows,  common  from 
Me. ,  south  to  Va. ,  and  west. 

A  similar  species  which  has  usually  two 
unequal  branches  springing  from  a  con- 
spicuous grasslike  leaf  ;  the  leaves  a  trifle 
woolly  and  very  light  green  ;  less  stiff  than 
those  of  the  preceding  species,  and  some- 
what wider.  The  flower  petals  are  also 
sparsely  woolly  on  the  outer  surface.  8-16 
In  grassy  places,  and  sometimes  on  the  bor- 
ders of  woods,  from  Mass.,  south,  and  southwest  to  La. 
A  tall,  bending  species,  similar  to  the 
preceding,  but  lighter  green  and  somewhat 
woolly ;  a  slenderer  and  weaker  stem,  sonic- 
times  nearly  2  feet  long,  and  reclining,  ter- 
minating in  two  or  three  almost  equal 
branches.  Leaves  very  narrow,  bracts 
somewhat  purplish  and  drj-  papery  ;  the  flower  a  trifle 
smaller,  the  outside  somewhat  w^oolly.  The  seeds  but 
slightly  pitted  or  nearly  smooth.  In  wet  meadows  or 
brackish  marshes  or  sandy  soil,  from  Me.  to  Fla.,  near  the 
coast.  (Bicknell,  Torrey  Bot.  Club  Bull.  23  :  134.  1896.) 
66 


Stout  Blue= 
eyed  Grass 

ASisyriiichiiim 
anceps 
Deep  violet= 
blue 
May-June 

inches  high. 


Eastern  Blue= 
eyed  Grass 

Sisyrinchiiini 
Atlanticuin 
Violet=blue 
May-June 


il   '  I   NeitherspeciesnorS.Atlanticum  areas :^etabsolutelv  Mermined. 

5isyrinchiumangu5t\folium..       Sis\/pinchium  ancepi^ 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceas. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacece. 

Perennial  herbs  having  perfect  flowers,  the  various 
parts  of  which  are  irregular  in  structure  but  symmetri- 
cal in  arrangement.  There  are  three  similar  sepals 
colored  like  petals,  two  lateral  petals,  and  below  these  a 
third  unique  petal  called  the  lij),  conspicuously  colored, 
often  spurred,  and  containing  nectar  for  the  attraction 
of  insects.  The  latter  in  the  effort  to  reach  the  nectar 
invariably  dislodge  the  peculiarly  adhesive  pollen-clus- 
ters and  eventually  carry  them  to  the  next  blossom. 
The  ingenious  mechanical  device  of  the  flower  to  insure 
cross-fertilization  is  simple  but  effective.  The  orchids, 
except  the  Cypripedium,  have  but  one  stamen  which  is 
united  with  the  style  into  one  common  column  placed  at 
the  axil  of  the  flower  facing  the  lip.  The  stigma,  the 
usual  termination  of  the  stj'le,  is  a  gummy  surface 
located  directly  below  the  so-called  rostellum,  the  re- 
ceptacle of  the  anther,  and  the  actual  termination  of 
the  style.  In  the  two  anther-cells  above  the  rostellum 
there  are  two  poUinia,  or  stemmed  pear-shaped  pollen- 
clusters,  each  composed  of  several  packets  of  pollen 
tied  together  by  elastic  threads  ;  these  threads  running 
together  form  the  stem  terminated  by  a  sticky  disc.  It 
is  these  discs  which  attach  to  the  tongues  or  heads  of 
insects  and  insure  the  transportation  of  the  pollen- 
masses  to  the  gummy  stigma  of  another  flower.  The 
orchids  as  a  general  rule  are  incapable  of  self-fertiliza- 
tion, and  are  wholly  dependent  upon  long-tongued 
insects  for  the  transportation  of  their  pollen.  In  Cypri- 
pedium, the  stigma  is  not  a  gummy  surface  but  is  in  a 
cavity  between  the  anther-cells. 

Q         Add    '         ^  small  species  with  tiny  white-green 
Mouth  flowers  in  a  small  cluster  about  the  size  of 

Microstyiis  mignonette.     A  single  oval,  pointed  leaf 

ophiogiossoides  clasps  the  slender  stem  about  half-way  up. 
Whitish  green  rpj^^"  ^^^^^^  ^^.^  oblong,  and  the  lip  three- 
pointed.  Fruit  capsule  oval.  The  name 
from  the  Greek,  meaning  small  and  column  or  style. 
4-9  inches  high.  In  cold  woods  or  bogs,  from  Me., 
souths  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  Found  at  Jackson, 
68 


Green  Adder's  Mouth      Micpostylis  ophioglossoides. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceas, 


Bethlehem  and  Caiiipton,  N.  H.,  in  the  region  of  the 
White  Mountains. 

A  small  but  showy  species  with  rather 
hllde  ^^^  large  shiny  leaves.  2-4  inches  long,  light 
LiparisUUi-  green.  The  flowers  showy,  brownish  or 
folia  madder  purple,  with  reflexed  sepals  and 

Madder  purple  petals,  the  latter  exceedingly  narrow,  the 
u  y  ^^^  ^  inch  long  and  broad.     Flowers  nu- 

merous, the  cluster  sometimes  5  inches  tall.  The  Greek 
name  in  allusion  to  the  shining  leaves.  4-9  inches  high. 
Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Mo. 

A  small  species  commonly  found  in  ever- 
Root^  green  woods,  with  a  ruddy,  irregular  root 

Corallorhiza  resembling  coral,  and  a  straight  yellowish 
innata  brown  leafless  but  scaly  stem  bearing  small, 

Dull  madder  uninteresting  madder  purple  flowers,  with 
^'^''J  ^  tiny  sepals  and  petals  and  a  whitish  lip  ; 

the  seed  capsule  nearly  ^  inch  long.  The 
name,  Greek,  meaning  coral  and  root.  Common  in 
swamps  and  damp  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.  in 
the  mountains  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Neb.  Found  in  Shel- 
burne  and  Dublin,  N.  H. 

A  slender  but  generally  taller  species 
SmalUflowered  ^^..  j^  ^  ^^^^^^  ^j^^^  purple-brown  flowers. 
Coral  Root  ^  .     "^  .^  ,       ,.  ,  •   •  , 

Corallorhiza       droopmg  on  a  stiff  stem  ;  the  lip  whitish, 

odontorhiza        spotted,  and  the  sepals  and  petals  marked 

Dull  madder       ^vjth  purple  lines.     The  flower-stem  pur- 

purp^e  pj-gj^  brown.     6-12  inches  high,  leafless, 

September         ^^*  with  one  or  two  sheathing  scales.     In 

evergreen  woods,  especially  under  arbor- 

vitse.     Common  from  Mass.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla,,  and 

southwest  to  Mo. 

A  taller,  large-flowered  species,  the  stem 
Large  Coral 
ff^QQl  of  which  has  several  close  scales.     Many 

Corallorhiza       slightly  fragrant  flowers,  with  the  white/ 

multiflora  Hp  spotted  and  lined  with  purple-brown. 

Madder  purple  Common  in  spruce  woods.     10-18  inches 

September         high.     Me.,    south   to   Fla.,    and   west    to 

Neb.   and   Cai.      Found    at    Mt.    Agassiz. 

Bethlehem,  and  Sandwich,   N.  H.,  and  the  White  Mt. 

Notch. 

70 


Large Twa^blade. '  t'^      Early  Coral  Root. 
Lipapis  liliifolia.  Corallorhiza  innata. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceas. 


Heart=leaved  ^  delicate  plant  with  a  very  slender 
Twaybiade  stem  bearing  two  opposite  light  green, 
Listera  cordata  stemless  leaves  shaped  somewhat  like  the 
Madder  purple  ^^.g  ^y?  spades,  and  a  loose  cluster  about  2 
"  y  inches  long  of   tiny  dull  purple  flowers. 

The  flower  is  without  a  spur  but  possesses  a  very  long 
two-cleft  lip,  bearing  nectar  in  a  furrow  ;  the  slightest 
disturbance  of  a  visiting  insect  causes  the  delicate  ros- 
tellum  above  the  lip  to  explode  and  forcibly  eject  a 
sticky  fluid  which  is  sure  to  hit  the  pointed  tops  of  the 
pollen-masses  lying  just  over  the  crest  of  the  rostellum. 
Thus,  the  insect  coming  in  contact  with  the  sticky  fluid 
withdraws  fluid  and  pollen -masses.  Smaller  members 
of  the  family  Hymenoptera,  the  bees,  etc.,  most  fre- 
quently visit  the  flower,  also  those  of  the  order  Diptera, 
flies,  notably  the  tinj'  beelike  ones.  3-10  inches  high. 
Named  for  Martin  Lister  an  early  English  botanist. 
Moist  woods.  Me.  to  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Ore.  Found  in 
the  woods  about  Mt.  Washington. 

Broad=lipped  A  similar  species  with  leaves  less  heart- 
Twayblade  shaped  and  flowers  with  a  wedge-oblong 
Listem  conval-  jjp^  much  longer  than  the  narrow  sepals 
Greenish  ^^^  petals.      Sepals  purplish.      In  damp 

yellow  woods.     Me.,  south    to    N.    Car.,  in    the 

June-July  mountains,  and  west  to  Minn. 

Ladies'  Tresses  A  marsh  orchid,  with  a  peculiarly  twisted 
Spiranthes  or  spiral  flower-spike  and  very  light  green 

v'n  ' '•  h  linear    leaves   not    nearly  as  tall   as   the 

y^Y^llQ  flower-stem.     The  flowers  translucent  yel- 

August-  lowish   white,    or  variably   cream  white. 

September  odorless  or  fragrant,  the  whiter  ones  gen- 
erally most  fragrant,  the  lower  sepals  not  upturned  or 
joining  with  the  upper,  the  latter  arching  and  joined  to 
the  petals;  all  these  parts  with  the  curly-edged  broader 
lip  forming  the  bugle-horn-shaped  tiny  flower.  It  is 
fertilized  by  some  of  the  smaller  bees,  moths,  and  but- 
terflies. In  Spiranthes  the  rostellum  holds  in  its  centre 
a  narrow  boat-shaped  disc  containing  a  stick}^  fluid  ;  it 
is  covered  b}^  a  membrane  easily  ruptured  by  an  insect. 
After  the  rupture  the  exposed  sticky  fluid  glues  itself  to 
the  tongue  of  the  insect  and  the  boatlike  disc  is  witli- 
72 


J 


Heairt-leaved  TwaybUde 


Listera  copdata. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceas. 


drawn   together   with   the   pollinia  which  are  ah-eady 

attached  to  it  at  the  back.     When  the  flower  first  opens 

the  tube  or  passage  between  the  rostellum  and  the  lip  is 

exceedingly  narrow,  hence,  the  former  is  easily  ruptured 

by   visitors.     Later  the  space    widens    as  the  column 

topped  by  the  rostellum  moves  upward  in  the  maturer 

development  of   the  flower.     As  a  consequence,   only 

those  flowers  which  are  mature  are  sufficiently  open  for 

the  insect  to  reach   the  stigma  and  thereon  leave  the 

pollen   of  a  younger  flower.     The   name  is   from  the 

Greek,  for  coil  and  flower,  alluding  to  the  spiral  growth 

of  the  flowers.     6-24  inches  high  ;  not    more    than  9 

inches  in  nortliern  N.  H.     In  wet  meadows  and  grassy 

swamps.     Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

A  slender  and  tall  species  with  grasslike 

rass=  eave        \^a-lit  green  leaves,  and  a  leafy  stem  bear- 
Ladies  Tresses     o       &  ' 

Spiranthes  hig  a  much  twisted  flower-spike  of  yellow- 

pra'cox  white   spreading    blossoms.      The   lateral 

Yellowish  sepals  free,   the  upper  one    closely  con- 

y  '  ^^  ^      nected  w^th  the  two  petals,  the  lip  often 

July-August  ^  .    ,        ^^ 

dark-striped.     10-80  inches  high.    In  moist 

grassy   places.     Mass.  and   southern   N.  Y. ,  south   and 

southwest  to  La. 

An  exceedingly  slender  and  tall  species, 
Slender  Ladies'  ^,  ^Z  ,,         u  i         • 

Tresses  smooth  or  rarely  woolly   above,   bearing 

SjjintHthes         small  withering  bracts  or  leaflets  along  the 
gracilis  flower-stem  which  is  terminated  by  a  very- 

Cream  white     niuch  twisted  cluster  of  very  many  slender 
October  flowers,  translucent  cream  white,  and  very 

fragrant.  The  odor  of  Spiranthes  is  pe- 
culiarly aromatic,  reminiscent  of  the  horse-chestnut,  but 
remarkably  sweet.  The  sepals  of  the  flower  are  a  little 
longer  than  the  lip,  which  is  greenish  above  with  white 
margins.  The  ovate  leaves  at  the  root,  wither  before  the 
flowers  bloom.  Visited  by  the  bumblebee  {Bombtis 
Americanor'um)  and  the  small  bee,  Calliojisis  andreni- 
formis  (Prof.  Robertson).  10-22  inches  high.  Common 
in  dry  situations,  in  pastures,  fields,  and  half- wooded 
liillsides.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan.  It 
is  rare  in  central  N.  H.,  where  S.  cernua  is  plentiful. 

74 


<\w^>< 


A 


Ladies' Tresses.       'i^llpf       Spiranthes  gracilis 
SpiPdnthes  cernua.    Spiranthes  Romdnzog^ana. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacese, 


„  .       ..  Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana  replaces  it  in 

hpiTdnttlCS  *■  mi*' 

Romanzoffiana  northern  regions.  This  shorter  species  has 
White,  creamy  a  thick  and  short  flower-spike,  with  very 
or  greenish  fragrant  greenish  cream  white  flowers 
Ju  y-  ugus  somewhat  hooded  by  the  combined  sepals 
and  petals.  Leaves  linear.  6-12  inches  high.  Me.,  N. 
Y. ,  and  Pa. ,  west  to  Minn,  and  Cal. 

A  remarkably  odd  and  attractive  little 
Rattlesnake       orchid,  with  the  very  dark  blue-olive  green 

an  am  leaves  marked  with  darker  cross- veins.     It 

Guoayera  re- 
pens  var.ophioi-  has  a  scaly,  slender,  slightly  woolly  flower- 
des  (Fernald)     stem,  set  on  One  side  only  with  translucent 
White,  creamy  gj.ggjjjgl^  or  creamy  white  small  flowers; 

or  greenis  ^^^  saclike  lip  of  the  flower  has  a  recurved 

July-early  ,^ 

August  wavy  margin.     The  pollen-masses,  called 

pollinia,  are  made  up  of  numerous  packets 
connected  by  threads  which  run  together  and  form  a 
single  flattened  brown  ribbon  the  end  of  which  is  fas- 
tened to  the  rostellum.  The  rostellum  when  rubbed  is 
removed  and  carries  with  it  a  bit  of  membrane  to  which 
the  pollinia  are  attached  ;  this  clings  to  the  tongue  of  the 
bee,  and  all  is  properly  withdrawn,  and  carried  to 
another  probably  more  mature  flower,  whose  stigma  is 
easily  accessible,  as  in  the  case  of  Spiranthes.  Named 
for  John  Goodyear  an  early  English  botanist.  5-8  inches 
high,  rarely  higher.  Under  hemlocks  and  spruces,  in 
the  northern  w^oods.  Me.,  N.  H.  (frequent  in  the  White 
Mts.),  south  to  the  Great  Smoky  Mts.  of  N.  Car.,  west 
to  Mich.  The  original  species  G.  repens  is  definitely 
known  only  in  the  extreme  north  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
Goodyera  tesse-  "^^^^  commonest  species  in  northern  New 
lata  England,  with  a  stouter  stem  than  that  of 

White,  creamy  the  preceding  species,  and  a  little  taller. 
or  greenish        Leaves   5-9  ribbed,  the  veins  bordered  by 

pale  green  pencilings,  the  whole  leaf  irregu- 
larly mottled  with  light  and  dark  green,  rarely  with- 
out the  markings.  The  lip  of  the  flower  is  less  sac-shaped , 
with  a  less  recurved  margin.  In  hillside  woods.  Me., 
northern  N.  Y.,  south  to  the  Catskills  and  Hartford. 
Conn,     (M.  L.  Fernald,  Rhodora,  vol.  i,,  No.  1,  p.  6.) 

76 


Ra^ttlesnakc  Planta.!  n. 
Goodyera  pepens  van.  opphioides.   Goodyepd  tessellata. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacese. 


^     ,  Stem  stout,  leaves  stiff,  plain  green  or 

Goodyera  '  '  ^  ■  f     i 

Menzieii  indistinctly    marked,    often    with    broad 

White,  creamy  white  ribs,  or  rarely  mottled  as  in  the  fore- 
or  greenish  going  species.  The  flower-spike  thick  and 
August  one-sided  ;  the  lip  of  the  flower  is  large  at 

the  base  and  tapers  to  the  point  with  the  edges  curved 
inward.  8-20  inches  high.  In  drj^  woods,  generally 
among  evergreens.  Aroostook  Co.,  Me.,  Que.,  N.  B., 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes  from  Lake  Huron  westward. 
(M.  L.  Fernald,  Rhodora,  vol.  i,  No.  1.,  p.  7).  This  is  the 
largest  of  all  the  species. 

Go  d  era  ^hi^  is  the  commoner  rattlesnake  plan- 

pubescens  tain  of  southern  New  England  ;  its  flower- 

White,  creamy  spike  is  thick,  blooms  upward,  and  is  not 
or  greenish  one-sided.  The  flower-stem  is  stout, 
u  y-  ugus  densely  woolly,  and  bears  several  lance- 
shaped  scales.  Tlie  flower  has  a  pronounced  sac- 
shaped  blunt  lip  the  margin  of  wdiich  is  not  recurved. 
Leaves  dark  blue-olive  green,  white- veined,  the  middle 
vein  broad.  6-18  inches  high.  In  dry  evergreen  woods, 
southern  Me.,  and  central  N.  H. ,  south  and  west  to  Minn. 
Arethusa  A    large    single-flowered    and    delicate 

Arethusa  hid-  scented  orchid,  the  light  magenta-crimson 
Ma^^  nta=  *  =  P^^als  and  sepals  of  which  point  upward 
son  like  the  fingers  of  a  half-open  hand  viewed 

May-June  in  profile.    The  lip  of  the  flower  is  recurved 

and  spreading,  with  the  broad  apex  often  fringed, 
magenta  blotched,  and  crested  in  three  white  hairy 
ridges  ;  this  forms  a  conspicuously  colored  landing  plat- 
form for  the  visiting  insect,  usually  a  bumblebee,  who, 
after  pressing  beneath  the  column  and  sipping  the  nec- 
tar, backs  out  brushing  against  the  edge  or  lid  of  the  an- 
ther, opening  it  and  emptying  the  enclosed  pollen  upon 
his  head,  as  is  also  the  case  with  Pogonia  ophioglossoides . 
The  column  is  topped  b}^  the  lid-like  anther  instead  of 
the  usual  rostellum,  and  the  pollen-masses  are  not  pear- 
like and  stemmed.  The  solitary  leaf  is  linear,  and  hidden 
in  the  sheathed  scape ;  it  appears  after  the  flowering 
season.  Rarely  a  plant  produces  two  flowers  ;  these  vary 
from   1-2  inches  in    length.     Fruit   capsule   elliptical, 

78 


RaJlIesnaKePFPlaj^tdin. 
Qood^/era  W  pubescens. 


Arethusa  bulbosa. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orcbidaceas. 


about  1  inch  long.     5-10  inches  high.     Common  in  bogs, 

from  Me.,  south   to   N.   Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ind. 

Named  for  the  fountain  nymph  Arethusa. 

Grass  Pink  ^  smaller-flowered,  but  very   beautiful 

Calopogon  orchid,   slender-stemmed,   and   with    one 

pidchellus  linear    bright    green     leaf.     Flower-stem 

Magenta=pink   bearing  3-9   magenta-pink    sweet-scented 

u  y  flowers  with  a  long  spreading  lip  crested 

with  yellow,  orange,  and   magenta  hairs  ;   the  anther 

and  pollen  are  as  in  Arethusa.     Name  from  the  Greek, 

beautiful  and  beard,  referring  to  the  handsome  bearded 

lip.     10-16  inches  high.     In  bogs,  from  Me.,  south,  and 

west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     Often  found  in  company  with 

the  next. 

.     „      .  A  most  delicate   little  orchid    bearing 

Snake  Mouth  ,,         ,..  ,  ^   j       • 

Poqonia  generally  solitary,  raspberry-scented  crim- 

ophioglossoides  son-pink  flowers  with  a  small  light  green 
Crimson=pink  lance-shaped  leaf  half-way  up  the  stem, 
June-July  ^j^^  ^  ^jj-^y  ^^^  j^g^  below  the  blossom  ; 

sometimes  a  long-stemmed  leaf  proceeds  from  the  root. 
The  flower  has  sepals  and  petals  of  equal  length  over- 
hanging a  beautifully  crested  and  fringed  lip,  curved 
like  the  hollow  of  one's  hand,  which  furnishes  an  alight- 
ing platform  for  the  visiting  insect,  who  pushes  forward 
in  the  narrow  space  between  the  stigma  and  the  lip, 
scraping  pollen  off  its  back  in  its  progress.  The  pollen 
attaches  to  the  gummy  stigma.  In  retreating,  the  lid  of 
the  anther  catches  on  the  back  of  the  visitor,  swings 
open,  and  fresh  pollen  is  deposited  for  the  benefit  of  the 
next  flower.  This  orchid  has  no  rostellum  and  its  pol- 
len is  not  in  stemmed  pearlike  masses.  The  name, 
Greek,  bearded,  from  the  bearded  lip  of  some  of  the  spe- 
cies. 8-13  inches  high.  In  wet  meadows  and  swamps. 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Kan  ;  also  in  Japan.  Fre- 
quently found  in  company  with  Calopogon. 
Nodding  A  local  species  less  showy  than  the  fore- 

Pogonia  going,  but  remarkable  for  its  dainty  pen- 

Pogonia  dulous  flowers,   which   are    considerably 

pendula  ,,  _,^.  ,     ^  ^     .         ,  , 

Light  magenta  smaller.      v\  ith  2-8  tiny  leaves,  alternat- 

August-  ing,  and  clasping  the  stem.    There  are  1-6 

September  long-stemmed  flowers  which  proceed  from 

8o 


^ 


Grass  Pink.  Sna^ke  Mouth. 

Calopogon  pulchellus.      Pogonia.  ophioglossoides. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceas. 


between  the  stem  and  leaf.  3-8  inches  high.  In  rich 
woods,  from  R.  I.  to  Fla.,  Wis.,  and  Kan. 

Distinguished  by  its  circle  of  five  light 
ogoma  green  leaves  at  the  summit  of  the  stem. 

Purple  and  Flower  dull  purple  with  long  stem  and 
green=yeilow  long  narrow  greenish  sepals,  erect  or  in- 
May-June  clining  above  the  circle  of  leaves.     8-12 

inches  high.  Moist  woods.  Me.,  south,  west  to  Ind. 
and  Wis.  Rare  in  the  east.  Found  in  Middlesex  Co. , 
Mass.   (Miss  M.  P.  Cook.) 

Showy  Orchis  This,  with  another  more  northern  spe- 
Orchis  cies,  is  our  only  true  orchis.     There  are 

spectabUis  ^^^^^  jj  ,  j.  g|-jjj^^,  leaves  proceeding  from 

Magenta  o  .-  x  <=> 

and  white  ^^^®  base  of  the  stem  ;  the  latter  is  thick 

May-June  and  angular  in  section,  bearing  at  its  sum- 

mit a  few  showy  flowers  with  magenta  sepals  and  petals 
united  in  a  hood,  and  beneath  them  the  conspicuous,  al- 
most white  lip  ;  behind  the  lip  is  the  rather  long  spur, 
in  which  is  secreted  an  abundant  supply  oi  nectar  for 
the  thirsty,  visiting  insect ;  the  latter,  generally  a  queen 
bumblebee  (Bombus  Americanorum  is  a  common  visi- 
tor), thrusts  its  head  into  the  spur,  brushing  carelessly 
past  the  rostellum  at  the  top  of  the  column,  and,  ruptur- 
ing its  thin  membrane,  exposes  the  two  sticky  round 
discs  attached  to  the  pear-shaped  pollen-clusters.  These 
discs  immediately  fasten  upon  the  bee's  face  or  forehead, 
and  w^hen  the  creature  retires  it  carries  with  it  discs  and 
pollen-clusters.  Finally  when  the  next  flower  is  visited 
the  pollen  is  scraped  off  upon  its  sticky  stigma.  Orchis 
spectahilis  is  5-10  inches  high,  and  frequents  rich  moist 
woods,  especially  hemlock  groves,  from  Me.,  south  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb.  It  is  found  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Connecticut  west  of  the  White  Mts.  The  name 
is  Latin,  meaning  a  plant  with  oblong  roots.     (Phny.) 

^    ,  .  Orchis   rotundifolia  is  a  less  common 

Orchis  .  .  ,    ,  ,      „ 

rotimdifoUa       species  With  but  one  leaf,  oval  or  neariy 

Magenta  round,  and  smaller  flowers  about  the  same 

and  white  color  but  deeper  than  those   of   O.  spec- 

June-July  tabilis.      From    northern    Me.    and  Vt., 

westward. 


82 


Showy  Opchis- 


Opchis   spectd^bilis. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceas. 


A  slender  species  with  a  single  obtuse 
Green  Wood  lanceolate  leaf  less  than  i  of  the  way  up 
Habenaria  *^^®  Stem,  and  two  or  three  tiny  scalelike 

tridentata.  ones   above   it.       The    insignificant   very 

Greenish  small  greenish  5-12  white   flowers   with 

^*^'*^  tiny  sepals  and  petals,   a   wedge-shaped 

u  y  y^^^^  ^^^j  ^  characteristic  long  slender  spur 

curved  upuiard,  and  around  to  one  side.  The  pollen- 
clusters  of  the  Habenarias  are  short-stemmed  and  ter- 
minated with  a  sticky  gland  which  is  so  arranged  that 
it  easily  fastens  upon  the  heads  or  faces  of  visiting  in- 
sects. The  plant  is  6-18  inches  high.  Name  from  the 
Latin,  7ia6ena  a  bridle  or  rein,  alluding  to  the  narrow 
lip  of  some  species.  Me.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  south  in 
the  mountains  to  N.  Car.  Found  in  Campton  and  Jaff- 
rey,  N.  H.,  and  in  the  White  Mts. 

Habenaria  in-  '^^^^^  southern  species  has  several  leaves 
tegra  upon  its  slender  stem,  and  a  dense  flower- 

Orange-yellow  cluster,  orange-yellow.  10-20  inches  high. 
July  Wet  pine-barrens.     N.  J.,  south. 

Habenaria  ^^  another  southern  species,  with  several 

nivea  very  narrow  leaves  low  on  the  stem,  and 

White  a  loose    many-flowered    spike    of    small, 

July-August      fragrant,  slightly  greenish  white  flowers, 
each  with  an  exceedingly  slender  curving  spur.     Wet 
pine-barrens.     Del. ,  south  to  Ala.  and  Fla. 
Habenaria  ^  very  common  yellow-green-flowered 

virescens  species,  with  a  stout  stem,  several  lance- 

Yellow-green  shaped  leaves,  and  small  flowers  with 
June-July  yellow-green  sepals  and  petals,  the  blunt 

lip  toothed  on  either  side  and  slightly  protuberant  in  the 
centre  at  the  base,  the  slender  spur  twice  its  length. 
10-24  inches  high.  Common  in  all  wet  places,  from 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 

Habenaria  Characterized  by  the  numerous  bracts 

bracteata  or  leaflets  from  the  bases  of  which  the  tiny 

Light  green  flowers  spring.  The  lower  leaves  broadly 
June-  ugust  ovate,  the  upper  ones  mere  long  bract.s 
scarcely  three  times  the  length  of  the  pale  green  flowers. 
The  lip  of  the  flower  toothed  at  the  tip  and  oblong,  twice 
as  long  as  the  white  spur.     6-20  inches  high.     Damp 

84 


Gpcen  Wood  Orchis. 
Mdbenapia  tridentata 


Habenaria  virescens. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.      Orchidaceas, 


woods  and  meadows,  from  Me.,  soutli  in  the  mountains 
of  N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  reported  in  Neb.  (Webber). 

A  tall  and  leafv  northern  species,  with 
Hahenaria  ,,  '  n  ^^ 

hijperborea  green,  or  yellow-green  flowers,  erect  lance- 

Green,  yelIow=  shaped  leaves,  and  a  dense  narrow  flower- 
green  spike  sometimes  12  inches  long,  or  longer. 
June-July  Flower-spur  short  and  incurved,  petals, 
sepals,  and  lip  much  shorter  than  the  ovary.  8-30  inches 
high.  Cold,  wet  woods.  Me.,  to  N.  J.  and  Iowa. 
Hahenaria  ^  very  similar  species  with  much  nar- 
dilatata  rower  leaves  and  greenish  white  flowers 
Greenish  white  with  small  obtuse  sepals.  Flower-lip 
June-July  lance-shaped  from  a  lozenge-shaped  base. 
Cold,  wet  bogs.     Conn.,  to  Mich,  and  Minn. 

The  two  large,  shining,  nearly  round,  or 
Orchis  broadly  oval  light  green  leaves  usually  lie 

Hahenaria  upon  the  ground,  but  are  sojnetimes  raised 

Hookeriana        above  it.     The  somewhat  twisted  and  6are 
Whitish  stem  bears   10-20    upright  flowers,   with 

J^ne-^ueust  gi'^^n  lateral  sepals  curving  backward, 
narrow  j^ellow-green  petals,  and  the  throat 
accented  by  two  lateral  spots  of  yellow-ochre.  The  ]i\) 
is  lance-shaped,  incurved,  and  pointed ;  the  slender  white- 
green  spur  nearly  1  inch  deep  is  especially  adapted  tu 
the  long  tongues  of  the  moths.  8-15  inches  high. 
Woods  and  borders  of  wooded  swamps  from  Me. ,  south 
to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

A  larger  species,  the  two  nearly  round 
Green  Round=    ,  j?       i  •   i  .  •  r-    •      i 

Leaved  Orchis  l^^'^'^s  of  which  are   sometimes  7    inches 

Hahenaria  across,  and  lie  flat  upon  the  ground  ;  they 

orbiculata  are  light  green  and   shining  above,  and 

Whitish  silver}'  white  beneath.     The  stem  is  not 

Jul  **-Aifeust  ^^^^^  ^^^  bracted  ;  the  whitish  yellow- 
green  flowers  in  a  loose  cluster,  with  the 
upper  sepal  nearly  round,  the  lateral  ones  ovate,  and 
the  narrow  lip  obtuse  and  drooping,  almost  three  times 
the  length  of  the  small  lance-shaped  petals  ;  tlie  slender, 
curved,  whitish  spur  nearh'  2  inches  long  thickened 
toward  the  blunt  point  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  long 
tongue  of  one  of  the  lesser  sphinx-moths.     ' '  A  larger  in- 


86 


Hooker's  Orchis. 


Habenaria    Hookepia.nA. 


.  A^ 


Habenaria  hyperboree^. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidacew. 


dividual  might  sip  the  nectar  it  is  true,  but  its  longer 
tongue  would  reach  the  base  of  the  tube  without  effect- 
ing the  slightest  contact  with  the  pollen  *'  (\Vm. 
Hamilton  Gibson).  The  pollen  is  usually  withdrawn 
fastened  upon  the  moth's  eyes.  1-2  feet  high.  Rich 
evergreen  woods.  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  in  the  moun- 
tains, west  to  Minn. 

This  is  a  southern  species  among  a  group 
_    .  .  of  fringed   Orchises,   with  narrow  lance- 

Habenaria  shaped  leaves  below   diminishing  to   the 

cristata  size  of  bracts  above,   and  orange-yellow 

Orange=yellow  flowers  with  narrow  fringed  petals,  and  a 
a"  ^  gj*^'^  very  deeply  fringed  lip.    Spur  about  \  inch 

long.  The  anther  cells  widely  separated 
at  the  base.  8-20  inches  high.  In  bogs,  from  N.  J., 
south.     Rather  rare  in  N.  J. 

.,  ,.       ^  .  An  exceedingly  handsome  slender  spe- 

Yellow  Fringed    .  .^,,1,^1  ^1 

Orchis  cies,  with  lance-shaped  leaves,  and  a  large 

Habenaria  many-flowered  spike  of  showy  golden  or 

ciliaris  orange-yellow  flowers  with  ovate  sepals, 

range=yeilow  j^^j-j-Q^y  fringed  petals,  and  a  deeply  fringed 
August  ^^P-     "^^^^  spur  long  and  slender,  and  the 

anther  cells  as  in  the  preceding  species. 
12-24  inches  high.     In  meadows  and  wet  sandy  barrens, 
from  Mass.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich. 
Wh"t   F  •       A       '^  similar  species.     The  white  fringed 
Orchis  flowers  a  trifle  smaller,  with  a  less  deeply 

Habenaria  fringed  lip  ;  the  latter  \  the  length  of  the 

blephariglottis    spur.     12-21  inches  high.     In  swamps  and 

y^!"*^    .  bogs  from   Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  west  to 

July-early 

August  Minn.     Blooms  a  few  days  earlier  than  H. 

ciliaris  where  the  two  grow  together. 
(Britton.) 

Habenaria  ^  western  species  with  fragrant  large 

leucophcea  greenish  white  or  white  flowers,  the  fan- 

White,  shaped  lip  three-parted,  broad, and  fringed, 

greenish  Spur   H  inches  long,  so   it   is  especially 

June=Juiy  1      ^    i  .    ^,      ,  -,       ,  •  , 

adapted  to  the  long-tongued  sphinx-moths 

(SjitJmigidce).  18-30  inches  high.  Western  N.  Y.,  south 
to  Ky. ,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 


^}^ 


m. 


,(iS/4.V 


1 


/S\ 


Yellow  Fnnged  Orchis  Ha-benapia  ciliapTs. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceas. 


A  common  species  remarkable   for  its 
Frkf^ed  lacerated  three-parted  flower-lip,  and  un- 

Orchis  substantial    translucent    white    which    is 

Habenaria         sometimes  greenish  and   sometimes  yel- 
lacera  lowish.       Leaves     lance-shaped,    smaller 

reetfish  above.      The  long    flower-spike   crowded 

June-July  with  the  inconspicuous  deep-spurred  flow^- 

ers.  The  pollen-cells  are  not  widely  sepa- 
rated. Wm.  Hamilton  Gibson  describes  the  structure  of 
the  flower  thus,  after  remarking  that  no  botanist  has  men- 
tioned its  distinct  peculiarity.  "  The  nectary  instead  of 
being  freely  open  is  abruptly  closed  at  the  central  portion 
by  a  firm  protuberance  or  palate  which  projects  down- 
ward from  the  base  of  the  stigma,  and  closely  meets  the 
lip  below."  The  opening  is  thus  divided  into  two  lateral 
ones,  each  lying  directly  beneath  a  sticky  elongated 
pollen-disc.  Thus  the  insect,  generally  a  butterfly,  in- 
serts its  tongue  exactly  where  the  latter  will  touch  the 
disc  which  is  sure  to  clasp  it  and  be  withdrawn  together 
with  the  pollen.  H.  lacera  is  10-22  inches  high,  and  is 
found  in  bogs  and  w^et  woods  from  Me. ,  south  to  Ga. , 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

In  appearance  this  white  orchis  is  distinct! 3'  different 
from  all  others.  Although  its  similarity  to  the  next 
species  is  marked,  it  is  structural  and  therefore  not  so 
evident  to  a  casual  observer.  The  flower  is  well  named ; 
its  lacerated  flower-lip  is  literally  torn  to  divisions  of 
threadlike  fineness,  and  the  general  effect  is  accordingly 
unique.  No  other  orchis  is  like  it ;  the  flower  of  H. 
psycodes  has  a  compact  settled  figure  ;  that  of  H.  triden- 
tata  is  distinct  and  has  a  swirling  appearance  due  to  the 
curving  spur,  while  that  of  H.  hlephariglottis  is  a  char- 
acteristically fringed  affair  of  orderly  appearance.  But 
this  orchis  is  a  thing  of  "  shreds  and  tatters." 


90 


Ragged 

fpinged 
lidbenaHa:  leucophaea.  Habenapia  lacePdu 


^fbrchis. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchid aceas. 


A  similar  species  but  of  more  imposing 
Smaller  Pur=  proportions,  with  elliptical  and  lance- 
^^^l^r^"^^  shaped  leaves,  and  fragrant  magenta-pink 

Habenaria  or  lilac-pink  flowers  variably  pale  or  deep, 

psycodes  with  the  fringed  lip  three-parted,  and  a 

Magenta-pink    gp^^j.  |    j,-,^.!-,   ^^j^g       i_^   f^g^   l-,ig.j,       q^^^^_ 

u  y-ear  y  n^only  found  in  swamps  and  wet  woods 

from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.  ;  west  to  Minn. 

A  similar  but  much  larger  species  with 

arge    urp  e=    ^^y^.g^.g    twice    the   size   of    those    of    H. 
Fringed  Orchis 

Habenaria         psycodes,  fragrant,   and  variable  in  ma- 
jimbriata  genta-pink    from    a    deep    tone    even  to 

Magenta-pink    ^y^ite.     The  upper  sepal  and  petals  close 

une-ear  y         together,  the  lateral  sepals  small,   ovate 
August  o  »  r-  5 

and  acute.  The  three  divisions  of  the 
broad  lip  more  deejjly  fringed.  Flower-spike  sometimes 
12  inches  long  and  2|  inches  across.  Anther  cells  sepa- 
rated at  the  base.  In  both  flowers,  H.  psycodes  and  H. 
fimbriata,  fertilization  is  generally  effected  by  moths 
and  butterflies  whose  heads  and  eyes  are  often  decorated 
by  the  pear-shaped  pollen-masses.  The  crowded  flower- 
spike  allows  the  butterfly  to  land  indiscriminately  here 
or  there  among  the  spreading  fringed  lips,  and  inserting 
its  tongue  obliquelj'  in  the  nectary  it  brushes  the  pollen- 
disc  on  the  side  approached  and  the  pollen-mass  is  with- 
drawn (Wm.  Hamilton  Gibson). 

The  difference  between  H.  p)sycodes  and  H.  fimbriata 
is  distinct  and  absolute  ;  there  is  no  need  for  confusion 
in  the  identification  of  the  two  species,  although  it  must 
be  evident  to  a  close  observer  that  intergrading  types  are 
not  infrequent.  H.  psycodes  has  more  conventional, 
compact  flowers  with  an  even  (not  ragged)  very  short 
fringe,  and  thej^  are  about  half  the  size  of  those  of  H. 
fi,mhriata.     They  are  also  distinctly  muscat-scented. 

1  o  h-  ^^^^  ^^  ^  truly  purple  floivered  species, 
Habenaria  found  in  the*  south  and  southwest.  The 
perama'ua  fan-shaped  lip  is  toothed  but  not  fringed^ 

Purple  and  the  leaves  are  somewhat  narrower. 

July-August      ^j^g  j^j^g  gp^^  curved.     12-3C  inches  high. 
Wet  meadows,  N.  J.,  south  to  Va.,  west  to  111.  and  Ky. 

92 


LdrgePupple-Fringed Orchis.     Habenaria  fimbriaita. 


■?^ 


/5\ 


Smaller  Pupple  Fringed  Orchis.      Habenaria  psycodes. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceae. 


A  handsome  but  rather  small-flowered 
Slipper  orchis,  with  3-4  light  green  narrow  ellipti- 

Ciipripedium  cal  leaves  ;  the  flower  with  two  wavy  and 
candidum  twisted  narrow  green  petals,  three  broader, 

White  green,  purple-blotched  sepals,  and  a  pouch 

or  lip  open  at  the  top  by  a  fissure,  white 
outside,  purple-streaked  inside,  containing  nectar  at  its 
base.  Two  of  the  sepals  are  joined  together  under  the 
lip.  The  column  of  Cypinpedium  is  flanked  on  either 
side  by  a  fertile  stamen  bearing  a  two-celled  anther, 
opening  lidlike,  the  pollen  loose  and  sticky-powdery 
within — in  this  respect  the  genus  is  distinctly  different 
from  those  already  described.  The  stigma  is  hidden  be- 
neath the  third  sterile  stamen  crowning  the  column, 
exactly  between  the  anthers  ;  it  is  moist  and  roughish. 
In  the  process  of  fertilization  by  the  insect,  generally  a 
bee,  the  latter  enters  the  pouch  by  the  fissure,  sucks  the 
nectar  from  its  base,  and  escapes  by  crowding  through 
the  small  opening  immediately  beneath  one  of  the  an- 
thers, receiving  upon  its  back  the  sticky  pollen  in  the 
exit.  In  the  next  flower  the  insect  brushes  first  against 
the  stigma,  leaving  some  of  the  pollen,  as  it  takes  its 
departure  in  the  manner  described.  The  rather  rare  C- 
candidum  is  6-10  inches  high,  and  is  found  in  bogs  and 
wet  meadows  from  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Mo.  The  name  is  from  Kvnpi'^,  Venus,  and  tcoSj^ov, 
buskin, — Venus's  buskin. 

This  is  a  taller  species,  with  a  slender 
Yellow 

Lady's  Slipper  ^^^^^  s^^^^'  ^^^  showy  fragrant  yellow 
Cypripedium  flowers  the  petals  and  sepals  of  which  are 
pnbescens  madder  purple  streaked  ;  the  narrow  pet- 

Yellow  g^ig  ^^.Q  usually  twisted,  and  the  bright 

^       ^  golden  yellow  lip  as  well  as  the  summit  of 

the  column  is  more  or  less  blotched  and  striped  with 
madder  purple.  12-24  inches  high.  Woods  and  wood- 
land bogs.  Me.,  south  among  the  mountains  to  Ala.,  and 
west.  C.  2Kirviilorinn  is  a  mere  form  of  this  species, 
characterized  by  its  smaller  size  and  stronger  color.  (See 
Gray's  Manual,  pg.  511,  6th  edition.) 


94 


Yellow  Udys  51ippep  Cypripedium  pubescens. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orcbidaceae. 


This  is  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  plant 
supped  ^"'^^'^  of  the  whole  genus.  The  stem  is  stout 
Cypripedium  and  leafy  to  the  top,  the  flower  fragrant ; 
spectabiie  its  pouch  is  white  more  or  less  blotched  or 

White,  criin=  stained  with  velvety  light  crimson-ma- 
son= magenta  ^^^  ^he  sepals  and  petals  white,  broad 
June-July  &  »  t-  t- 

and  not  longer  than  the  rotund  pouch. 
The  sterile  stamen  long-heart-shaped,  stained  yellow  at 
the  tip  and  spotted  crimson,  crowns  the  column  (see 
C.  acaule).  1-2  feet  high.  Swamps  and  wet  woods 
Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn. 

The  commoner  and  more  familiar  lady's 
Moccasin  slipper,  with  two  large  leaves  from  the 

Stemless  root,   without  a  plant-stem,   the   slightly 

Lady's  Slipper  fragrant  flower  terminating  a  long  slender 
Cypripedium  stem  with  a  green  leaflet  or  bract  at  the 
acaule  point  of  junction  ;  the  pouch  crimson-pink 

M^r-early Tu'^iy  ^^'^^'^^^  white)  veined  with  a  deeper  pink, 

sepals  and  petals  greenish  and  brown, 
more  or  less  curved  and  wav^^  The  third,  or  sterile 
stamen  of  Cypripediuin  crowning  the  column  and  over- 
hanging the  stigma  is  variable  according  to  the  species  ; 
in  C.  acaule  it  is  angularly  six-sided,  in  C.  candidum 
lance-shaped,  in  C.  jjuhescens  long-triangular,  and  in  C. 
spectabile  heart-shaped ;  beneath  these  is  the  hidden 
stigma  which  receives  pollen  from  the  backs  of  visiting 
bumblebees  or  honeybees,  or  most  frequently  from  the 
smaller  bees,  members  of  the  tribes  Andrena  and  Hal- 
ictus  (C.  M.  Weed).  In  31y  Studio  Neiglibors  Wm. 
Hamilton  Gibson  describes  at  length  the  fertilization  of 
C.  acaide  by  the  bumblebee.  8-12  inches  high.  Me.  to 
N.  Car.  and  Kv.,  west  to  Minn. 


96 


Showy  Lady's  Slipper.       Cyppipedium   spectaLbile. 


Moccasin  Flower 


Cyppipedium  acaule. 


BIRTMWORT  FAMILY.     Aristolochiaceas. 


BIRTHWORT  FAMILY.     AristolocJiiacece. 

A  small  family  of  twining  or  low  herbs,  having  per= 
feet  flowers— with  six  or  more  stamens  and  a  pistil.  The 
leaves  stemmed,  and  either  alternate  or  proceeding  from 
the  root.  The  flower-cup  or  calyx,  without  petals, 
united  with  the  ovary  or  fruit  receptacle,  and  lobed  or 
irregular.  Assisted  in  the  process  of  fertilization  by 
various  smaller  insects. 

The  two  long-stemmed  deep  green  veiny 
inger       jg^ygg  gQf^  woolly,  and  heart-shaped,  their 
Canadense  Stems  hairy  ;    the  flower  with  three  dis- 

Brown=purple  tinct  pointed  brownish  or  madder  purple 
April-May  divisions  to  the  calyx  which  is  closely 
united  to  the  solid  seed  receptacle  or  ovary,  green  out- 
side ;  the  cup  white  below  marked  by  a  hexagon  in  pur- 
ple-brown. A  curious  woodland  plant  whose  odd  flower 
is  half  concealed  by  its  low  position  and  its  sober  color 
which  not  infrequently  resembles  the  leaf-mould  just 
beneath  it.  Its  proximitj^  to  the  ground  and  the  fre- 
quent visits  of  the  fungus  gnats  and  the  early  flesh-flies 
suggest  that  these  have  most  to  do  with  the  fertilization 
of  the  plant.  6-12  inches  high.  Common  in  rich  woods 
from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Kan. 
Asarum  ^  southern  species  with  evergreen  leaves 

arifoUum  arrow-heart-shaped,  and  urn-shaped  flow- 

Green=purple  ers  dull  green  outside,  dull  purple-brown 
April-June  inside,  with  three  short  blunt  lobes.  One 
leaf  only  put  forth  each  year.  In  woods  from  Va. ,  south 
to  Tenn.,  Ala.,  and  Fla. 


98 


Wild  Ginger. 


Asd^pum   Cana^dense* 


BIRTH  WORT  FAMILY.     Anstolochiacese. 


Virginia 
Snakeroot 

Aristolochia 
Serpentaria 
Dull  green 
June-July 


A  woolly  stemmed  and  familiar  medici- 
nal herb,  the  long  heart-shaped  leaves  thin 
and  green  on  both  sides,  and  the  dull 
greenish  flowers  with  curving  crooked 
long  stems,  near  the  root,  as  in  Asarum, 
the  calyx  curved  like  the  letter  S.  Some- 
times the  flowers  are  fertilized  in  the  bud  without  open- 
ing (Britton),  but  often  they  trap  many  of  the  smaller 
insects — notably  gnats  who  possibly  assist  fertilization. 
Fruit  an  ovoid  ribbed  capsule.  8-30  inches  high.  Conn, 
and  N.  Y.,  south  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Mo. 

A  familiar  tall  vine  in  cultivation  from 
New  York  south,  trailing  most  frequently 
over  arbors,  porches,  and  piazzas.  Smooth 
heart-shaped  light  green  leaves,  and  hook- 
shaped  flowers,  the  yellow-green  veiny 
tube  with  a  flat,  three-lobed  purple-brown 
throat,  resembling  a  Dutch  pipe  ;  it  en- 
traps early  small  insects  —  gnats  and  flies.  10-25  feet 
high.  In  rich  woods  southern  Pa.,  south  to  Ga.,  west 
to  Minn. 

The  Dutchman's  pipe  is  one  of  those  vigorous,  stolid, 
and  satisfactory  vines,  big  leaved  and  curiously  flowered, 
which  commends  itself  to  the  horticulturist.  It  re- 
sponds readily  to  cultivation. 

A  similar  vine,  but  characterized  by  an 
extreme  woolliness  ;  leaves  round-heart- 
shaped,  veiny,  and  smaller  than  those  of 
A.  sipho.  The  flowers  a  yellower  green, 
with  calyx  exceedingly  woolly,  the  deep 
purple-brown  throat  nearly  closed  and  oblique.  N.  Car., 
south,  and  west  to  Mo. 


Dutchman's 
Pipe 

Aristolochia 

Sijiho 

Dull  green, 

purple=brown 

May-June 


Aristolochia 
tomentosa 
Dull  green, 
purple=brown 
May-June 


Virginia.  SnaKepoot.  Aristolochia  serpenta^ria. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonaceas. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonacem. 

Herbs  with  alternate  toothless  leaves  and  swollen- 
jointed  stems,  usually  a  stipule  or  leaflet  above  each 
joint,  and  small,  generally  perfect  flowers  (or  sometimes 
dioecious,  monoecious,  or  polygamous  ones)  without 
petals,  the  calyx  2-6  parted. 

„    .         _  The    docks     are    mostly    uninteresting 

Patience  Dock  ,  ,      ,  ,        ^       .,  f 

Rumex  northern  weeds  that  cumber  fertile  ground, 

Patientia  and  decorate  waste  places  ;  many  of  them 

Green  like  the  patience  dock  come  from  the  old 

May-June  country.     This  species  has  smooth  broad 

lance-shaped  leaves,  broadest  just  above  the  base,  and 

the  flowers  are  green,  tiny,  inconspicuous  and  drooping, 

replaced  by  seed-wings  or  heart-shaped  discs,  resembling 

miniature  palm-leaf  fans.     2-5  feet  high.     Vt. ,  N.  Y., 

and  Pa.,  west  to  Wis.  and  Kan. 

Dark  green  smooth   leaves,  the   lowest 

qqj,^  very  long,  a  branching,  stout  stem,  and 

Rumex  densely   flowering,   circling  clusters  ;  the 

Britannica         tiny  flowers  nodding,  replaced  by  seed- 

Gfeen  wings  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding 

species.    3-6  feet  high.    In  wet  situations. 

Me.,  Pa.,  west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Neb. 

A  smooth  deep  green  species,  similar  to 
Swamp  Dock      ^,        ,  -^i  i    ^  i  i 

Rumex  *"®  above,  with  a  grooved  stem,  and  long- 

verticillatus        stemmed  lance-shaped  leaves.     Flowers  in 
Green  dense  circles,  the  outline  of  the  seed- wing 

May- July  top-shaped.       2-5    feet    high.       Swamps. 

Common  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Iowa. 
Curled  Dock  T^^^is  is  the   very   common  curled  leaf 

Rumex  crispus    dock  throughout  the  U.  S. ,  a  troublesome 
Green  weed  from  the  old  country.     Leaves  wavy 

June-August     ^^^  ^^lq  margin,  flowers  replaced  by  heart- 
shaped  pointed  seed-wings      1-4  feet  high. 


cnspus. 


Curled  Dock. 


Winged  seed  R.Patienlia. 

Rumex  crispus. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonacese. 


Another  weed  from  the  old  country, 
common  in  fields  and  waste  places.  A 
loose  and  thinly  flowered  spike  ;  the  stem 
rough  and  stout  and  the  somewhat  wavy 
leaves  oblong  and  wider  than  those  of 
the  other  species.  The  seed- wings  with  a  few  spines  on 
either  side.  2-4  feet  high.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to 
Ore. 


Bitter  Dock 

Ruinex  obtusl 
folius 
Green 
June-August 


Golden  Dock 

Rvtnex  lyersi- 
rarioideti 
Green 
July-October 


A  sea-shore  species,  an  annual ;  with 
light  green,  narrow,  lance-shaped  leaves, 
the  plant  more  or  less  woolly,  and  greatly 
branched,  the  circles  of  the  flowers 
crowded  together  into  a  compact  spike, 
the  seed-wings  narrow  and  pointed,  golden  yellow  in 
autumn,  bearing  2-3  long  spines  on  either  side.  In  the 
sand  along  the  shores.  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  from 
Kan.  and  Minn.,  west  and  north.  It  has  been  confused 
with  R.  maritimus  of  the  old  countrj-. 

A  most  troublesome  small  weed  from 
the  old  world,  with  long-arrowhead- 
shaped  leaves,  acid  to  the  taste,  and  in- 
conspicuous flowers  in  branching  spikes, 
green,  or  later  brown-red;  the  whole  plant 
sometimes  turning  ruddy  in  dr}',  sterile 
fields.  It  will  generally  flourish  in  one 
place  for  two  or  three  jears  and  then  die 
out.  The  flowers  are  dioecious,  that  is,  the  staminate 
and  pistillate  ones  are  found  upon  separate  plants,  and 
are  therefore  fertilized  by  insects  ;  bumblebees,  honey- 
bees, and  the  smaller  butterflies  are  the  commonest 
visitors.     6-12  inches  high.     Growing  everywhere. 

The  genus  Polygonum,  the  name  from  TroAtis,  many, 
and  yovvy  knee,  alluding  to  the  many  joints  of  the 
plants,  comprises  about  twenty-five  distinct  species,  all 
of  which  may  be  characterized  by  the  term  weed  !  They 
are  aesthetically  uninteresting  and  many  are  extremely 
troublesome  in  the  farmer's  vegetable  garden.  They 
mostly  bear  pink  perfect  flowers  grouped  in  a  slender 
grasslike  spike. 


Field  or  Sheep 
Sorrel 

Rumex  Aceto- 
se.lla 

Green,  Brown= 
red 
June- 
September 


[o4 


Sheep  Sorrel. 


Rumex  Acetosella. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonaceae. 


Knotgrass 

Polygonuvi 
aviculare 
Greenish 
yellow 
June- 
September 

sheaths. 

Erect  Knot= 
weed 

Polygonum 

erectum 

Greenish 

yellow 

July 

September 

Pennsylvania 
Persicaria 

Polygonum 

Pennsylvanicum 

Pink  or  white= 

green 

July 

September 


A  slender  species  with  a  weak  stem, 
bluish  green,  small  lance-shaped  leaves, 
scaly  joints,  and  greenish  pink-tipped 
flowers.  Common  everywhere  in  culti- 
vated and  waste  ground.  The  blue-green 
leaves,  alternate,  or  are  in  appearance 
clustered,    and    issue    from    tiny    brown 

A  stouter  and  a  j^ellowish  green  stem, 
leafy ;  the  leaves  nearly  oval,  and  the 
flowers  greenish  yellow.  A  common  way- 
side weed  north  of  Tenn.  and  Ark.,  east 
and  west.  The  stem  of  this  species  is 
noticeabl}^  erect  with  no  tendencj'"  to 
sprawl. 

A  somewhat.red-jointed  species,  at  home 
in   wet   waste   places,  with   shiny  lance- 


shaped  leaves,  and  pink  or  white-green 
flower-clusters;  the  upper  branching  stems 
and  flower-stems  beset  with  tiny  hairlike 
glands.  Common  everywhere.  It  has  a 
branching,  sprawling  habit. 

A  smooth-stemmed  species,  from  the  old 
world,  with  similar  leaves  and  crimson- 
pink  or  deep  magenta  flowers,  the  leaves 
rough  and  generally  marked  with  a  darker 
green  triangle  in  the  middle.  Very  com- 
mon in  waste  damp  places. 

A  common  weed  in  all  wet  waste  places, 
indigenous  in  the  far  northwest,  but 
naturalized  from  Europe  in  the  east. 
Leaves  narrow  lance-shaped,  very  acrid 
and  pungent,  and  fringed  with  tiny 
bristles.  Flowers  mostly  green  in  a  slim 
long  cluster,  nodding.  An  annual  1-2  feet 
liigh.  The  indigenous  species  P.  hydropiperoides  *vrith. 
an  equally  wide  distribution  has  pink  or  flesh-colored  or 
greenish  flowers,  branching  stems,  and  very  narrow 
leaves,  not  acrid.  Common  south,  and  reported  in  Neb. 
(Webber). 


Lady's  Thumb 

Polygon  um 
Persicaria 
Crlmson=pink 
June- 
September 


Smartweed 
Water  Pepper 

Polygonum 
Hydropijjer 
Green 
July- 
September 


io6 


Smartweed. 
Polygonum 

hydpopiperoides. 


La^djs  Thumb. 
Polygonum  Per5icapia. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Poiygonaceas. 


A  perennial  species  with  broad-arrovv- 
head-shaped  leaves,  and  a  ridged  reclining 
stem  beset  with  fine  teeth  curved  back- 
ward. Leaves  long-stemmed,  and  prickle 
nerved.  Insignificant  pink  or  greenish 
flower-clusters.  In  pulling  up  the  weed 
the  thumb  and  fingers  are  apt  to  be  torn 

with   the   ScJw-edged   stems,  hence  the  common  name. 

2-6  feet  higli.     Common  everywhere  in  wet  soil. 

An  annual  species  climbing  over  other 
plants,  with  a  weak  four-angled  reclining 
stem  beset  with  prickles  only  at  the 
angles ;  the  narrow-arrowhead-shaped 
leaves,  far  apart,  sometimes  blunt-pointed, 
short  stemmed,  or  the  smaller  leaves  with- 
out stems.  Flowers  five-parted,  pink,  in 
clusters.     Common  in  low,   wet  ground. 


Halberd°ieaved 
Tearthumb 

Polygonum 
arifoliuni 
Pink,  greenish 
July- 
September 


Arrow-leaved 
Tearthumb 
Polygonum 
sagittatum 
Pink 
July- 
September 


small  dense 

everywhere. 

A  perfectly  smooth  species,  with  slender 

Climbing  False  djjjibjng^  reddish  stem,  arrowhead-shaped 
leaves,  and  leafy  flower-spikes,  the  tiny 
flowers  green-white  or  pink,  the  calyx 
five-parted.  Climbing  over  rocks  and 
bushes  6-12  feet  high.  In  moist  places, 
common  everywhere.  A  rather  decorative 
vine  but  often  troublesome  in  the  vege- 
table garden. 

The  familiar  buckwheat  in  cultivation 
escaped  to  waysides.  From  the  old  world; 
with  arrowhead-shaped  leaves,  and  green- 
ish white  flowers  sometimes  pinkish,  the 
calyx  five-divided,  and  with  eight  honey- 
glands  alternating  with  the  stamens ;  the 
flowers  fertilized  mostly  by  honej'bees ; 

the  honey  of  a  peculiarly  fragrant  character  but  dark  in 

color.     Seed   beechnut-shaped.      Common   everywhere. 

The  name  from,  fagus,  beech,  and  itvpoi,  wheat. 


Polygonum  du 
metortim  var. 
scandens 
Qreen=white, 
pink 
July- 
September 


Buckwheat 

Fagopyrum 

escidentii.m 

Greenish 

white 

June 

September 


io8 


Polyganum  arifolium. 


Arrow-leaved  Tearthumb.       Polygonum  sagittatum. 


GOOSE  FOOT  FAMILY.     Chenopodiaceae. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.     Chenopodiaceoe. 

Uninteresting  herbs — ireeds,  many  of  which  are  from 
the  old  country  ;  with  minute,  green,  perfect  flowers 
with  a  persisting  calyx.  The  spinach  and  beet  are  mem- 
bers of  this  family. 

Lanib's=quar=        The  family  is  divided  into  nine  tribes, 
ters,  or  Pig=       chief  among  which  is  Chenopodiiim.    Some 

^^^  of  these  are  quite  western,  others  are  of 

Chenopodium       ,,         .-,  ,,  ,,  ,  .  ,  ,. 

^^jlj^^^^-^  the  old  world  and  have  been  mtroduced  in 

Green  the  east.     Lamb's-quarters  is  common  east 

June-Septein=    and  west.     Leaves  mealy- white  beneath, 

^^^  varying  from  rhombic-oval  to  lance-shaped 

or  narrower,  the  lower  ones  coarse-toothed.     Tiie  green 

flower-clusters    dense,    and    dull    green.     Var.    viride, 

commoner  eastward,  is  less  mealy,  and  has  a  less  dense 

flower-spike  (Gray's  Manual).     1-4  feet   high.     Waste 

places.     The  name  from  the  Greek  meaning  goose  and 

foot,  in  allusion  to  the   shape  of  the  leaves  of  some 

species. 

Jerusalem  Oak,      An  annual  species,  from  the  old  country, 

or  Feather         not  mealy,  but  with  an   aromatic  odor. 

eranium  Leaves    smaller,    slender    stemmed,    and 

Botrys  deeply  subdivided.     The  flowers  green  m 

Green  dense  heads,  the  spike  leafless,  the  calyx 

July-Septem=     three-parted.     1-2  feet  high.     In  autumn 

^^^  the  leaves  fall  off  and  leave  the  stem  and 

seed-spike  naked.     C  ainbroHloides,  or  Mexican  Tea,  is  a 

similar  introduced  species,  with  a  densely  flowered  leafy 

spike  ;  the  leaves  lanceolate.     Both  are  common  in  waste 

places.     C.  Botrys  found  in  empty  lots,  Norfolk  Ave., 

Roxbury,  Mass. 


Jerusalem  Oak.  Chenopodium  Botrys. 


AMARANTH  FAMILY.     Amarantaceas. 


AMARANTH  FAMILY.     Amarantacece. 

Weeds  ;  some  of  those  of  a  ruddy  color,  mosth"  foreign, 
are  widely  cultivated.  The  perfect  flowers  with  lapping 
scales  or  leaflets  (generally  three)  which  retain  their  color 
when  dry  ;  hence  the  name  ^Ajudpcxvro<3,  meaning  un 
fading. 

An  annoying  weed,  common  in   culti 
PifiTwccd 

Amarantus  re.    ^^^^^  ground  and  in  gardens,  with  ligh 
troflexus  green  roughish  leaves  and   stem ;   leaves 

Green  long-stemmed  and  angularly  ovate.     The 

August-Octo=    ^^11  green  flowers  in  a  stiff  bristly  spike. 
1-8  feet  high.     Common  east  and  west,  in- 
troduced from  the  old  world. 

Amarantus  ^  similar  species,  but  smoother  and  a 

chlorostachys  darker  green,  w^ith  slenderer  linear- cy] in- 
Green  drical,  bending  spikes,  branching.  The 
August-Octo=  flowers  also  similar,  but  with  more  acute 
^^  sepals.  2-6  feet  high.  Apparently  indi- 
genous in  the  southwest,  but  introduced  eastward 
(Gray's  Manual).  Troublesome  in  gardens. 
Tumble  Weed  A  low,  smooth,  greenish  white-stemmed 
Amarantus  ai-  species  with  light  green,  small  obovate 
r**  leaves,  obtuse  at  the  point,  and  with  many 
July-Septem=  branches.  The  flowers  green,  and  crowded 
ber  in  close  small  clusters,  at  the  stem  of  each 
leaf.  6-20  inches  high.  In  the  west,  late  in  autumn, 
the  withered  plant  is  uprooted  and  tumbles  about  in  the 
wind,  hence  the  popular  name.  Common  in  waste 
places. 


9 


112 


Pigweed.  Tumble  Weed.  Amarantus  a\bus.GRAY 

Ama^rantus  retpoflexus.         op  Amapantus  graecizans. 


PURSLANE  FAMILY.     Porta lacaceae. 


PURSLANE  FAMILY.     Porfulacacece. 

A  small  group  of  low  herbs  with  thick  juicy  leaves, 
and  perfect  but  unbalanced  flowers — that  is,  with  two 
sepals  and  five  petals  and  as  many  stamens  as  petals, 
or  more  sepals,  or  an  indefinite  number  of  stamens,  or 
sometimes  the  petals  altogether  lacking.  Cross-ferti- 
lization is  largely  effected  by  bees  and  butterflies.  Fruit 
a  capsule  filled  with  several  or  many  shell-shaped  or 
kidney-shaped  seeds. 

An   annual  ;    a  fleshy-leaved  prostrate 
urs  ane  or       ^yeed  naturalized  from  the  old  world,  and 
Fortuiaca  Commonly   found  in    gardens  and    door- 

oleracea  yards.     Stems    thick   and    often   a  terra- 

Yellow  cotta  pink,  leaves  dark  green,  thick,  and 

une-  round-end  wedge-shaped.     The  tiny,  soli- 

September  „         ^   ®  .  ,    r>  1 

tary  yellow  flowers  with  five  petals  open 

only  in  the  morning  sunshine,  7-12  stamens.  The 
branches  hug  the  ground  and  spread  or  radiate  in  ^n 
ornamental  circle  ;  they  are  3-10  inches  long.  In  early 
days  the  plant  was  used  as  a  pot  herb.  It  is  indigenous 
in  the  southwest,  but  is  firmly  established  in  the  north 
where  it  flourishes  under  any  and  all  conditions,  and  lias 
become  a  very  troublesome  weed. 

A  charmingly  delicate  flower  (rarely 
aaJt^nltVh^  ^^"^®  white)  of  early  spring,  distinguished 
ginica  foi'  its  flush  of  pale  crimson-pink,  and  its 

Pale  pink  or  veins  of  deeper  pink  starting  from  a  yel- 
^•^'^^  low  base.     The  deep  green  leaves  are  linear 

ay  ^^,  broader,  the  two  upper  ones  located 
at  about  the  middle  of  the  plant-stem.  The  flower  has 
five  petals  and  but  two  sepals.  Its  golden  stamens  de- 
velop before  the  stigma  is  mature,  making  cross-ferti- 
lization a  certainty.  Its  visitors  in  search  of  pollen  and 
nectar  are  mostly  the  bumblebees  Bonihns  vagans  and 
B.  pennsylvanicus,  the  beelike  flies  called  Bombylidce, 
and  the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus  and  Andrenidce  : 
also  among  the  butterflies  are  Colias  philodice,  yellow, 
and  Papilio  ajax,  buff  and  black.  Stem  6-12  inches 
high.  In  open  moist  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga., 
and  southwest  to  Tex. 

114 


Purslane,    '^e!^  ^x 
Portulaca  oiepacea. 


Spring  Beauty. 
ClaytoniaVirginicau 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaceae. 


A  species  similar  in  all  respects  except 

ay  oni  that  the  leaves  are  broader,  lance-shaped, 

Caroliniana  '  ^       ' 

and  the  basal  ones  are  quite  obtuse  ;  the 

flowers  are  also  fewer  and  smaller.     Me.,  south  to  N. 

Car.,  among  the  mountains,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Named  for  John  Clayton,  an  early  American  botanist. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllacece. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  generally  characterized  by 

smooth  stems  and  swollen  joints,  opposite-growing  leaves 

without  teeth,  and  regular,  perfect  flowers,  with   five 

(rarely  four)  sepals,  the  same  number  of  petals,  and 

twice  as  many  stamens.     Fertilized  by  bees  and  moths. 

An  annual  escaped  from  gardens,  nat- 
DeptfordPink  ,.       i    *  t7  -.it    ,^ 

Dianthns  uralized  from  Europe,  with   light  green 

Armeria  naiTow,   erect  leaves,    hairy   and  small  ; 

Crimson-pink    and  clustered  crimson-pink,  white-dotted 

June-  flowers  whose  five  petals  are  toothed  or 

jagged-edged,  resembling  Sweet-William. 

6-18  inches  high.     Fields  and  waysides  Me.  to  Md. ,  west 

to  Mich.     Common  eastward  ;  found  in  Lexington,  Mass. 

-,  .^     _.  .  A  perennial  (growing  from  a  matlike 

Maiden  Pink  '  ,  ,         , 

Dianthus  base)  smooth  or  somewhat  hoary,  escaped 

deltoides  from  gardens,  naturalized  from  Europe. 

Crinison=pink  Leaves  small  and  narrow  lance-shaped, 
June-August  ^^.^^^  rpj^^  j-^^j^  crimson-pink  or  white- 
pink  flowers  bloom  singly,  and  have  broader  petals 
which  are  pinked  at  the  edge.  6-12  inches  high.  The 
face  of  the  flower  more  nearly  resembling  Sweet- 
William.  In  fields  and  waste  places.  N.  H.,  Mass.,  and 
northern  N.  Y.  to  Mich.     Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

A  very  common  perennial  species,  natu- 
Bouncing  Bet  ralized  from  Europe,  the  flowers  of  which 
Savonaria  have  an  old-fashioned  spicy  odor  ;  they  are 

officinalis  delicate  magenta-pink  and  white,  scallop- 

Pale  magenta=  tipped,  and  grow  in  clusters,  the  single 
P'"''  blossom     remotely     resembling    a    pink. 

c     .~   .  Leaves    ovate,   3-5  ribbed,   and   smooth. 

September  ^  ' 

Stem,  thick  jointed,  1-2  feet  high.     Com- 
mon in  waste  places    Found  in  Nantucket. 
ii6 


^ 


:^ 


Bouncing  Bet. 


Sd^ponaria  officinalis. 


Deptfopd  Pink. 
Did^nthus  Apmeria^. 


Maiden  Pink. 
Dis^nthusdeltoides. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaceae. 


The  lance-shaped  leaves  and  the  stem 
Campion  ^^®    fine-hairy ;    the    former    in    distinct 

Silene  stellata  clusters  of  four.  The  flowers  are  white, 
White  arranged  in  a  loose  terminal  spike,  star- 

June-August  shaped  and  fringed-edged,  the  stamens 
very  long.  A  beautiful  and  delicate  wild  flower  fre- 
quently visited  by  Colias  pliilodice,  the  small  yellow 
butterfly,  and  many  moths.  2-3  feet  high.  Common  in 
wooded  slopes,  from  R.  I.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  and  west  to 
Minn. 

,,,..^„.  .  A  very  low   species  with   a  somewhat 

Wild  Pink  .  ,       ,     .  ,  .         .  T        ,       , 

Silene  Pennstjl-  sticky-hairy    character    immediately    be- 

vanica  neath    the    flowers,    most    of    the   blunt 

Crimson-pink  lance-shaped  leaves  clustered  at  the  base  ; 
May  June  the  upper  leaves  small.     The  crimson-pink 

flowers  with  somewhat  wedge-shaped  petals.  The  calyx 
tubular  and  adapted  to  the  tongues  of  butterflies  and 
moths,  by  which  the  flower  is  cross-fertilized.  4-9 
inches  high.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  southern  N.  Y., 
Penn.,  and  Ky. 

A  delicately  beautiful,  foreign,  perennial 
Camnion  species  which  has  become  naturalized  in 

Silene  Cucu-  this  country.  The  deep  green  leaves  are 
balun  smooth  and  ovate-lance-shaped.    Theflow- 

W''*®  ers  are  white  with  the  five  petals  deeply 

une-  ugus  two-lobed  ;  the  pale  green  flower-cup  is 
greatly  inflated,  almost  globular  in  shape,  and  beauti- 
fully veined  with  green  markings  not  unlike  those  of  a 
citron  melon.  The  ten  anthers  (on  long  stamens)  are 
sepia  brown  when  mature.  8-18  inches  high.  In  mead- 
ows and  moist  hollows  beside  the  road.  Me.,  south  to 
N.  J.,  west  to  111. 

A  homely   but  curious  annual  species 
C  T  h^i  whose  small  flowers  open  only  for  a  short 

Silene  Antir-  time  in  sunshine.  The  joints  of  the  stem 
rhina  are  glutinous  (hence  the  common  name), 

^•"•*  and  evidently  prevent  any  stealing  of  the 

^""f~    ^  nectar  bv  creeping  insects  (such  as  ants) 

September  ,  •   ,        "^  /  ,,  •  m 

which  are  useless  as  pollen  carriers.     The 

flower-calyx  is  ovoid  with  the  pink  petals  above  insigni- 


ii8 


t^^^\  \  'tTamDioa         Stdirpy  Campion. 
Silene  Cucubalus.  Silene  stellata^ 


Bladde"f^^J^    -"    ^^  '  '^^ 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyliaceae, 


Night=fIower 
Ing  Catchfly 

Silene  nocti- 
flora 
White 
July- 
September 

morning. 


Evening  Lych 
nis  or  White 
Campion 
Lychnis  alba 
White 
July-October 


ficant.     10-25  inches  high.     Common  in  waste  places 
everywhere. 

Like  the  bladder  campion  ;  a  foreign 
species  with  a  beautifully  marked  calyx 
resembling  spun  glass,  but  smaller,  the 
petals  similar.  The  plant  is  hairy-sticky, 
the  leaves  blunt  lance-shaped.  The  white 
flowers  are  delicately  fragrant,  and  open 
only  at  dusk,  closing  on  the  following 
Probably  it  is  exclusively  fertilized  by  moths, 
as  many  such  visitors  may  be  seen  sipping  at  the  newly 
opened  blossoms  in  the  early  evening.  1-3  feet  high. 
Common  in  waste  places  ever5^where.  Found  in  Camp- 
ton,  N.  H. 

A  charming  plant  naturalized  from  the 
old  country,  with  densely  fine-hairy, 
ovate-lance-shaped  leaves  and  stem,  both 
dark  green  ;  the  leaves  opposite.  The 
sweet-scented  flowers  are  white,  closely 
resembhng  those  of  Silene  noctiflora ;  in 
fact  the  habit  and  form  of  these  two  species  are  almost 
identical.  Both  open  their  blossoms  toward  evening 
and  close  them  during  the  following  morning.  The 
white  petals  are  deeply  cleft  and  crowned  at  the  base 
with  miniature  petallike  divisions.  The  calyx  is  in- 
flated, and  often  stained  maroon-crimson  along  the  ribs, 
which  are  sticky-hairy  ;  after  becoming  still  more  in- 
flated it  withers  and  leaves  exposed  the  vase-shaped 
light  brown  seed-vessel,  pinked  at  the  small  opening 
above.  1-2  feet  high.  In  waste  places  and  borders  of 
fields,  from  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Y.  Probably  farther 
west.     Found  at  Phillip's  Beach,  Marblehead,  Mass. 

A  densely  hairy  straight-branched  an- 
nual, adventive  from  Europe,  and  found 
mostly  in  grain  fields.  The  magenta  fiow- 
ers,  not  brilliant,  but  broad  and  showy, 
with  verj'^  long  linear  sepals  much  ex- 
ceeding the  petals  in  length.  Fertilized 
by  butterflies  and  moths.  1-3  feet  high.  Common  or 
occasional  throughout  the  country.  Reported  in  Neb. 
(Webber). 


Corn  Cockle 

Agrostemma 
Githago 
Magenta 
July- 
September 


Evening  L^/chni; 


Lychnis    alba. 


CornCocKle 


Agpostemma^^Oithago. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllacex. 


Ragged  Robin 
or  Cuckoo 
Flower 
Lychnis  Flos- 
cucuU 
Pink  or 
crimson 
June- 
September 


A  slender  perennial,  also  adventive 
from  Europe,  found  in  old  gardens.  The 
plant  is  downy  below,  and  slightly  stickj^ 
above,  tlie  leaves  slender  lance-shaped 
above,  and  few,  but  blunt  lance-shaped  be- 
low. The  pink,  or  crimson,  or  light  violet 
petals  of  the  ragged-looking  flowers  are 
deeph'  cut  into  four  lobes  each,  the  t.wo 
lateral  lobes  very  small.  Fertilized  in 
great  measure  by  bees  and  butterflies,  the  bumblebee, 
perhaps,  the  most  frequent  visitor.  1-2  feet  high.  Com- 
mon in  wet  and  waste  ground,  from  ]Me.,  south  to  N.  J., 
and  southwest  to  Penn. 

A  tiny  annual  widely  branched  and 
rough-downy,  naturalized  from  Europe  : 
with  small  ovate  leaves  and  miniature 
white  flowers,  the  sepals  of  which  are 
rather  long,  and  rough.  2-8  inches  high. 
Common  in  dry  sandy  places  everywhere. 
Another  similar  tinj^  dainty  plant,  but 
with  arctic  proclivities,  having  much 
larger  flowers  with  translucent  white 
petals  notched  at  the  tip.  The  crowding 
leaves  are  linear  and  threadlike,  the  plant 
grows  in  a  dense  tuft  from  the  root,  in 
crevices  of  rocks.  2-5  inches  high.  On 
Mt.  Washington  and  the  higher  peaks  of 
Va.,  and  N.  Car.  Also  on  river  banks  at 
Bath,  Me.,  and  on  Mt.  Desert  Island,  and  near  Middle- 
town,  Conn.  On  Mt.  Washington,  where  it  is  called 
the  "  Mountain  Daisy,"  it  snuggles  close  to  the  rocks  in 
sheltered  situations,  but  holds  its  own,  almost,  if  not 
quite  alone,  on  the  highest  points  of  the  bleak  Presi- 
dential range,  from  5000  to  6290  feet  above  tide- water, 
where  snow  lasts  during  eight  months  of  the  year. 


Thyme=Ieaved 
Sandwort 

Arenaria 
serphylli folia 
White 
May-August 

Mountain 

Sandwort  or 

Mountain 

Daisy 

Arenai'ia 

Groenlandica 

White 

June-August 

N.  Y.,  Penn., 


I 


Fieidi  pnilChickweed. 

Ravaged  Robin. 
CerasHum  arvense.  Lychni5  Flos-cuculi. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaceae. 


The  commonest  weed  of  Europe,  most 
OniCK\vccQ 

steiiaria  media  widely  distributed  through  North  Amer- 
White  ica,  but  possibly  indigenous  in  the  farther 

April-October  north.  A  weak-stemmed  low-lying  an- 
nual, with  small  ovate  pointed  light  green  leaves,  slightly 
woolly  stems,  and  minute  white  flowers  with  five  petals 
almost  cleft  in  twain,  and  five  larger  green  sepals  much 
longer  than  the  petals.  2-4  inches  high.  On  damp 
ground  everywhere.  An  especial  favorite  of  birds  and 
chickens. 

A  tall  very  slender  species  with  man}' 
branches,  the  stem  with  rough  angles, 
and  the  light  green  leaves  small  and  lance- 
shaped.  The  tiny  flowers  like  white  stars, 
with  five  white  petals  so  deeply  cleft  that 
they  appear  as  ten,  sepals  nearly  equalling 
the  petals  in  length.  10-20  inches  high.  In  wet  grassy 
places  everywhere.     Reported  in  Neb.  (Webber). 

A  similar  species  with  smaller  lance- 
shaped  leaves  widest  just  above  their  base, 
a  four-angled  stem,  and  white  flov.-ers 
with  deeply  cleft  petals.  12-18  inches 
high.  In  fields  and  grassy  waysides  from 
Me.  to  western  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe,  but  said  to  be  indigenous  in  Canada. 
A  bothersome  weed  common  in  culti- 
Larger  Mouse=  ^.^^^^^  fields,  naturalized  from  Europe,  but 
ear  Chickweed 
Cerasfiuni 


Long=Ieaved 

Stitchwort 

Steiiaria 

longifolia 

White 

May-July 


Lesser 
Stitchwort 

Stella  ria 
iiramiiiea 
White 
May-July 


vulyatinn 
White 
May- 
September 

Field 
Chickweed 

Cerastiuni 
arvense 
White 
April-July 

Mo.,  Neb. 


probably  indigenous  in  the  farther  north. 
Stem  hairy  and  clammy,  leaves  oblong. 
The  somewhat  loosely  clustered  white 
flowers  with  two-cleft  petals,  but  with 
short  sepals.     6-15  inches  high. 

A  low,  rather  large-flowered,  handsome 
species,  the  broad  petals  also  deeply  cleft, 
the  sepals  very  short,  the  stems  downy  or 
smooth,  and  the  leaves  rather  broad  lin- 
ear. 4-10  inches  high.  In  drj^  or  rocky 
situations.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to 
and  Cal. 


124 


ChicKweed. 
Stelldria.  media 


Long-leaved 
^     Stitchwort. 

Mounuin  Sandwort  ^j^'^^f'^.. 

ArenapiaGrcenldndicsi  longitolid. 


WATER=LILY  FAMILY.     Nymphasceas. 


A  common  little  low  plant  in  sandy 
Biida  rubra  D  ^^'^^ste  places  sometimes  near  the  coast 
Tissa  rubra  L.  but  not  on  the  shore.  Leaves  linear  and 
Pink  flat,  in  clusters  about  the  frail  stem.     Tiny 

June-August  flowers,  crimson-pink,  sepals  glandular- 
hairy.  The  plants  grow  in  dense  company.  2-6  inches 
high.  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  Me.  to  Va.,  west  to 
western  N.  Y. 


WATER-LILY  FAMILY.      Nympliceacew.. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  floating  leaves,  and  soli- 
tary flowers  with  3-5  sepals,  numerous  petals,  and  dis- 
tinct stigmas  or  these  united  in  a  radiate  disc.  Fertilized 
by  bees,  beetles,  and  aquatic  insects. 

The  common  and  beautiful  white  pond- 
Water=Lily  ,.,       .  ,     -  ^.,,  .  K 

Nymphoia  ^^^^'  found    m    still    waters    everywhere. 

odorata  Leaves  dark  green,  pinkish  beneath,  ovate- 

White  round,  cleft  at  the  base  up  to  the  long 

June-  stem.     The  white  flowers,  often  5  inches 

in  diameter  when  fully  developed,  open  in 
the  morning  and  close  at  noon  or  later  ;  they  are  fre- 
quently pink- tinged  ;  the  golden  stamens  and  anthers 
are  concentric,  and  are  luminous  in  quality  of  color. 
They  mature  after  the  stigma  does,  and  cross-fertiliza- 
tion occurs  by  the  agency  of  bees  and  beetles  in  general. 
The  flower  yields  pollen  only.  The  var,  rosea,  in  south- 
eastern Mass,,  and  Nantucket,  is  deeply  pink-tinged. 
The  var.  minor  is  small,  with  flowers  less  than  three 
inches  broad, 

A  common    odorless    yellow  pond-lily 

e  ow  -     £q^^j^(J  often  in  the  same  water  with  the 

Lily  or 

Spatter=dock  preceding  species.  With  ovate  leaves  or 
Nuphar  advena  broader,  and  small,  green  and  yellow  cup- 
Golden  yellow  shaped  flowers,  with  6  green  sepals,  some- 

^  ^^"    .  times  purple-tinged,  yellowish  inside  ;  the 

September  i       i  o      '  .' 

petals  yield  nectar  ;  they  are  small,  nar- 
row, thick,  and  yellow — stamenlike.  The  stigma  is  a  pal0 
ruddy  or  deep  golden  yellow-rayed  disc,  beneath  which 
the  undeveloped  anthers  are  crowded.  On  the  first 
opening  of  the  flower  there  is  a  triangular  orifice  over 

126 


Water-Lily. 
Nymphaea  odorata. 


Yellow  Pond-Lily. 
Nuphap  advena. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceas. 


Small  Yellow 
Pond»Lily 

Nuphar 


the  stigma  so  small  that  an  entering  insect  must  touch 
the  stigma.  On  the  following  day  the  flower  expands 
fully  and  the  anthers  beneath  the  stigma  unfold,  spread 
outward,  and  expose  their  pollen.  Cross-fertilization  is 
thus  insured,  and  is  generally  effected  by  means  of  the 
bees  of  the  genus  HalicUis,  and  (so  says  Prof.  Robertson) 
the  beetle  named  Donacia  piscaUH.v.  A  very  common 
and  familiar  plant  in  stagnant  water,  with  stouter  stem 
and  coarser  leaves  than  those  of  the  preceding  species. 
Var.  rninus  is  a  slenderer  form  the  smaller  flower  of 
which  has  a  crimson  stigma.  Northern  Vt.  to  Mich, 
and  Penn. 

This  is  a  very  slender  species,  with  flow- 
ers scarcely  1  inch  wide.  Sepals  onl}- 
three.  The  stigma  disc,  dark  red.  In 
Kalmianum  ponds  and  sluggisli  streams,  Me.  to  south- 
Golden  yellow  ern  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
June- 
September 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculacece. 

A  large  family  of  perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  gen- 
erally regular  but  sometimes  irregular  flowers  ;  wath 
stamens  and  pistil,  or  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flow- 
ers on  different  plants  ;  3-15  petals,  or  none  at  all ;  in  the 
last  case  the  sepals  petallike  and  colored.  Generally  fer- 
tilized by  the  smaller  bees,  butterflies,  and  the  beelike 
flies. 

A  most  beautiful  trailing  vine  commonly 
Virgin's  found  draped  over  the  bushes  in  copses 

Clematis  ^^^  ^^  moist  roadsides.     The  leaves  dark 

Virginiana         green,  veiny,  with  three  coarsely  toothed 
Greenish  leaflets  ;  the  flat  clusters  of  small  flowers 

^****®  with  four  greenish  white  sepals  and  no 

petals,  polygamously  staminate  and  pistil- 
late on  different  plants  ;  cross-fertilized  b}^  bees,  the  bee- 
like flies  {Bomhylms),  and  the  beautiful  and  brilliantly 
colored  flies  of  the  tribe  Syrpliidce.  In  October  the 
flowers  are  succeeded  by  the  gray  plumy  clusters  of  the 
withered  styles  (still  adherent  to  the  seed-vessels),  which 
128 


Vipgin's  Bower.  \Purple Virgins  Bowep. 

Clematis  Virginiana..  Clcmdtis  verticil  Ian  s. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


appear  under  the  glass  like  many  tiny  twisted  tails. 

The  plants  presenting  this  hoary  appearance  gave  rise  to 

the  popular  name,  Old  Man's  Beard.     The  vine  supports 

itself  by  a  twist  in  the  leaf-stem,  the  latter  revolving  a 

number  of  times  in  the  course  of  growth.     Stem  about 

12  feet  long.     Waysides  and  river-banks.     Me.,  south  to 

Ga.,  and  west  to  Kan.,  Neb.,  and  S.  Dak. 

A  southern  species  with  solitary,  thick, 

Clematis  leathery,  bell-shaped,  dull  purple  flowers 

Viorna  without  petals,  the  purple  sepals  about  1 

Dull  purple        inch  long.     The  three  or  more  leaflets  with 

May-July  unbroken  edges  or  lobed.    In  early  autumn 

the  hoary  plume  is  brownish.     Southern  Pa.,  south  to 

Ga.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to  Ohio. 

,  .       A  rather  rare  species  found  in  rocky 
Purple  Virgin  s  ^i  j-u  i    n  -ji 

Bower  places    among    the    northern   hills,   with 

Clematis  leaves  similar  to  those  of  C  Virginiana, 

verticillaris        and  showy  light  purple  flowers,  downy  in- 
Light  purple      g^^g  ^^-j^j  outside,  sometimes  over  3  inches 
*^    "  broad  ;  the  four  purple,  finely  veined  se- 

pals expanding  only  to  a  cup-shape.    The  plumes  brown- 
gray.     Me.  and  Vt.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  slender  tall  species    the  leaves  and 
Anemone  stem  of  which  are  silky  haired,  leav^es  dark 

Anemone  green  and  veiny,  ornamentally  cut  (or  lobed) 

cylindrica  into  3-5  parts.  The  solitary  flowers  without 

Greenish  white  petals,  but  with  5-6  greenish  white  sepals, 

June-August  ,  .     n        -  rr,i  £        -j. 

are  set  on  a  tall  stem.  The  fruit  a  nar- 
row, cylindrical,  burrlike  head  1  inch  or  more  in  length. 
2-6  flowers  are  borne  on  each  plant.  18-24  inches  high. 
Common  in  dry  woods  and  liy  wooded  roadsides,  from 
the  lower  Androscoggin  Valley,  Me.,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  and 
northern  N.  J.,  w^est  to  Kan.,  Neb.,  and  S.  Dak.  The 
name,  Greek,  meaning  a  flower  shaken  by  the  wind. 

This  is  the   common   tall  anemone  of 
^j.  jg,,  wooded  roadsides  and  banks.     The  leaves 

Anemone  and  stem  are  more  or  less  hairy  and  deep 

Aneynone  olive    green,    the    leaves     conspicuously 

Virgin  iana         veined.    The  flowers  generally  have  five  in- 
Greenish  white  .  ,        ,  .,  •  1        1  -j^ 
Julv-August      conspicuous  sepals  white  or  greenish  white 

inside  and   greener  outside ;   the   flower- 
130 


Thimble-weed.      Large  White-floweped  Anemone. 
Anemone  Vipginidna.  Anemone  piparia. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceas. 


head  usually  1  inch  or  less  across,  is  succeeded  by  the 
enlarged  fruit-head  similar  in  shape  to,  and  about  as 
large  as,  a  good-sized  thimble.  Fertilized  by  the  bum- 
blebees, the  smaller  bees  (among  them  the  honeybee), 
and  the  brilliant  little  flies  of  the  genus  SyrphidcE.  2-3 
feet  high.  Me. ,  south  to  S.  Car. ,  west  to  Kan. ,  Neb. ,  and 
S.  Dak.     Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

A  slender,  tall,  and  handsome  plant  in- 
My^^^  d  '  ^  termediate  between  the  two  preceding 
Anemone  species,  with  large  white  flowers  maturing 

Anemone  earlier  than  those  of  the  foregoing,  and 

riparia  with  smoother  stem  and  leaves  ;  the  latter 

wtrt^    '  thin,  and  unequally  cleft  into  coarsely  and 

June-July  sharply  toothed  segments.     The  fiv^e  thin 

sepals  generally  obtuse  and  a  stroiig  white. 
The  short  cylindrical  fruit-head  slenderer  than  that  of 
A.  Virginiana.  12-35  inches  high.  Banks  of  rivers  and 
streams,  and  on  rocky  banks,  from  the  St.  John  River, 
Fort  Kent,  Me.,  Willoughby  Lake  and  western  Vt., 
Uxbridge,  Mass.,  to  western  N.  Y.  and  Sullivan  Co., 
N.  Y.  (M.  L.  Fernald,  Rhodora,  vol.  i.,  p.  51).  Found 
on  the  borders  of  the  pond  near  the  Arondack  Spring, 
Saratoga,  N.  Y. 

A  northern,  rather  coarse  stemmed  spe- 
Anemone  ci^^,   very   much    branched,    with  broad, 

Anemone  sharply  toothed,  three-cleft  leaves ;    their 

Canadensis  under  surfaces  rather  hairy.  The  five 
^•^'^^  white  sepals  quite  blunt,  and  the  flower  1- 

May-August      ^,  .^^^^^^^  ^^^^^      ^j^^  fruit-head  globular. 

1-2  feet  high.  Low  moist  grounds,  from  western  N. 
Eng.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  Kan.  and  S.  Dak. 
Common  in  western  Vt.,  along  the  slopes  of  Lake 
Champlain. 


132 


Ca^na^diA-'n  Anemone. 
Anemone    C.MiAfieiisis. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


A  beautiful,  delicate,  and  low  little  plant 
common  in  the  early  spring  in  woodlands, 
with  deep  green  leaves  of  five  divisions, 
and  frail  white,  or  magenta-tinged  blos- 
soms of  from  4-9  petallike  sepals ;  the 
solitary  flower  frequently  1  inch  across. 
Cross-fertilized  by  the  early  bees  and  bee- 
like flies  (Boinbyliiis).  Common  on  the 
the  woods.  4-8  inches  high.  Me.,  south  to 
est  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

The  earliest  flower  of  spring,  appearing 
before  its  leaves,  and  generally  found  half 
hidden  among  the  decaying  leaves  of  au- 
tumn that  cover  the  woodland  floor.  The 
blossom  about  |  inch  broad,  with  6-12 
lustrous  sepals  varying  in  color  from  lilac 
white  to  pale  purple  and  light  violet,  be- 
neath which  are  three  leaflets  closel}^  resembling  a  calyx, 
or  the  outer  floral  envelop.  The  three-lobed  olive  green 
leaves  last  throughout  the  winter,  the  newer  ones  to- 
gether with  stems  and  flower-stems  are  extremely  hairy. 
About  3  inches  high.  Common  from  the  seaboard  west 
to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

.  This  is  a  species  close  to  the  preceding 

acutiloba  *^^®  ^^^^  often  passing  into  it.     The  leaves 

are  three-  or  sometimes  five-lobed,  with 
acute  tips,  and  the  three  little  leaflets  beneath  the 
flower  are  also  pointed.  Range  the  same  as  H.  triloba, 
in  fact,  both  species  are  often  found  together  in  the  same 
woods. 


Wood 
Anemone 
or  Wind 
Flower 

Anemone 
quinquefolia 
White 
April-June 

borders  of 
Ga.,  and  w 

Liverwort  or 
Hepatica 

Hepatica 
triloba 
Lilac  white, 
pale  purple 
March-May 


134 


Wood  Anemone. 
Anemone quinquefolia.  i,,y 


Livcpwopt.      ^x  i 
Hep&tica  triloba.      'V 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


A    frail    and    delicate     sprins     flower. 
Rue  Anemone  i,-<l      .     ^  i  4-        •    i 

Anemoneiia        Usually   white  but  rarely  magenta-pink- 

thalictroides  tinged,  which  often  blooms  in  company 
White,  or  with  Anemone  qninquifolia,  but  readily 

plnk=tinged  distinguished  from  it  by  the  2-3  flowers 
in  a  cluster,  the  other  bearing  a  solitary 
blossom.  The  deep  olive  green  leaves  in  groups  of 
three  closely  resemble  those  of  the  meadow  rue  ;  they 
are  long-stemmed.  The  flower  with  usually  six  delicate 
white  petallike  sepals,  but  there  are  variations  of  from 
5-10.  The  flowers  are  perfect  (with  orange-yellow 
anthers),  and  are  probably  cross-fertilized  largely  by  the 
early  bees  and  beelike  flies.  5-9  inches  high.  Common 
everywhere  in  thin  woodlands. 

Early  Meadow  A  beautiful  but  not  showy,  slender 
Rue  meadow  rue  with  the  staminate  and  pistil- 

Thalictrum  j^^^  flowers  on  separate  plants.  The 
aioiciini  11-1 

Green  terra=  bluish  olive  green  leaves  lustreless,  com- 
cotta  pound,  and  thinly  spreading  ;  the  droop- 

April-May  ing  staminate  flowers  with  •generally  four 

small  green  sepals,  and  long  stamens  tipped  with  terra- 
cotta, and  finally  madder  purple.  The  pistillate  flowers 
inconspicuously  pale  green.  An  airy  and  graceful 
species,  common  in  thin  woodlands.  1-2  feet  high. 
Me.,  south  to  Ala.,  and  west  to  Mo.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Kan. 

_  The  commonest  species,  remarkable  for 

Tall  Meadow        .^      ^  ,  ,      ^  \p      ,-.     a 

jjyg  its  starry  plumy  clusters  of  white  flowers, 

Thalictrum         lacking  petals,  but  with  many  conspicuous 

polygamum         threadlike     stamens.      The     flowers     are 

.  polygamous,    that     is,     with    staminate, 

July-Septem=        .  ^.^,    .  -.  .     ^  ., 

Ijgj.  pistillate,  and  perfect  ones  on  the  same  or 

different  plants.  The  leaves  are  com- 
pound, with  lustreless  blue-olive  green  leaflets  ;  the 
stout  stem  light  green  or  magenta-tinged  at  the  branches. 
The  decorative,  misty  white  flower-clusters  are  often  a 
foot  long ;  the  delicate-scented  staminate  flowers  are  a 
decided  tone  of  green- white.  This  species  is  an  especial 
favorite  of  many  bees,  moths,  and  smaller  butterflies,  by 
which  it  is  cross-fertilized.  3-10  feet  high.  Common 
in  wet  meadows  from  Me.,  west  to  Ohio,  and  south. 

136 


\ 


Tall  Meadow  Rue.      Thalictrum  poWgamum. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceas. 


The  stem   of  this  species  is  generally 

Meadow  Rue      stained    with    madder  purple,  but    some- 

Thalictrum         times  it  is  green  with  only  a  slight  ma- 

purpurascens      genta  tinge  in  parts.    The  leaves  are  thick, 

Green=purple     ^gep  blue-olive  green  and  similar  in  shape 

to  those  of   the  preceding  species.     The 

flowers  are  green,  with  a  brown-purple  tinge,  and  are 

also  polygamous.     3-6  feet  high.     On  the  borders  of 

wooded  hills,  and  copses,  i^i  dry  situations.     Middle  N. 

Eng.,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Ariz. 

An  insignificant  marsh  species  closely 
Water  Plantain     ,,.     .        ^.^  ,     ^^  .^.         n         « 

Spearwort  allied  to  the  buttercup,  with  yellow  flowers 

Ranunculus        f  inch  broad,  the  5-7  petals  rather  narrow. 

ambigens  The  lance-shaped  leaves  almost  if  not  quite 

Yellow  toothless,  and  clasping  the  jointed  stem, 

which  often  sends  out  roots  from  the 
joints  ;  the  lower  leaves  contracted  into  a  broad  stem 
clasping  the  plant  stem.  1-2|  feet  high.  Common  in 
w^et  places,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  w^est  to  Minn, 
and  Mo.  Name  from  the  classic  Rana,  a  frog,  referring 
to  the  marshy  home  of  the  genus. 

Rather   an    attractive  biennial  species, 
Crowfoot  commonly    found    beside    the    woodland 

Ran  nnodus        brook,  the  lower  leaves  of  which  are  some- 
(ibortivus  what  kidney-shaped,  and  the  upper  ones 

Yellow  slashed  like  those  of  the  buttercup,  but 

very  moderately  so ;  the  leaves  bright 
green  and  smooth.  The  small  flowers  with  globular 
heads,  and  reflexed  or  drooping  yellow  petals  ;  the  head 
about  \  inch  broad.  6-24  inches  high.  In  shad}^  and 
moist  ground,  everywhere.  The  var.  eucyclus  (Fernald) 
is  a  common  form  in  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  Mass.,  with  slender 
and  zigzagged  stem,  and  thin  leaves,  the  lower,  rounded 
ones  with  narrowed  cleft  ;  the  flowers  are  smaller. 
Found  at  Ammonoosuc  Lake,  Crawford  Notch,  by  J. 
M.  Greenman,  and  at  Orono,  Waterville,  and  Dover, 
Me.,  by  M.  L.  Fernald.     (See  Rhodora,  vol.  i.,  p.  52.) 


13S 


Water  Plantain.  Small-flowered  Crowfoot 

Ranunculus  ambigens.   Ranunculus  aboptivusvancuc^clus. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


A  woodland  crowfoot  distinguished  by 
Crowfoot  ^^^  remarkably  hooked  seed-vessels  which 

Ea7iunc}dus  are  gathered  in  a  cluster  about  ^  inch 
recurvatus  broad.     The  light  yellow  floorers  with  the 

Light  yellow      calyx  (flower-envelop)  curved  backward, 

and  with  usually  five  small  petals,  are 
rather  inconspicuous.  The  stem  and  olive  green  leaves 
are  hairy,  the  latter  generally  three-lobed,  veiny,  and 
toothed,  but  the  root  leaves  are  seldom  divided.  10-20 
inches  high.     Common  in  woods  everywhere. 

Another   woodland   or  hillside  species, 
^  with  deep  yellow  flowers  almost  an  inch 

Banunculus  broad.  The  plant  rather  low,  with  fine 
fascicular ifi  silky  hairs  on  stem  and  leaf,  the  latter 
Deep  yellow       ^j^rk  green,  and  deeply   lobed,  with  3-5 

divisions.  The  flower  with  often  more 
than  five  petals  which  are  rather  narrow  ;  the  fruit-head 
about  ^  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  slender  curved  spine  to 
each  seed-vessel.  6-12  inches  high.  Common  on  the 
borders  of  wooded  hills,  in  the  spring,  from  Me.,  south  to 
S.  Car.,  and  w^est.  The  first  buttercup  of  the  year  ;  ail 
are  fertilized  mostly  by  early  bees,  flies,  and  the  smaller 
butterflies,  notably  Colias  pMlodice,  but  the  commoner 
visitors  are  the  small  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus. 

This  is  the  next  buttercup  of  the  spring. 
Buttercup  ^^^  ^^^^  Confined  to  swamps  and  low  wet 

Ranunculus  grounds.  The  flowers  are  deep  yellow  and 
septentrionalis  fully  1  inch  broad.  The  hollow  stem  is 
Deep  yellow  o-enerally  smooth,  but  sometimes  fine- 
Late  April- July  f  .        :,     .  ,  T     1  ^ 

hairy  ;  the  deep  green  leaves  are  divided 

into  three  leaflets,  each  distinctly  stemmed,  and  three- 
lobed,  or  only  the  terminal  one  stemmed  ;  the  uppermost 
leaves  are  long,  narrow,  and  toothless.  "This  buttercup 
is  very  variable  in  both  size  and  foliage,  its  branches  are 
upright  or  reclining,  and  its  leaves  coarsely  cleft  and 
divided.  1-2  feet  high,  or  more.  Common  in  moist 
rich  ground  everywhere.  Like  most  of  the  other  but- 
tercups, this  one  depends  mainly  upon  the  beelike  flies 
(Bombylius)  and  the  little  bees  of  the  family  AndrenidcF, 
for  fertilization. 


140 


f.f\        Leaf  I   of 
i\ i%MRanunculus  faseicularis. 


wamp  Buttercup,       Ranunculus  septentrionalis. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


Aspeciesof  a  similar  character,  the  leaves 
tercup  frequently  white-spotted  or  blotched  ;  the 

Ranunculus  deep  yellow  flowers  nearly  1  inch  broad, 
repens  blooming  a  little  later.      The   seed-vessel 

Deep  yellow  tipped  with  a  short  stout  spine,  thus  differ- 
ing from  the  rather  deciduous  long 
straight  spine  of  R.  septentrionalis.  This  buttercup 
creeps  or  spreads  over  the  ground  by  runners.  Roadsides 
and  waste  places  or  low  grounds,  generally  near  the 
coast,  and  mainly  introduced  from  Europe,  but  also 
indigenous. 

„  .    .     ^  Often,  and  improperly,  called  a  butter- 

Bristly  Crow=  '       ^  ,  ,  .     ,  , 

jjj^,|.  cup ;    the    flower   has   a  thimble-shaped, 

Ranunculus  green  head  formed  of  the  pistils,  and  in- 
Pennsylvanicus  significant,  round  yellow  petals  surround 
Yellow  -^      jt  ig  small,  scarcely  4  inch  across,  and 

June-August        ,  ^    ■       ^^  j.  \   j 

does  not  in  the  remotest  degree  suggest 

the  cup-shape  of  the  buttercup.     The  stem  is  remarkably 

stiff-hairy,  and  irritating   to   the  touch  ;  it  is  hollow, 

coarse,  light  green,  and  leafy  to  the  top.     Leaves  light 

green,   three-divided,  with   each   division    three-lobed, 

cut  and  slashed  like  R.   acris,  and  hairy  above  and 

beneath.     1-3  feet  high.     Common  in  wet  situations, 

from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west. 

A  small  erect  plant  proceeding  from  a 
Bulbous  But=      -     ,,  ,  ^        -^1     T     -^  1 

tercup  bulbous  base  or  root,  with  hairy  stem  and 

Ranunculus  leaf,  and  large  bright,  1  inch  wide,  deep 
bulhosns  or  golden  yellow  flowers,  the  green  sepals 

Golden  or  deep  ^f  which  are  strongly  reflexed.  The  leaves 
May-July  ^^^    deep    green,    decoratively    cut    and 

slashed,  three-divided,  each  division  three- 
lobed,  with  only  the  terminal  one  stemmed,  the  lateral 
ones  nearly  if  not  absolutely  stemless.  8-16  inches  high. 
Roadsides  and  fields  ;  abundant  in  N.  Eng. ,  and  natural- 
ized from  Europe.  Mtiller  records  the  fact  that  over  60 
different  species  of  insects  visit  these  old  world-butter* 
cups,  i.  e.,  R.  repens,  R.  bulbosus,  and  R.  acris. 


142 


Leaf  and  flower  showingpeflexed 
sepals  of  Ranunculus  bulbosus. 


Bristly  Crowfoot.     Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae, 


This  is  the  common  buttercup  of  fields 
Ranunculus  ^^^  meadows,  which  has  become  natural- 
acris  ized  from  the  old  country.     The  stem  is 

Golden  or  deep  hairy,  branched  and  less  hairy  aboVe,  and 
yellow  deep  green.     The  leaves  deep  green  with 

3-7  stemless  divisions,  and  these  are  again 
correspondingly  divided  into  linear  segments  ;  they  are 
cut  and  slashed  in  a  most  decorative  and  complicated 
fashion,  only  the  upper  ones  showing  the  simple  three- 
parted  figure.  The  flowers,  nearly  1  inch  broad,  are 
lustrous  light  golden  j-ellow  within,  and  light  j'ellow 
without,  the  5  broad  petals  overlapping.  The  flowers 
are  set  on  long  slender  stems,  and  sometimes  continue 
to  bloom  until  frost.  2-3  feet  high.  Common  everj^- 
where,  especially  upon  moist  meadows.  The  variety 
named  R.  acris,  var.  Steveni  (Lange),  is  similar  except  in 
the  shape  of  its  leaf,  which  has  very  broad  instead  of 
linear  segments,  which  impart  to  the  plant  a  thicker 
and  heavier  appearance  in  the  field.  This  variety  is  the 
common  form  in  northern  N,  Eng.  Found  at  Alstead 
Centre,  and  Jefferson,  N.  H.  (M.  L.  Fernald  in  Rhodora, 
vol.  i,  p.  227). 

Marsh  Mari=  ^    thick    and    hOllosv-stemmed    stocky 

gold  plant  common  in  marshes  in  spring,  with 

Caithapalustris  round  or  kidney rshaped  deep  green  leaves 
A^^nrMr"**"^  obscurely     blunt-toothed,     and    brilliant 

golden  yellow  flowers  resembling  butter- 
cups. Often  wrongly  called  cowslips.  The  flowers  are 
perfect  with  5-9  petallike  sepals,  and  numerous  stamens  ; 
they  are  honey-bearing,  and  although  the  anthers  and 
stigmas  mature  simultaneously,  cross-fertilization  is 
favored  by  the  anthers  opening  outwardly,  and  the 
outermost  ones  farthest  from  the  stigmas  opening  first 
(Miiller).  The  flowers  are  chiefly  fertilized  by  the 
beautiful  yellow  flies  belonging  to  the  family  SyrpMdce. 
The  classical  name  Caltha  means  cup,  and  pcdiis  a 
marsh — marsh-cup.  8-24  inches  high.  Common  in  wet 
meadows,  from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  and  west. 


144 


Marsh  Marigold. 


itha  pa^lustris. 


^^11  Buttercup. 
Ranunculus  acpis. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculacex. 


A  tiny  woodland  plant  whose  bitter 
Qoldthread  golden  yellow  threadlike  roots  contribute 
J^t-'J"  '  '  to  the  medicinal  stock  of  the  old-fashioned 
May-July  country  housewife.     The  ev^ergreen  leaves 

are  lustrous  dark  green,  three-lobed,  scal- 
loped, finely  toothed,  and  long-stemmed.  The  solitary 
flower  terminating  a  long  slender  stem  has  5-7  white 
sepals,  and  has  many  obscure  little  club-shaped  petals, 
15-25  white  stamens  with  golden  anthers,  and  3-7  pistils 
on  slender  stalks.  The  strange  petals  terminating  the 
minute  cuplike  discs  are  really  nectaries  intended  to 
minister  to  thirsty  insects.  According  to  C.  M.  Weed 
the  flower  is  cross-fertilized  mostly  by  a  fungus  gnat — 
a  little  two- winged  fly,  and  occasionally  by  a  small 
elongated  beetle  called  Anaspis  flavipennis.  3-6  inches 
high.  In  bogs  of  woodlands  or  shady  pastures,  from 
Me.,  south  to  Md.,  and  west  to  Minn.  The  name  from 
the  Greek  to  cut,  in  reference  to  the  cut-leaf. 
Columbine  ^  most  delicate  but  hardy  plant  com- 

Aquilegia  mon  on  rocky  hillsides  and  the  borders  of 

Canadensis  wooded  glens.  The  long-stemmed  com- 
Scarlet.  yellow  pQ^^^d  leaves  are  light  olive  green,  with 
Julv  ^^^  ^        three-lobed    leaflets.      The     flowers     are 

graded  from  yellow  through  scarlet  to  red 
at  the  tip  of  the  spurs.  The  petals  are  the  5  tubes  cul- 
minating in  the  spurs,  and  the  5  sepals  are  the  spreading 
ruddy  yellow  leaflets  grading  into  a  greenish  yellow, 
situated  between  the  tubes.  Stamens  yellow.  Fertilized 
by  moths  and  butterflies.  1-2  feet  high.  Common 
everywhere.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  altogether  golden 
yellow.  The  long  spurs  indicate  the  adaptation  of  the 
flower  to  long-tongued  insects. 


146 


Columbine. 


Aquilegia.  Ca^na^densia 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranuncu/aceas. 


_  A  slender  and  smooth  species  of  larkspur 

Tall  Larkspur  ,    •       . ,  i      *  td  i 

Delphinium        found  in  the  woods  from  Pennsylvania 

exaltatum  southward.     The  deep  green  leaves  have 

Light  violet  generally  five  divergent,  lance-shaped  or 
July-August  wedge-shaped  lobes,  and  the  light  purple 
or  blue-violet  flowers  are  borne  in  a  slim  spike  some- 
times 10  inches  long.  2-6  feet  high.  In  woods,  from 
Allegheny  and  Huntington  Cos.,  Pa.,  south  to  N.  Car., 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb.  The  Delphiniums  are 
mostly  fertilized  by  the  beelike  flies,  honej'bees,  and 
bumblebees. 

^.  .^.      .  A  European  species,  in  cultivation  and 

Field  Larkspur  ,^  ,.^  loi,  -it 

Delphinium        escaped  to  roadsides  and  fields,  with  dis- 

Consolida  sected    deep    green    leaves    having    very 

Lilac  to  ultras   narrow    linear    lobes,    and    a    scattered 

jTuT-AVus^t      flower-spike    of    showy    flowers    1    inch 

broad,  long-spurred,  and  varying  in  color 
from  pale  magenta,  lilac,  and  purple  to  ultramarine 
blue.  The  commoner  species  in  cultivation  is  D.  Ajacis, 
with  larger  flower-clusters  and  with  woolh'^  pods  ;  this 
has  also  sparingly  escaped.  12-30  inches  high.  South- 
ern N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  south. 

A  handsome  wild  flower,  slender- 
Monkshood  stemmed,  weak,  and  disposed  to  seek  sup- 
uncinatum  port.  The  delicate  character  of  the  plant 
Violet=  is  not  unlike  that  of  the  columbine.     The 

ultramarine  deep  green  leaves  are  toothed,  have  3-5 
'*""*"  lobes,  and  are  rather  thick.     The  purple 

or  violet-ultramarine  flowers  are  composed 
of  5  sepals,  the  upper  one  enlarged,  forming  the  hood, 
and  2  petals  (three  more  are  stamenlike,  abortive,  and 
inconspicuous)  concealed  beneath  the  hood  ;  the  stamens 
are  numerous.  Undoubtedly  the  flower  is  largely  ferti- 
lized by  the  bumblebee  who  is  its  constant  visitor  ;  the 
stamens  ripen  before  the  pistils,  and  cross-fertilization  is 
thus  insured.  2-4  feet  high.  In  woods,  southern  N.  J. 
and  Pa. ,  and  south  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Ga. 


148 


Goldthred^d.         ^Iiff^.  Monkshood. 
Coptis  tpifolia.  „..4««-'^     '•  Aconitum  uncinatum. 


CROWFOOT  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


A  tall  spreading,  slender-stemmed  vvood- 
5nakeroot  ^^^^   plant,    with   fuzzy,   feathery  white 

Cimicifuga  flowers  borne  in  a  6-20  inches  long,  wand- 
racemosa  like  cluster,  having  a  disagreeable  foetid 

^*^'*^  odor,   and    compound,    sharply    toothed, 

u  y  light  green  leaves.      The  4-8  petals  are 

stamenlike,  and  the  stamens  are  numerous.  The  flower 
is  assisted  in  fertilization  by  the  green  flesh-flies.  Fruit 
berrylike  and  purplish.  3-8  feet  high.  Woods,  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A  bushy  w^oodland  plant  with  compound 
Actcea  spicata  ^~^  parted  leaves,  the  leaflets  tootlied  and 
var.  rubra  lobed,   the   lower  end-leaflets    sometimes 

White  again  compound.     The  tiny  white,  perfect 

April-June  flowers  with  4-10  exceedingly  narrow  pet- 
als and  numerous  stamens  ;  the  4-5  sepals  petallike  and 
falling  when  the  flower  blooms.  Cross-fertilized  by  the 
small  bees,  especially  of  the  species  Halictus.  The  stig- 
mas mature  before  the  anthers  are  open,  thus  securing 
cross-fertilization.  Fruit  a  thick  cluster  of  coral  red, 
oval  berries  borne  upon  slender  stems.  1-3  feet  high. 
Woods,  from  Me.,  southwest  to  N,  J.  and  Pa.,  and  west. 

A  similar  species  with  the  same  distribu- 
Baneberry  tion.     The  leaflets  are   more   deeply   cut, 

Act(pa  alba  the  teeth  are  sharper,  and  the  lobes  are 
White  acute.     The  narrow,  stamenlike  petals  are 

Late  April-  blunt  at  the  tip,  and  shorter  than  the  sta- 
mens. Fruit  a  china  white  berry  with 
a  conspicuous  purple-black  eye  ;  the  stems  are  thick  and 
fleshy,  and  usually  red.  Forms  with  slender-stemmed 
white  berries,  and  fleshy-stemmed  red  berries  occasion- 
ally occur,  but  these  are  considered  hybrids  (Gray's 
Manual,  6th  edition).  The  ActcBas  are  not  honey  flow- 
ers and  the  smaller  bees  (Halictus)  visit  them  for  pollen. 

A  stocky  yellow-rooted  perennial,  send- 
Orangeroot         ,  ,      *^      ,  i         i 

Hydrastis  ^^g  up  in  sprmg  a  smgle  clear    green, 

Canadensis  round,  veiny  root-leaf,  lobed  and  toothed, 
Greenish  and  a  hairy  stem  terminated  by  two  small 

^^^^^  leaves,  from  the  uppermost  one  of  which 

springs    an    insignificant    green- white 
flower  scarcely  ^  inch  broad,  with  numerous  stamens, 
150 


Red  Ba^nebepry  Fruit  of 

Acteea.  spicata van.  rubpa.  Acteed  alba. 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.     Berberidaceae. 


about  a  dozen  pistils,  and  no  petals.  Visited  bj^  the 
smaller  bees  and  the  beelike  flies.  The  fruit  a  small  head 
of  tiny  red  berries  clustered  like  the  lobes  of  a  raspberry. 
1  foot  high.  In  woods,  southern  N.  Y.,  south  to  Ga., 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

BARBERRY  FAMILY.     Berberidacece. 

A  family  of  shrubs  and  herbs  with  perfect  flowers 
having  one  pistil,  and  as  many  stamens  as  petals  (except 
Podophyllum)  arranged  opposite  each  other.  The  flow- 
ers of  the  barberry  are  especially  adapted  to  cross-fertili- 
zation; but  other  members  of  the  family  are  self -fertilized, 
or  cross-fertilized  b}"  the  agency  of  insects,  chiefly  bees. 
Blue  Cohosh  -^^  early  woodland  plant  common  in  the 

or  Papoose  west,  with  generally  but  one  compound 
Root  leaf  (at  the  top  of  the  long  stem)  three 

Caulophylium     ^-^^^^  parted,  the  leaflets  having  2-3  lobes ; 

thalictroides  \  .  "=        . 

Greenish,  or  ^  smaller  similar  leaf  accompanies  the 
yellowish  flower-stalk.     The  whole  plant  is  covered 

April-May  with  a  white  bloom  when  young.     The 

simple  stem  is  terminated  by  a  small  cluster  of  j^ellow- 
green,  or  yellowish  flowers  |  inch  broad,  with  6  petallike 
sepals,  and  6  insignificant  hood-shaped  petals  grouped 
closely  about  the  central  pistil.  The  stigma  is  receptive 
before  the  anthers  are  ripe,  thus  assuring  cross-fertiliza- 
tion. Frequently  visited  by  the  early  bumblebees,  and 
bees  of  the  family  Andrenidce.  The  seeds  benwlike  and 
blue,  in  a  loose  cluster.  1-3  feet  high.  Rich  woodlands 
from  Me.,  south  tg  S.  Car.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Neb. 

A  little  plant  when  in  flower,  scarcely  8 
Jeffersonia  inches  tall,  but  attaining  double  that 
diphylla  height  later  in  the  season  when  in  fruit. 

White  The  single  white  flower,  about  an  inch 

April-May  broad,  with  8  oblong  flat  petals,  and  half 
as  many  early-falling  sepals,  is  a  trifle  like  the  bloodroot 
blossom,  but  lacks  the  latter's  delicacy  and  purity  of 
color.  The  long-stemmed  leaf  is  parted  ahnost  com- 
pletely into  two  angularly  ovate  lobes,  whitish  beneath. 
Finally  (when  fruiting)  15-18  inches  high.  AVoods,  west- 
ern N.  Y.,  south  to  Tenn.,  and  west  to  Wis. 
152 


The  fleshjfcovered  cadet  blue  seeds 

showing  groups  in  pairs 

after  bursting  of  the 

ovary. 


Ca^uloph^llum  thdliclroides. 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.     Berberidaceas. 


„       .     ,  A  common,  handsome  woodland  plant 

May  Apple,  or  ^ 

Mandrake  remarkable  for  its  large  leaves  which  fre- 

Podophyllum  quently  measure  a  foot  in  diameter  ;  the 

peltatum  ffowerless  stem  of  the  plant  bears  a  leaf 

.    ^*  ?     ..  ,«      with  7-9  lobes,  peltate  in  character  ;  i.  e.. 
Late  April-May  ,  ,        ,  .       , 

supported  by  the  stem  m  the  centre,  as  an 

umbrella. 

The  May  Apple  has  also  been  called  Umbrella  Leaf,  and, 
in  allusion  to  its  peculiar  lemonlike  fruit.  Wild  Lemon. 
The  floivering  stalks  bear  two  less  symmetrical  leaves, 
from  between  the  stems  of  which  droops  the  ill-smelling 
but  handsome  white  flower  nearly  2  inches  broad  ;  it 
usually  has  6  petals  and  twice  as  many  stamens  ;  it  is 
without  nectar,  but  is  nevertheless  cross-fertilized  by  the 
early  bees  and  the  bumblebees  ;  these  collect  the  pollen. 
Prof.  Robertson  believes  that  the  plant  may  be  occa- 
sionally self -fertilized  ;  although  the  anthers  do  not 
reach  out  as  far  as  the  stigmas,  they  sometimes  do  touch 
the  tip  edge  of  the  stigma.  Fruit  a  large,  fleshy,  edible, 
lemon-shaped  berry.  Leaves  and  root  poisonous,  and 
medicinal.  The  plant  is  12-18  inches  high,  and  is  com- 
mon in  damp  rich  woods,  from  N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn, 
and  Neb.,  and  south.     Not  in  northern  New  England. 

A  plant  of  the  woodlands  so  common  in  spring  about 
the  neighborhood  of  Greater  New  York,  seems  con- 
spicuously and  strangely  absent  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos- 
ton, where  the  Skunk  Cabbage  apparently  takes  its 
place.  Mrs.  Dana  remarks  that  Podophyllum  "attracts 
one's  attention  by  the  railways,"  which  is  perfectly  true 
of  southern  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  but  it  does  not 
apply  to  New  England.  The  plant  is  found  at  Concord, 
Mass.,  but  it  was  transplanted  there  ;  in  Vermont  it  is 
known  only  at  a  few  stations,  in  New  Hampshire  it  is 
rare  if  not  absent,  and  in  Maine,  so  far  as  my  knowledge 
goes,  it  is  quite  unknown. 


154 


/  /4 


]i^  Appi( 


Podophyllum   pelta^tum. 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceas. 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceoe. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  or  yellow  sap,  and  regular  or  ir- 
regular perfect  flowers  with  4-12  petals,  generally  two 
early-falling  sepals,  and  many  stamens.  The  irregular 
flowers  spurred  at  the  base  of  the  petals.  Fertilized 
mostly  by  bees.  Fruit  a  dr^^  capsule  usually  one-celled. 
Not  honey-bearing  flowers. 

Bloodroot  ^  most  beautiful  but  fragile   flower  of 

Sanguinaria       early  spring,  H  inches  broad,  with  gen- 
Canadensis         erally  8  (rarely  12)  brilliant  wliite  petals 

^  four  of  which  alternating  with  the  others 

April-May  °  .  .  n 

are  a  trifle  narrow,  and  impart  a  four- 
sided  aspect  to  the  full-blown  blossom.  The  petals  ex- 
pand flatly  in  the  morning,  and  become  erect  toward  late 
afternoon,  and  close  by  evening.  The  two  sepals  fall 
when  the  flower  opens.  The  golden  orange  anthers 
mature  after  the  two-lobed  stigma,  which  is  shrivelled 
when  the  pollen  is  ripe  ;  the  outer  stamens  are  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  inner  ones  in  the  advanced  flower,  and 
the  stigma  is  prominent  in  the  new  flower,  so  cross-fer- 
tilization is  practically  assured.  The  blossom  attracts 
insects  which  gather  pollen  but  find  no  honey,  and  its 
chief  visitors  are  honeybees,  bumblebees,  the  smaller 
bees  of  the  genus  Halictus,  and  the  beelike  flies 
{Bombylius).  As  the  plant  breaks  through  the  ground 
in  early  April,  the  leaf  is  curled  into  a  cylinder  which 
encloses  the  budding  flower  ;  afterward  the  blossom 
pushes  upward  beyond  the  leaf.  Eventually  the  light 
blue-olive  green  leaf,  generally  with  seven  irregular  shal- 
low lobes,  is  6-10  inches  broad.  The  dull  orange-colored 
sap  is  acrid,  astringent,  and  medicinal  in  quality.  Fruit- 
capsule  elliptical-oblong  with  many  light  yellow-brown 
seeds.  Plant  finally  about  10  inches  high.  Common 
everywhere  on  the  borders  of  rich  woods  shaded  road- 
sides, and  copses. 

Celandine  A  western  woodland  species  with  j^ellow 

poppy  juice,  deeply  lobed  light  green  leaves  slen- 

dinhyllum  der-stemmed  and  smooth,  and  with  small 

Golden  yellow    four-petaled     poppylike     golden     yellow 
April-May         flowers  one  inch  broad,  solitary,  or  2-3  in 
156 


K     ^ 


Bloodroot,  Celandine  Poppy. 

Sanguinama  Canadensis.  5tylophonum  diphyllum. 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceas. 


a  terminal  cluster.  Fertilized  mainly  by  the  smaller 
bees.  The  ovoid  seed-pod  hairy.  The  two  sepals  falling 
early.  12-16  inches  high.  In  low  damp  woods,  from 
western  Pa.,  west  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  Wis.  Found  near 
St.  Libory,  St.  Clair  Co.,  111. 

Celandine  ^     common     weed     naturalized     from 

Cheiidunium  Europe,  and  found  usually  in  or  about  the 
majus  eastern  towns.     The  leaves  are  somewhat 

Deep  yellow  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species, 
ay  ugu  light  lustreless  green,  smooth,  and  orna- 
mentally small-lobed.  The  small  deep  yellow  flower 
(with  four  petals),  |  inch  broad  or  less,  has  a  prominent 
green  style,  and  many  yellow  stamens.  The  plant  has  a 
strong  yellow  sap.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  waste 
places  eastward.  Found  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  Ply- 
mouth, N.  H. 

A  yellow  poppv  with  prickly  thistlelike 
Prickly  Poppy    ,         -^  , .    ^  r  i  ^i  ., 

j^.,..n  „«  leaves,  very  light  green  and  smooth  with 

Mexicana  a  slight  whitish  bloom,  commonly  culti- 

Yeilow  vated,  and  escaped  to  roadsides  and  waste 

June-Septeni=  places ;  a  native  of  Mexico.  Flowers 
usually  two  inches  broad  or  more,  with 
four  bright  yellow  petals,  and  numerous  golden  stamens. 
This  poppy  like  all  others  is  sought  by  the  honej^bee  for 
its  pollen  ;  it  does  not  jdeld  honey.  The  broad  surface 
of  the  stigmas  of  poppies  in  general  being  a  convenient 
alighting  platform  for  insects,  the  flowers  are  surely 
adapted  to  cross-fertilization  ;  although  the  anthers  ripen 
in  the  bud,  and  are  directly  over  the  stigma,  Miiller  is  of 
the  opinion  that  cross-fertilization  prevails.  Self-fertili- 
zation in  the  case  of  Argemone  is  even  less  likely,  as  the 
stigmatic  surface  is  small  and  far  less  exposed  to  the 
overhanging  anthers.  The  fruit-capsule  nearly  an  inch 
long,  and  armed  with  prickles.  Rarely  the  flowers  are 
white.  Stem  stout,  bristly,  and  1-2  feet  high.  Usually 
found  near  dwellings  and  on  the  neglected  borders  of 
old  highways,  from  N.  Eng.  south,  and  west  to  Ohio 

The  irregular-flowered  group  of  Papaveraceoe,  formerly 
called  FumariacecE,  has  finely  cut  compound  leaves,  and 
somew^hat  sack-shaped  flowers  with  spurred  petals. 

158 


Celandine. 
Chelidonium  majus. 


Prickly  Poppy 

Argemone 
Hexicanai. 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveracese. 


Climbing  A  beautiful  and  delicate  vine  climbing 

Fumitory,  or  and  trailing  over  thickets  or  shrubbery, 

Mountain  with    an     attenuate,    sack-shaped    white 

ringe  flower  tinted  greenish  and  magenta-pink, 

Adlumia  ,         .    ,       .         n            -            , 

cirrhosa  ^r  very  pale  pink,  m   droopmg  clusters. 

White,  tinted  The  leaves  are  compound,  smooth,  prettily 
magenta-pink  subdivided,  mostly  three-lobed,  and  the 
June-October  ^^^^  climbs  by  means  of  their  slender 
stems.  The  weak  and  slender  stem  8-12  feet  long.  In 
moist  situations,  woods  and  thickets,  from  N,  Eng.,  west 
to  Wis.  and  eastern  Kan.,  and  south  to  N.  Car.,  among 
the  mountains.  Named  for  John  Adlum,  of  Washington, 
a  horticulturist,  first  interested  in  the  cultivation  of 
grapes  in  this  country. 

This  is  one  of  the  daintiest  wild  flowers 
u  c  man  s       ^^  ^^^^  spring,  common  in  southern  New 
Dicentra  York,  but  rare  or  entirely  absent  in  north- 

Cucullaria  eastern    New    England.      It    occurs    fre- 

^****^'  quently  in  Vermont,  but  is  quite  unknown 

r'ril'Ma'"'*'*  in  the  uplands  of  New  Hampshire.  The 
plant  is  characterized  by  a  feathery  com- 
pound leaf,  long-stemmed  and  proceeding  from  the  root, 
thin,  grayish  (almost  sage)  green  in  tint,  blue  and  paler 
beneath  ;  the  leaflets  are  finely  slashed  and  are  distrib- 
uted trifoliately,  i.  e.,  in  three  parts.  The  flowering 
stalk  also  proceeds  from  the  root,  and  bears  4-8,  rarely 
more,  nodding  white  flowers,  of  four  petals  joined  in 
pairs  and  forming,  two  of  them,  a  double,  two-spurred, 
somewhat  heart-shaped  sack,  the  other  two,  witliin  the 
sack,  very  small,  narrow,  and  protectingly  adjusted  over 
the  slightly  protruding  stamens.  The  spurs  are  stained 
with  light  yellow.  The  flower  is  cross-fertilized  mostly 
by  the  agency  of  the  early  bumblebees  {Bomhus  separa- 
tus,  B.  virginicus,  B.  vagans,  and  B.  pennsylvanicus). 
Prof.  Robertson  (see  Botanical  Gazette,  vol.  14,  p.  120) 
explains  in  detail  the  character  of  the  flower  and  its  vis- 
iting insects.  Honeybees  collect  only  pollen ;  their 
tongues  are  too  short  to  reach  the  nectar  which  is  se- 
creted in  two  long  processes  of  the  middle  stamens  ;  the 
proboscis  of  the  bumblebee,  8  mm.  long,  reaches  it,  that 
of  the  honeybee,  6  mm.,  can  not.  The  honeybee 
I  bo 


Dutchmans  Breeches.         Dicentna.  cucullariA. 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceas. 


alights  on  the  flower,  forces  its  head  between  the  inner 
petals,  and  gathers  onl}^  the  pollen  with  its  front  feet ! 
Such  a  pendulous  position  as  the  flower  compels  is  ex- 
tremely difficult  for  insects  other  than  bees  to  maintain. 
Butterflies  therefore  visit  the  flower  with  less  success 
than  bumblebees.  Pieris  rapce  (Cabbage  butterfly,  white), 
Papilio  ajax  (buff  and  black,  crimson  spots),  and  Danais 
archippus  (the  Monarch,  black-and-tan)  are  common 
visitors  ;  so  are  the  little  long-tongued  flies  of  the  tribe 
Boinhylius  (the  beelike  flies).  Flowering  stem  5-9  inches 
high.  In  thin  woodlands  and  on  rocky  slopes  from  N. 
Eng.,  south  to  N.  Car,,  and  west  to  Neb.,  S.  Dak.,  and 
Mo.     The  name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  twice-spurred. 

^     .      .  ^  A  similar  species  with  more  attenuate 

Squirrel  Corn     ^  ,  .  .  ,         ,  .  .         , 

Dicentra  flowers,  white  or  greenish  white  tinted 

Canadensis  with  magenta-pink,  4-8  on  the  stalk,  all 
White,  very  short-stemmed,  and  narrow  at  the 

magenta=pink  j^  slightly  fragrant.  6-12  inches  high, 
May-June  ,.  f    ,  •  t^^i      ^    i 

the  roots  oearing  many  little  tubers  re- 
sembling j'ellow  peas,  hence  the  common  name.  Rich 
woodlands,  from  Me.,  south  along  the  mountains  to  Va., 
and  west  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  and  Mo. 

Dicentra  exima  is  a  tall  rare  species,  with  less  finely 
cut  leaves,  large  and  smooth,  and  with  narrow  magenta- 
pink  flowers.  Sometimes  cultivated.  1-2  feet  high. 
Rocky  slopes.  Western  N.  Y.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tenn., 
along  the  mountains. 

PIC  d  V  ^^^^^  is  another  conspicuously  delicate 
Corydalis  wild   flower  of  spring.      Its  relationship 

gJauca  with  Dicentra  is  manifested  by  the  pale 

Pale  pink  foliage  and  the  attenuated  sacklike  blos- 

ay-August  ^^^^^  .  ^^^  ^^^^^  England  it  seems  almost  to 
supplant  Dutchman's  Breeches.  The  pale  or  whitish 
green  leaves  are  compound,  and  cut  into  ornamental 
segments  which  are  generally  three-lobed.  The  pale 
crimson-pink,  or  sometimes  magenta-pink,  slightly 
curved  corolla  is  half  an  inch  or  more  long,  somewhat 
round  at  the  top  (which  is  really  the  bottom),  and  two- 
flanged  at  the  bottom  or  mouth,  w^hich  is  golden  yellow. 
The  leaves  are  scattered  alternately  on  the  plant-stem  at 
the  branching  summit  of  which  are  groups  of  rarely 
162 


IPale  Coryda^lis 
jCopydeklis  gl5.ac'i. 


Squirrel  Corn. 
DicentPd.  Ca^nadensis. 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceas. 


more  than  four  flowers.  The  slender  and  erect  stem 
whitened  with  a  slight  bloom  and  often  stained  pinkish, 
is  8-22  inches  high.  The  seed-pods  are  erect  and  slen- 
der, 1^  inches  long.  In  rocky  situations,  from  Me., 
south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  Minn.  Found  in  the 
Middlesex  Fells,  near  Boston. 

_  .  A  golden  yellow-flowered  species  com- 

Corydalis  ^^on   in   the   west.      The   compound  pale 

Corydalis  green  leaves  are  beautifully  cut  into  three- 

aurea  lobed  segments,  and  the  bright  deep  yel- 

Golden  yellow  j^^  corolla  is  about  i  an  inch  long.  The 
seed-pod  is  beady  in  outline,  slightly 
curved,  and  stands  at  an  angle  relatively  with  its  neigh- 
bors. The  slender  stem  6-14  inches  high.  In  woodlands 
from  Me,,  south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  Wis.  and  Neb. 

A  small  delicate  weed  adventive  from 
umi  ory  Europe,  found  mostlv  within  the  seaboard 

Fumaria  '^  ' 

offlcinaUs  States.     The  light  green  leaves  are  finely 

Crinison=pink  cut,  and  the  small  crimson-pink  or  ma- 
or  magenta  genta-pink  flowers  with  crimson  tips  are 
„""^~  borne  in  a  dense,  long,  narrow  spike.     The 

reclining  stem  6-20  inches  long.  Waste 
places  and  near  or  in  old  gardens,  from  Me.  to  Fla. 
Local  in  the  interior.  The  name  from  the  Latin  funuis, 
smoke,  in  allusion  to  the  smokelike  odor  of  some  of  the 
species. 


164 


(Sometimes  climbing  to  d  height  of  4  feet.) 

Fumitory  Fumdria  officinalis. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.      Cruciferas. 


MUSTARD   FAMILY.     Cruciferce. 

The  Latin  name  of  this  family,  from  Crux,  a  cross, 
arose  from  the  resemblance  of  the  four  opposing  petals 
of  its  flowers  to  the  form  of  a  cross.  There  are  also  four 
deciduous  sepals,  one  pistil,  and  six  stamens,  two  of 
which  are  short;  rarely  there  are  less  than  six.  The 
flowers  are  generally  small  and  not  showy,  but  they 
produce  honey,  and  are  accordingly  frequently  visited 
by  the  honeybees,  the  smaller  bees,  and  the  brilliantly 
colored  flies  of  the  family  Syiyhidce. 

A  low^  woodland  plant  with  inconspicu- 
CHnkllr^'oot'*'^  ous  flowers  f  inch  wide,  having  four  pet- 
Dentaria  als  and  many  yellow  stamens.      The  basal 

diphylla  leaves     long-stemmed,     three-lobed,    and 

White  toothed,  the  two  upper  stem-leaves  similar 

^*y  and  opposite;    all  smooth.      The  flowers 

borne  in  a  small  terminal  cluster.  The  slender  seed- 
pods  one  inch  long.  The  long  root  is  wrinkled,  toothed, 
and  is  edible,  possessing  a  pleasant  pungent  flavor,  like 
watercress.  8-13  inches  high.  In  rich  woodlands  and 
damp  meadows,  from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Minn. 
A  similar  species,  but  with  the  leaves 
t"  th*^rt  <ieeply  cut  into  narrow  lobes,  sharply  and 
Dentaria  Coarsely  toothed ;    three  are  borne  upon 

laciniata  the  smooth,  or  sparingly  woolly  stem  not 

White  or  f^r  below  the  flower-cluster.      The  basal 

A "  'l-M  leaves  are  developed  after  the  flowering 

time.     The  flow^ers  are  often  faintly  tinged 
with  magenta-pink.    Root  also  peppery.    Common  every- 
where in  moist  w^oods  or  on  the  borders  of  thickets. 
Spring  Cress  ^  smooth  and  less  conspicuous,  slender 

Cardamine  plant  found  beside  springs,  or  in  w^et 
rhomboidea  meadows,  with  somewhat  angularly  round 
White  root-leaves,  and  sparingly  coarse-toothed, 

*^  ovate  stem-leaves.  The  flowers,  like  tooth- 
wort,  ^  inch  broad,  succeeded  by  a  long  beanlike  pod. 
6-16  inches  high.  Common  every  where.  Thevar.pwr- 
purea,  with  magenta-purple  flowers,  has  a  slightly 
woolly  stem,  and  blooms  a  little  earlier.  Western  N.  Y.,  \ 
south  to  Md.,  and  west  to  Wis.  and  S.  Dak. 
i60 


Foothwopt. 


Dent  aria  diphylla. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferse, 


.•  D-**  A  bitter-tastmg  little  herb  easilr  dis- 

Small  Bitter         .  .  ,      ^    ,        .  ,        ,      ,        "     .  . 

Qrggg  tinguished  by  its  exceedingly  long   thin 

Cardamine         seed-pods  which   are  an  inch    long  and 

hirsuta  erect.     The  tin}'  flowers  with  four  narrow 

A     -1^1  petals  are  white,  and  are  frequently  visited 

b}'  the  brilliant  flies  of  the  family  Syrphi- 

cice.     The  little  compound  leaves  mostly  at  the  base  of 

the  plant  form  a  rather  pretty  rosette  ;  the  few  upper 

leaflets    are    exceedingly    narrow.     3-12    inches    high. 

Common  everywhere  in  wet  places. 

This    is   a   generally   hairv  little  plant 
Hairy  Rock  " 

^j.ggg  (sometimes  it  is  nearly  smooth)  with  a  tall 

Arabis  hirsufa  slim  stem,  terminated  by  a  small  cluster 
Greenish  white  of  tiny  white  or  greenish  white  flowers 
May-July  beneath  which  in  the  later  season  of  its 

bloom  appears  a  succession  of  slim  seed-pods.  The  clus- 
tered basal  leaves  are  hairy,  toothed,  and  lance-shaped, 
but  blunt  at  the  tip  ;  the  stem-leaves  clasp  the  stem,  and 
are  widely  toothed  and  small.  12-20  inches  high. 
Common  on  rocky  banks,  and  in  stony  pastures  from 
Me.,  south  along  the  mountains  to  Ga.,  and  west. 
Arabis  Iceviyatn  ^  perfectly  smooth  species  with  a  slight 
Greenish  white  bloom,  taller  than  the  preceding,  and  with 
April-May  stem-leaves  which  clasp  the  stem  and  are 

almost  pointed  either  side  of  it — wiiat  is  sometimes  called 
a  sagittate  (arrow-shaped)  base.  Resembling  in  other 
respects  the  species  above  described.  1-3  feet  high. 
Similarly  distributed  but  not  farther  west  than  Minn. 

«,.-.^       Our  native  whitlow-grass  distinguished 
Carolina  Whit=  ,.,,,.  , 

Iow=grass  ^^  once  by  its  slender  or  linear  seed-pods, 

Draba  Carolini-  which  are  longer  than  their  stems.     The 

«"«  tiny   flowers  and   the  pods  below   them 

„      f  terminate  a  long  smooth  stem  ;  the  little 

March-May  ,  ,     ^  ,        .      ,       ,  - 

obtuse-ovate  leaves  nearly  at  the  base  of 

the  plant.     An  annual   of  miniature  proportions.     1-5 

inches  high.     In  sandy  and  barren  fields  from  eastern 

Mass.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Ark. 


1 68 


%g^>^ 


Hairy  Kock  Cress.      Small  BitterCress.  Cardamine  hirsute. 
Arabis  hirsuta.      The  fom  often  separated  noCardaminePennsylvanica. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferas. 


A  species  naturalized  from  Europe,  and 
Common  Whit=  ^        ,  ,        ,  .    \ 

I      =erass  common  throughout  our  range  in  barren 

Draba  verna  fields  and  beside  the  road.  The  four  white 
White  petals  are  deeply  notched  ;  the  small  hairy 

March-May  lance-sliaped  and  toothed  leaves  are  clus- 
tered at  the  base  of  the  flowering-stems.  The  pods  are 
shorter  than  their  stems,  and  elliptical.  Flow^er-stems 
leafless,  and  smooth  above  but  a  trifle  hairy  below. 
1-5  inches  high. 

A  common  aquatic  plant,  much  prized 
Watercress  .       .^  4.  /^   ^-  1  1  •   u 

Nasturtium  of-  ^^^'  ^^^  pungent-tastmg  young  leaves,  which 
ficinale  are  smooth,  dark  green,  or  brownish  green 

White  in  spring,  and  lighter  green  in  summer. 

April-August  ^pj^g  insignificant  white  flowers  terminate 
the  branching  stems.  Leaves  compound  with  3-9 
roundish  leaflets.  The  scientific  name  is  from  nasus, 
nose,  and  tortus,  twisted,  in  reference  to  its  stinging 
effect  upon  the  nose.  Natuj-alizcd  from  Europe.  4-10 
inches  high.  In  brooks  and  small  streams  everywhere, 
except  in  the  northernmost  parts  of  our  range. 

A    yellow-flowered     species     common 
Marsh  Water=  "^ ,  .     ^        ^        .in  t^, 

^i.ggg  everywhere,  but  naturalized  from  Europe 

Nasturthim  ter-  in  the  seaboard  States  ;  indigenous  in  the 

restre  west.     The   leaves  ornamentally    cut,   of 

Yellow  usually    seven    segments.     Pods    oblong, 

ay-    ugus       ^\)^yy^l  equaling  the  length  of  the  stems. 

1-3  feet  high.     In  \vet  situations.     Found  at  Lincoln, 

Neb. 

A  coarse  species  well  known  for  the  im- 

^Ztultfx!m        mensely  strong  peppery  quality  of  i  ts  large 

Armoracia  white  roots  which  furnish  a  favorite  spring 

White  table  relish.     The  oblong  leaves  toothed, 

June-August     ^^^^  roughly  veined,  the  basal  ones  large. 

The  small  white  flowers  rather  conspicuous.    Pods  nearly 

round.     Escaped   from   cultivation,  into  moist  ground 

everywhere;  naturalized  from  Europe.     20-30    inches 

high. 


170 


^^.^  Whitlow-gpass, 
.V^A   Drd^ba.  vepna. 


m^  Hedge^WriusUrd. 
^^'"^Sisymbrium  officinale. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferx. 


„  ..  ^  ,  ^  A  bright  yellow-flowered  sijecies  with  a 
Yellow  Rocket  ,  •       ,     i    , 

or  Winter  Cress  ^"^M^^®  stem  terminated  by  one  or  more 
Barbarea  md-  showy  spikes  of  flowers  beneath  which  the 
garis  long  curved  seed-pods  later  appear  in  a 

^^"•**^  loose    cluster.     Upper     leaves     stemless, 

lower  ones  cut  in  usually  five  divisions,  the 
terminal  one  very  large  ;  all  deep  shining  green.  The 
pretty  four-petaled  flowers  with  six  stamens  four  of 
which  are  quite  prominent,  are  frequently  visited  by  the 
early  bees  and  handsome  flies  of  the  genus  SijrphidcE. 
They  yield  honey  and  pollen.  1-2  feet  high.  In  moist 
places  along  the  road,  and  in  meadows.  Me.,  south  to 
Va. ,  and  west.  Naturalized  from  Europe,  but  indigenous 
in  the  west. 

Hedge  Mustard  ^  homely  straggHng  weed  with  tiny 
Sisymbrium  li^^t  yellow  flowers,  and  light  green, 
officinale  smooth  leaves,  with  3-6  lobes,  irregularly 

Light  yellow  blunt-toothed.  The  generally  smooth  stem 
May-Septem-     ^^.j^j^  ^^jj  widely  spreading,  wiry  branches, 

tipped  with  a  few  flowers  and  curiously 
set  with  the  close-pressing  pods.  1-3  feet  high.  In 
waste  places  throughout  our  range.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

Charlock  or  A  coarse  and  vexatious   weed  in  culti- 

Field  Mustard  vated  fields  and  waste  places,  adventive 
Brassica  Sina-    ^^.^^  ^^^  ^j^  Country,  and  widely  distrib- 

pistrnm  ,      .  ,        ,  ,  ^  _,, 

Yellow  uted  through  the  northern  States.     The 

May-Septeni=  light  yellow  flowers  over  ^  inch  broad,  in 
ber  small  terminal  clusters.     The  leaves  ovate 

with  few  if  any  lobes,  indistinctly  or  sparsely  toothed, 
with  short  stems  or  none  at  all.  The  seed-pods  f-inch 
long,  contracted  between  the  seeds,  and  lump}^  in  con- 
tour. 1-2  feet  high.  Me.,  west  to  Neb.  and  S.  Dak., 
and  south. 

Another  common  weed  in  grain  fields. 
Black  Mustard         i     ,        j       -.i  j        a  i   i 

Bra.^sica  nigra  ^'^^^  beside  the  road.  A  more  widely 
Yellow  branched  plant  than  the  preceding,  and 

June-Septem=  with  far  more  deeply  lobed  leaves  ;  one 
^^^  terminal  large  division,  and  generally  four 

lateral  ones,  all  finely  toothed.     The  small  pure  light 
yellow^  flowers  less  tlian  i  inch  broad   are   frequently 
172 


Mustapd 


BpassicA  nigra.. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.      Cruciferse. 


visited  by  the  smaller  bees,  and  Syrphid  flies  ;  the  pistil 
much  exceeding  the  stamens  in  length,  adapts  the 
flower  to  cross- fertilization.  The  pod  is  ^  inch  long, 
four-sided,  and  lies  close  to  the  stem  ;  the  seeds  are 
black-brown.  2-5  feet  high.  Naturalized  from  Europe, 
and  extending  throughout  our  range. 
White  Mustard  ^  similar  but  rarer  species,  more  or  less 
Brassica  alba  hairy,  with  bristly  pods,  contracted  be- 
Yellow  tween  the  seeds  ;  these  are  light  yellow- 

June- August  brown.  The  flowers  are  a  little  larger. 
1-2  feet  high.  In  fields  and  on  roadsides,  escaped  from 
gardens  ;  naturalized  from  Europe.  Both  of  these  last 
species  introduced  into  Neb. 

Shepherd's  A  very  common  weed  on  roadsides  near 

Purse  dwellings,   and    on   waste    ground,   with 

Capsella  Bursa.  ^-^^^  white  flowers.  The  Latin  name  is 
yyj^j^g  literally  a  shephercVs  little  purse,  in  allu- 

April-Septem=  sion  to  the  shape  of  the  tiny  seed-pods. 
ber  The  root-leaves  are  deeply  cut,  and  form  a 

rosette,  the  stem-leaves  are  small,   lance-shaped,   and 
indistinctly    toothed.     8-18    inches    high.     Naturalized 
from  Europe,  and  distributed  throughout  our  range. 
Wild  Pepper=         A  somewhat  similar  species,  but  more 
grass  branched,    remarkable    for    its    peppery- 

LepidiumVir.  testing  seed-pods  which  cluster  thickly 
Y^iii^g  about  the  flowering  stems  in  a  cylindrical 

May-Septeni=  curving  column  beneath  the  few  terminat- 
ber  ing  white  flowers.     Basal  leaves  obovate 

(tapering  to  a  stemlike  base)  with  a  few  small  lateral 
divisions,  stem-leaves  small  and  lance-shaped ;  all 
toothed,  6-15  inches  high.  Common  on  roadsides 
everywhere. 


174 


Peppergrass. 
Lepidium  Virginicum 


'"^     Shepherds  PuP5e. 
C  a.pse  1 1  a-Bu  rsarpa^stopis. 


PITCHER  PLANT  FAMILY.     Sarraceniacese. 


PITCHER  PLANT  FAMILY.     Sarraceniaeece. 

Swamp  plants  with  pitcherlike  leaves,  and  nodding 
flowers  wnth  4-5  sepals,  five  petals,  numerous  stamens, 
and  one  pistil ;  represented  b}'  only  one  species  in  the 
northern  United  States. 

Pitcher  Plant  ^  curious  and  interesting  plant  found 
Sarracenia  in  peat-bogs  throughout  the  north.  The 
purpurea  strange  hollow  leaves,  keeled  on  the  inner 

Dull  dark  red  g^^jg  toward  the  flower-stem,  are  usualh^ 
May-June  ,,     ^,,,    ,      .  ,  ,  i  .,       ,. 

partly  filled  with  water  and  the  fragments 

of  insects;  the  latter. are  apparently  drowned,  and  no 
doubt  contribute  to  the  pliysical  sustenance  of  the  plant; 
but  the  raw-meat  coloring,  the  red  veining,  and  the  gen- 
eral form  of  the  flower  are  conducive  to  the  attraction 
of  carrion  flies,  which  are  especially  fitted  for  the  cross- 
fertilization  of  the  flower.  The  style  within  the  blossom 
is  strangely  like  an  umbrella  with  five  ribs,  the  stigmatic 
surface  on  the  inside.  The  folding  petals  and  the  fiow- 
er's  drooping  position  certainly  protect  the  ripening  pol- 
len from  any  disturbance  by  the  elements,  but  the 
inquisitive  insect  finds  easy  access  to  it.  The  general 
coloring  of  the  whole  plant  is  green  with  red-purple 
veining  ;  the  sepals  are  madder  purple,  and  greenish  on 
the  inside,  the  petals  are  dull  pink,  and  the  umbrellalike 
style  green.  The  outer  surface  of  the  pitchers  is  smooth, 
but  the  inner  surface  is  covered  with  fine  bristles  point- 
ing downward,  which  manifestly  interfere  with  the  es- 
cape of  trapped  insects.  The  pitchers  are  circled  about 
the  root  in  radiating  lines,  and  they  measure  4-10  inches 
in  length  ;  1?lie  flower-stem  is  frequently  a  foot  high. 
The  plant  is  commonly  found  in  the  black  peat-bogs  of 
wooded  hills  or  in  mountain  tarns  where  there  is  scant 
sunshine.  When  the  plant  is  more  exposed  to  the  sun 
its  green  coloring  predominates.  It  is  common  north 
and  south,  and  extends  as  far  west  as  Minn. 


176 


Pitcher  Plant.  5APPaceniak  puppupea^. 


SUNDEW  FAMILY.     Droseraceas. 


SUNDEW  FAMILY.     Droseracece. 

Bog  plants  with  sticky-hairy  leav^es  whicli  are  coated 
with  a  fluid  designed  to  attract  and  retain  insects — they 
are,  in  fact,  carnivorous.  The  small  flowers  are  perfect, 
with  five  petals,  and  few  or  many  stamens,  with  the  an- 
thers turned  outward.  Fruit  a  1-5-celled  capsule.  The 
tiny  red  filaments  of  the  leaves  curl  and  clasp  about  a 
captured  insect,  and  ultimately  its  juices  are  absorbed. 

A  t^ery  small  plant  with  long-stemmed 
Sundew  round  leaves  Ij^ing  close  to  or  ujjon  the 

Drosera  ground,  both  leaf  and  stem  covered  with 

rotundifoiia  long,  fine,  red  hairs.  The  red  flower-stem 
^•^'^^  is  erect  and  smooth,  and  bears  about  four 

u  y-  ugus  ^^.  ^.^  small  white  flowers,  which  are  fre- 
quently visited  by  the  fungous  gnats  and  other  small 
woodland  insects.  The  flower-cluster  is  one-sided,  bends 
over,  and  the  blossoms  open  one  at  a  time  only  in  the 
sunshine.  The  glands  of  the  leaves  exude  clear  drops  of 
fluid,  which  appear  like  small  dewdrops ;  hence  the 
popular  name,  also  the  Greek  dpo6sfj6s,  meaning  dewy. 
The  whole  plant  is  so  sat-tirated  with  color  that  its  sap 
stains  paper  a  ruddj-  madder  purple.  4-9  inches  high. 
In  bogs,  from  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  the  Daks. 
Lon2=  leaved  ^^  very  similar  species,  but  with  elon- 

Sundew  gated  blunt- tipped  leaves  whose  stems  are 

Drosera  inter-  long  and  rather  erect.  Differing  further 
media,  var.  from  the  preceding  species  bv  the  naked 
Americana  ^      n     .  ^i  t    i     •  "       •  i 

leaf-stems,  the  red  hairs  appearing  only 

upon  the  little  leaves.     It  is  not  so  common  as  the  other 
species,  but  occupies  about  the  same  territory. 
Slender  ^  western  species  with  3-inch  long,  slen- 

Sundew  der  or  linear  leaves,  also  with  naked,  erect 

Di'osera  stems.    The  white  flowers  are  few.    Shores 

linearis  ^j  l^s^^e^  Superior  and  Huron. 

„.        ._.  The  leaves  of  this  larger  species  are  re- 

Sundew  duced  to  a  mere  threadlike  shape  with  no 

Drosera  distinct    stem  ;    they    are   glandular,   red 

filiformis  hairy  throughout,  the  hairs  terminated  by 

Purple-  ^  j.g^  ^^^^  ^j.  ^^^      rj^i^g  flowers  are  fully  ^ 

inch    broad,    and    dull    purple  -  magenta. 

178 


Drosera 
filiformi5, 


Round- 

■jeaved     ^Ki 

Sundew.  ^''^""'"^      ^^' 


,^  .-^  ^  Drosera 
Vtm^^  rotund ifolia. 


ORPINE  FAMILY.      Crassulacex, 


Ditch 
Stonecrop 
Penthorum 
sedoides 
YeIIow»green 
July- 
September 


There  are  many  in  the  cluster.  8-18  inches  high.  In 
wet  sand  near  the  seacoast,  from  Mass.,  south.  Found 
in  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey.  Nothing  is  more 
dainty  and  beautiful  under  the  magnifying-glass  than 
the  spun-glasslike,  glandular,  ruby  hairs  of  t\\eDroseras. 

ORPINE  FAMILY.      Crasmlaceoe. 

Rather  fleshy  or  succulent  herbs,  w^ith  absoluteh^  sym- 
metrical small  flowers  ;  the  petals,  sepals,  pistils,  and 
stamens  equal  in  number,  or  the  last  double  in  number, 
differing  only  in  this  respect  from  SaxifragacecE. 

A  familiar  weed  of  ditches  and  swamps 
with  insignificant  greenish  yellow,  or  yel- 
low-green flowers,  in  slender  bending 
clusters  of  2-3  branches,  at  the  top  of  the 
erect  stem.  The  latter  is  smooth,  usually 
branched,  and  bears  lance-shaped,  or  ellip- 
tical, pointed,  light  green  leaves,  finely 
toothed.  The  flower  has  five  sepals,  but  rarely  any  pet- 
als, ten  stamens,  and  five  pistils  united  below,  finally 
forming  a  five-angled  seed-vessel.  Not  fleshy-leaved. 
8-20  inches  high.      Me.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Neb. 

A  small  species  at  home  on  rocky  ledges 
and  in  stony  woodlands.  It  has  little  five- 
petaled  white  flowers  growing  on  horizon- 
tally spreading  branches.  The  leaves  are 
small,  toothless,  fleslw,  and  rather  wedge- 
shaped  ;  the  lower  ones  are  generally  in 
groups  of  three.  The  flower-cluster  is  three-spiked  and 
leafy.  3-8  inches  high.  The  name  is  from  sedeo,  to  sit. 
A  common  perennial,  with  a  stout  light 
green  stem  and  very  smooth,  fleshy,  dull- 
toothed  leaves,  which  children  are  fond  of 
splitting  by  lateral  pressure  with  the  fin- 
gers, and  forming  into  green  "purses" 
It  is  adventive  from  Europe,  and  is  gener- 
ally an  escape  from  gardens,  establishing 
itself  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  The  light 
green  leaves,  particularly  when  young,  are  covered  with 
a  whitish  bloom.  The  small  flowers  in  thick  clusters  ai:e 
opaque  crimson.  10-18  inches  high.  Common. 
I  So 


Wild 
stonecrop 

Sedum 
tematum 
White 
April-June 


Live=forever 
or  Garden 
Orpine 
Sedum 
Telephium 
Dull  garnet 
red 
June- 
September 


Live-forever. 


5cdum  Telephium. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragacei 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragacece. 

A  large  family  of  herbs  or  shrubs  related  to  the  family 
Rosacece.  but  differing  from  it  by  having  albumen  in  the 
seeds,  and  opposite  as  well  as  alternate  leaves.  The 
flowers  are  mostly  perfect  with  usually  five  petals, 
fertilized  by  the  aid  of  the  smaller  bees,  and  the  flies 
(Syrphidce),  or  in  some  instances  butterflies. 

.  A  little  plant  hugging  the  rocks  on  dr}^ 

frage  hillsides  and    blooming    along   with   the 

Saxifraga  first  flowers  of  spring;  the  buds  are  formed 

Virginiensis       early,  and  appear  like  little  (fine-haired) 

a''^m-m  ^^^^^    ^^    ^^^^    centre    of    the    rosettelike 

clusters  of  obov^te  leaves  close  to  the 
ground.  Eventually  a  cluster  expands  to  a  branching 
downy  stem  bearing  many  little  white,  five-petaled, 
perfect  flowers  with  ten  yellow  stamens.  The  flowers 
are  succeeded  by  rather  odd  and  pretty  madder  purple 
seed-vessels  which  are  two-beaked ;  often  the  color  is 
madder  brown.  Besides  some  of  the  earlier  bees,  the 
Antiopa  butterfly  (rusty  black  with  a  corn  color  bor- 
der) and  the  tortoise-shell  butterfly  (brown  and  tan) 
may  be  included  as  among  the  frequent  visitors  of  the 
flower  ;  but  whether  they  play  any  important  part  in 
the  process  of  fertilization,  it  is  difficult  to  say.  4-10 
inches  high.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
s  am  s  i=  A  much  larger  plant  with  less  attractive, 
frage  greenish  white  flowers  with  very  narrow 

Saxifraga  (linear)   petals.      The    stem   is   somewhat 

Pennsyh-anica  stickv-hairy  and  stout.  The  larger  blunt 
reenis  w  i  e  lance-shaped  leaves  are  scarcely  toothed, 
and  are  narrowed  to  a  rather  broad  stem. 
12-30  inches  high.  In  bogs  and  on  wet  banks  from 
Me.,  south  to  Va. ,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.  The 
name  saxifrage  is  from  Saxifragus,  meaning  a  rock  or 
stone  breaker  I  but  it  is  far  from  evident  that  the  plant's 
roots,  in  spreading  between  the  crevices  of  rocks,  succeed 
in  breaking  stone  by  vigorous  growing  ;  the  name  may 
as  well  be  referred  to  reputed  medicinal  virtues  of  the 
roots. 


[82 


Early  Sa.xlfra.ge.  Saxifraga  Virglniensis. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaceae, 


False  Mitre=  ^^^  attractive  little  plant  that  decorates 

wort.  Foam-  the  moist  woodland  floor  with  its  orna- 

flower,  or  mental  leaves  all  through  the  summer. 

Coolwort  rpj^g  feathery  spike  of  fine  white  flowers 

Tiarella  cordi-  .^i       r.               ^   ,                                       .             , 

.^^.^  with    five    petals   appears    conspicuously 

White  above  the  leaves  in  late  spring  or  early 

Late  April-        summer  ;  the  ten  prominent  stamens  have 
early  June  orange  anthers,  and  the  long  pistil  in  the 

centre  is  white.  The  leaves  remotely  resemble  those  of 
the  mountain  maple,  but  they  are  small,  rough  hairy 
over  the  upper  surface,  and  dark  green,  sometimes 
mottled  with  a  brownish  tone.  The  little  seed-capsule 
is  characteristically  cloven  like  a  tiara,  hence  the  name  ; 
the  heart-shaped  form  of  the  leaf  accounts  for  the 
specific  cordifolia.  6-12  inches  high.  In  rich  woods, 
from  Me. ,  south  along  the  mountains  to  Ga. .  and  west 
to  Minn.  Common  in  the  woods  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains. 
j^f^  Mitrewort  or  ^he  true  mitrewoi  t  is  very  easily  dis- 
Bishop's  Cap  tinguished  from  the  false,  by  several 
Mitella  diphyUa  marked  differences;  half-way  up  the  stem 
^**'*®  are  two  opposite  leaves  nearly  if  not  quite 

stemless.  The  flowers  instead  of  being- 
borne  on  rather  long  individual  stems  in  a  thin  feathery 
cluster,  are  short-stemmed  and  distinctly  separated;  the 
tiny  white  blossom  has  five  petals  beautifully  fringed, 
which  remind  one  of  a  highly  ornamental  snow  crys- 
tal. This  plant  is  also  hairy  throughout.  The  name 
means  a  little  mitre,  alluding  to  the  mitre-shape  of  the 
seed-pod.  8-16  inches  high.  Rich  woods,  Me.,  south  to 
N.  Car. ,  and  west  to  Minn. 

Naked  Mitre-         ^  much  smaller  and  daintier  species  dis- 
wortor  tinguished  by  its  naked  stem,  which  is 

Bishop's  Cap      without  the  two  leaflets,  and  is  slightly 

Mitella  nuda      hairy.     The  leaves  approach  a  somewhat 
Greenish  white  *".      „  ,     ^Z  ^  ,.., 

Aoril-June  round    form,    and    the    snow-crystallike 

flowers    are    greenish    white,    and    few. 

They  have  ten  yellow  stamens.     4-7  inches  high.     In 

cool  woods  and  moss}^  bogs,  from  N.  Eng.,  south  to  Pa., 

and  west.     The  Mitellas  are  common  in  Vermont,  but 

rare  or  absent  in  central  New  Hampshire. 

184 


False  W/Iiitrewort 
Tiarellacopdi/blid.. 


Hdkcd  Mitrewopf. 
liitella  nuda. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaceae. 


Alumroot  ^  stout  and  tall  plant  bearing  some  re- 

Heuchera  semblance    to    Mitella  nuda    on   a  large 

Americana         scale;  but  the  flowers  are  distinctly  differ- 

Whitish  green  gj^^.  they  are  borne  in  along  loose  cluster, 

ay-  u  y  usually  4-5  on  one  of  the  small  branching 

stems,    small,    bell-shaped,   with    inconspicuous    green 

petals,   very  prominent    stamens    tipped  w-ith   orange 

anthers,  of  which  there  are  but  five.     The  leaves  are 

heart-shaped  and  scalloped  ;  the  teeth  blunt.     The  stem 

is  more  or  less  hairy,  and  is  2-3  feet  high.     Named  for 

Johann  Heinrich  von  Heucher,  a  German  botanist  of  the 

early  eighteenth  century.     Rocky  woodlands  N.  Y.  and 

Conn.,  west  to  Minn.,  southwest  to  Ala.  and  La. 

An  insignificant  plant  of  cold  bogs  or 
Golden  Saxi=  ^      ,  -^i         \      a        ^  ■ 

frae-e  ^^      places,  with  a  slender  low-growing, 

Chrysosplenium  forking  stem,  with  roundish  fine-scalloped 
Americanum  generally  opposite-growing  leaves,  and 
Yellow  or  pur=  ^j^g  yellowish  or  purplish  green  flowers 
^  ~^_j  with  orange  anthers,  growing  close  be- 

tween the  points  where  the  leaves  join 
the  plant  stem.  In  wet  shady  places.  Me.,  south  along 
the  mountains  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Minn. 
Stems  3-7  inches  long.  The  name  means  golden  spleen, 
from  reputed  medicinal  qualities. 

An  interesting  perennial  herb  with  sin- 
Qrflss=of=P3r= 

gle  cream  white  flowers  delicately  veined 
nassus  *=  •' 

Parnassia  with  green,  about  1  inch  broad.     A  single 

CaroUniana  ovate  olive  green  leaf  clasps  the  flowering 
White  green=  gtem;  the  others  are  long,  slender-stemmed 
J^'^  and  heart-shaped,  and  spring  from  the 

September  root.     The  flower  has  five  petals  and  five 

straw  yellow  anthers  terminating  the  fer- 
tile stamens  and  alternating  with  the  petals  ;  a  number 
(perhaps  15)  of  abortive  stamens  encircle  the  green 
pistil.  Tlie  blossom  is  visited  by  bees  and  the  smallest 
butterflies  (skippers);  chief  among  the  visitors  are  the 
larger  ones  named  C olias  pliilodice  {j eWo^y),  ?aidi  Pieris 
rapce  (white).  8-20  inches  high.  In  swamps  and  wet 
meadows,  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Iowa. 


1 86 


Qpao5S-of- Parnassus.         Parnassia  Carol  iniana 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacea^. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacem. 

An  extensive  family  highly  esteemed  for  its  luscious 
fruits,  and  for  its  most  beautiful  flowers,  which  are  de- 
pendent in  a  great  measure  upon  the  bees  for  cross- 
fertilization.  The  flowers  are  extraordinarily  rich  in 
pollen  and  honey  ;  the  raspberry  yielding  the  finest 
flavored  honey  which  is  known.  The  leaves  are  alter- 
nate-growing, and  accompanied  by  stipules,  or  small 
leafy  formations  at  the  base  of  tlie  leaf-stalk.  The 
flowers  are  regular  and  generally  perfect,  with  usually 
five  sepals  and  as  many  petals  (seldom  more  or  less), 
numerous  stamens,,  and  one  or  many  pistils.  Rarely 
the  petals  are  absent.  The  family  is  very  closely  allied 
to  Saxifragacece  and  Leguminos(v.  It  is  mostly  com- 
posed of  trees  and  shrubs,  although  the  herbaceous 
members  are  many. 

A  common  flower  on  the  borders  of  the 
SpircBa  salici-  ^^^^  ^"  blooni  throughout  the  early  sum- 
folia  var.  lati-  mer.  A  shrub  with  light  green,  nearly 
folia-  smooth,   ovate,   sharply    toothed    leaves. 

Flesh  pink         ^^^  ^  usually  yellowish  buff  stem  of  a 

June-August  .  ,  ,  ,  .    .  e        ^  l. 

wiry  character,  upon  which  are  ireely  set 
the  alternate  leaves.  The  beautiful  flower-spike  is  pyram- 
idal but  blunt  and  branching,  and  is  closely  crowded 
with  flesh  pink  and  white  flowers'  resembling  miniature 
apple-blossoms,  with  prominent  pink-red  stamens.  It 
is  frequently  visited  by  the  smaller  butterflies  and  the 
bees,  and  possesses  a  shglit  fragrance.  The  name  is 
from  the  Greek,  and  means  twisting,  alluding  to  the 
twist  in  the  pods  of  some  species.  2-4  feet  high.  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mo.  and  S.  Dak. 

A  similar  species,  but  readly  distin- 
sfeeplebus*h  guished  by  its  woolly  stem  (terra-cotta 
SpiroEa  tome  11-  red)  and  leaves  ;  the  latter  are  olive  green 
tosa  of  a  dark  tone  above,  and  very  whitish 

Deep  pink  ^^^^  woolly  beneath.     The  slender  steeple- 

September         ^^^®  flower-spike  is  crowded  with  tiny, 

deep  rosy  pink  flowers,  smaller  than  those, 
of  the  preceding  species  ;    the  succession  of   blooni  is 
unfortunately  slow,  and  doirnwarcl,  so  the  top  of  the 
i8S 


Spiraasalicifo- 
lid-vdrlatifolia. 


Hard  hack. 
Spiraea  tomentosa^. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceas, 


spike  is  often  in  a  half -withered  condition.  2-4  feet 
high.  In  dry  or  wet  ground,  same  range  as  the  pre- 
ceding  species. 

Queenc-of-the-  ^  ^^^^  western  species,  also  in  cultiva- 
Prairie  tion,  with  handsome,  fragrant,  deep  pink, 

Spiraea  lobata  or  peach-blossom-colored  flowers,  and  cut- 
Deep  pink  lobed,  deep  green,  smooth,  large  leaves 
June-July  ^-  ,.    .   .  %^ 

oi    sometimes  seven  divisions.     It  grows 

in  moist  situations  or  on  the  prairies.  The  terminal  leaf- 
let is  larger  than  the  others.  The  large  compound 
flower-cluster  of  perfect  fine-petaled  flowers,  is  feathery 
in  character.  2-8  feet  high.  Western  Pa.,  south  to 
Ga.  and  Ky.,  west  to  Wis.  and  Iowa.  An  escape  to 
roadsides  in  Peacham,  Randolph,  and  Lower  Cabot,  Vt. 
(Brainerd,  Jones,  and  Eggleston). 

Goat's  Beard  Another  tall  and  handsome  species  with 
Spircea  a  compound  flower-spike  formed  of  many 

Ai-uncus  little  spikes  about  as  large  around  as  one's 

Yellowish  j-|.^^g    finger.       The    tiny    narrow-petaled 

May-July  flowers  are  yellowish  white,  and  are  an 

exception  to  the  general  rule  of  the 
family,  as  they  are  staminate  on  one  plant  and  pistillate 
upon  another.  The  stem  is  smooth  and  the  deep  green 
leaves  are  compound,  with  sometimes  eleven  small  leaf- 
lets. The  pistillate  flower  has  usually  three  distinct 
pistils.  3-6  feet  high.  In  rich  woods,  N.  Y.,  south  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  Mo. 

A  shrubby  roadside  species  which  suffers 
Purple  Flower=3 
in e=  Raspberry  '^^'itli  a  misleading  name;  the  Rose  Family 

Rubus  odoratus  is  quite  incapable  of  producing  a  true 
Crimson^pink  purple  flower.  This  big-leaved  plant  ex- 
or  magenta=  hibits  a  wild-ioselike  flower  of  five  broad 
j' ne-Au2ust  Petals  whose  color  is  at  first  deep  crimson- 
j)ink,  and  at  last  a  faded  magenta-pink. 
The  large  maplelike  leaves  are  3-5  lobed  and  a  trifle 
hairy.  The  stem  is  covered  with  short  red  or  brown 
bristly  hairs ;  the  flower-stems  are  particularly  red,  as 
well  as  the  calyx,  or  flower-envelop.  The  fruit  is  in- 
sipid and  resembles  a  flat,  red  raspberry  ;  it  is  often 
called  Thimble-berry.  3-5  feet  high.  Common  in  stony 
woodlands,  beside  the  shaded  road,  and  in  copses.  Me., 
190 


*upple  Flowering-Ra.spberp:^. 


Rubus  odoratus. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacese. 


south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mich.     The  name  ruhus  is  an 
ancient  one  for  bramble,  from  ruber,  red. 
Cloudberry,  or      ^"®  ^^  *^^^  interesting  relatives  of  the 
Mountain  common  raspberry  which  finds  its  home 

Raspberry  among  the  clouds  of  high  mountain-tops, 

Ruhus  Chamce.  j^  j^  f^^^^^j  ^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^  ^^  ^j^^  ^yj^.^^ 
niorus  .  . 

vyiii^g  Mountains  and   on  the   coast   of   eastern 

June-July  Maine.      The    cloudberry  is  another    in- 

stance of  a  break  in  the  family  rule  :  the 
flowers  are  staminate  on  one  plant  and  pistillate  on 
another.  The  solitary  white  flower  is  about  an  inch 
broad.  The  plant-stem  is  herbaceous,  not  shrubby,  and 
the  leaves  are  rather  roundish  with  5-9  lobes  ;  the  stem 
is  unbranched  and  with  only  2-3  leaves.  The  fruit  is  a 
pale  wine  red,  or  when  nearly  ripe,  amber  color,  and 
possesses  a  delicate  flavor  ;  the  lobes  are  few.  3-10 
inches  high.     Me.  to  N.  Y.,  north  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

^  ,  ,  A  delicate  woodland  plant  with  a  white 

Dalibarda  ,  .  ...         ,  „,.,-, 

repeals  blossom  like  that  of  the  wild  strawberry, 

White  and  densely   woolly  or  fine-hairy  stems 

June-  and  leaves  ;    the   latter  are   dark  green, 

September  heart-shaped,  and  wavy  or  scallop-toothed. 
In  form  they  closely  resemble  those  of  the  common  blue 
violet.  The  1-2  white  flowers  about  ^  inch  in  diameter 
are  borne  on  long  fuzzy,  sometimes  ruddy  stems  ;  it  is 
said  that  they  fertilize  in  the  bud  before  opening.  2-4 
inches  high.  In  the  northern  woods,  from  Me. ,  south  to 
southern  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Ohio  and  Mich.  Found  in 
Langdon  Park,  Plymouth,  N.  H. 

A  rather  tall,  fine-hairy  plant  with  an- 
White  Avens  gular,  branching  stem,  insignificant  five- 
Geum  album  p^taled  white  flowers,  and  three-divided 
White  f  ,         .        , 

June-August     leaves,  except  the  simple  uppermost  ones  ; 

the  root-leaves  of  3-5  leaflets,  all  toothed. 
The  flowers  succeeded  by  a  burlike  densely  briscly  seed- 
receptacle.  18-24  inches  high.  On  the  borders  of  woods 
and  shaded  roads.  Common  in  the  north,  but  south 
only  to  Ga. 


192 


! 


DaclibacPda  re  pens. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


_       ^  ^  A  bristly  hairy-stemmed  plant  common 

Rough  Avens  -,  ■,  ^i      T      i 

Q(;^^rn  ^^  ^^^"^^  grounds  and  on  the  borders  of  low 

Virginianum  damp  woods,  with  flowers  and  leaves  simi- 
Cream  white  lar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species.  The 
May-July  stem  very  stout.     The  flower  has  incon- 

spicuous cream  white  petals  wdiich  roll  backward. 
Common  over  the  same  territoiy. 

A  slightly  hairy  species  with  compound 
Gexim  strictum  j^^^^^.  leaves,  the  leaflets  wedge-shaped 
Golden  yellow        .,.  ,    ,.  ,,  °  ... 

July-August      ^^'ith  round  tips,     the  upper  leaves  with 

3-5  leaflets  irregular,  oblong,  and  acute. 
Flowers  golden  yellow.  Fruit-receptacle  downy.  Moist 
meadows  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Kan.,  Neb.,  and 
S.  Dak. 

An  aquatic  or  marsh  species,  with  Ivre- 
Purple  Avens       ,  ■,  -  i  i     •  i 

Geum  rirale  shaped  root-leaves,  and  irregular  corn- 
Brownish  pound  upper  leaves  ;  the  stem-leaves  few, 
purple  and  three-lobed.  The  nodding  flowers 
July-August  brownish  or  rusty  purple,  with  obovate 
petals  terminating  with  a  claw.  2  feet  high.  Bogs  and 
wet  meadows,  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn, 
and  Mo. 

An  exceedingly  pretty  and  graceful  but 
Long-plumed  ■Z\         a  ^-         j      -i  ^ 

Avens  ^^^®  avens,  with  a  decorative,  deeply  cut 

Geum  triflorum  leaf,  and  a  ruddy  flower-stalk  generally 

Dull  crimson-    bearing  three  ruddy  flowers  with  scarcely 

''^'*  opened    acute,    erect     calyx-lobes.      The 

^~  "  ^  fruit  is  daintily  plumed  with  gray  feathery 

hairs,  about  an  inch  long.     6-12  inches  high.     Dry  or 

rocky  soil.     Me.,  west  to  Minn.,  south  to  Mo. 

This  is  a  dwarf   species  with   smooth 

var  Peckii  stem  and  showy  pure  yellow  flowers  quite  . 

Yellow  an   inch   broad,    which   is  found   on  Mt. 

July-early  Washington,  and  other  high  peaks  in  the 

September         north.     The   ornamental  roundish  leaves 

are  nearly  smooth  —  except  the  veins.     Also  on  the  high 

mountains  of  N.  Car. 


194 


Lieum  triflopum. 


Avens. 

Geum  radiatumvarPeckii. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacese. 


Fragaria 
Virginiana 
White 
April-June 


«,...„.     .  .  Our    commonest    wild    strawberry,    at 

Wild  Virginia     ,  •      .u  i     j  ^     •     i     \        ,. 

Strawberry       home  in  the  rough  dry  pasture  lands  of 

the  north  and  south.  Rather  broad, 
coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  blunt- tipped,  and 
hairy.  The  flower-stalk  not  longer  than 
the  leaves,  and  with  spreading  hairs.  The 
flower  lias  many  orange-yellow  stamens  offset  by  the 
Ave  round  white  petals.  The  scarlet  fruit  is  ovoid,  and 
the  tiny  seeds  are  imbedded  in  pits  over  the  surface.  \ 
3-6  inches  high.  Common  throughout  our  range  ;  gen- 
erally in  fields.  The  name  from  the  Latin  fraga, 
fragrant. 

A  slender  species  with  thin  leaflets  which 
are  more  ovate  and  less  wedge-shaped 
than  those  of  the  other  species,  and  have 
silk-silvery  hairs  on  the  under  side.  The 
scarlet  fruit  is  more  conical,  and  the  seeds 
are  borne,  not  in  pits,  but  upon  the  shining, 
smooth  surface.  The  sepals  are  reflexed  or 
turned  backward  from  the  fruit.  This  species  is  remark- 
able for  its  very  long,  delicate  runners.  3-6  inches  high. 
In  rocky  woodlands  and  pastures.  From  N.  Eng.,  N.  J., 
and  Pa.,  west. 

Until  recently  both  these  veiy  distinct  species  were  in- 
cluded under  one  title;  but  the  types  are  easily  distin-  j 
guished  apart,  even  by  the  leaves,  and  the  fruit  is 
certainly  conspicuously  different.  Of  the  two  species 
Fragaria  Virginiana  is  certainly  the  commoner,  at  least 
in  central  New  Hampshire  ;  both  are  deserving  of  the 
name  Fragaria,  for  nothing  is  more  deliciously  fragrant 
than  a  basketful  of  the  wild  berries. 


American 

Wood 

Strawberry 

Fragaria 

Americana 

White 

May-July 


196 


Wild  Virginia  StPdwberpy 
fragapidVipginicd.. 


Amepican 
Wood  Stpawbeppy. 
Fpagapia  Amepicana. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacea. 


Norway 
Cinquefoil 

Potentilla 
Norvegica 
Yellow 
June- 
September 


June- 
September 


A  weedy  plant  differing  from  the  com- 
mon cinquefoil  by  an  extremely  hairy  stem 
and  leaf  ;  the  latter  is  composed  also  of 
three  leaflets  instead  of  five,  and  it  slightly 
suggests  the  strawberry  leaf.  The  five 
not  very  conspicuous  petals  are  somewhat 
isolated  in  the  green  setting  of  the  flower, 
which  is  very  leafy  in  character.  There  are  15-20  sta- 
mens. 12-30  inches  high.  In  dry  or  waste  ground, 
from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car  ,  and  west.  The  name  is 
from  potent  for  the  plant's  reputed  medicinal  powers. 

^       .    ,     .     .       A  similar  stout  plant,  with  a  character- 
Rough^fruited    ....  ,       ,  ^  ,  ,       m, 

Cinquefoil  istically  rough,  horned  seed-vessel.     The 

Potentilla  recta  five  rather  narrow  leaflets  are  deep  green, 
Yellow  very  hairy  beneath,  and  slightly  so  above. 

The  flowers  are  pure  yellow,  and  |  inch 
broad ;  the  petals  are  much  larger  than  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx  (flower-envelop),  which  is  the  reverse 
of  the  case  with  the  Norway  cinquefoil.  Erect,  1-2  feet 
high.  Adventive  from  Europe,  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
old  gardens  and  waste  grounds.  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and 
west  to  Mich.     Found  at  Exeter,  Penobscot  Co.,  Me. 

A  small  species  remarkable  for  its  sil- 
very character.  The  leaflets  are  dark 
green  above  and  silver  white  beneath. 
The  stem  is  also  covered  with  the  silky 
white  wool,  beneath  which  appears  the 
pale  terra-cotta  tint  of  its  surface.  The 
five  wedge-shaped,  narrow  leaflets  are 
rolled  back  at  the  edge,  and  quite  deeply  cut.  The  pure 
yellow  flowers  are  rather  small,  and  loosely  clustered  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches.  5-12  inches  long.  In  dry  and 
sterile  fields,  or  sandy  soil,  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  west 
to  the  Daks. 


Silvery 
Cinquefoil 

Potentilla 
argentea 
Yellow 
May- 
September 


9 

198 


i^)<<^^ 


Norway  Cinque/c 


entillA  iNlorvegicA. 


ROSE  FAMILY.    Rosacea^, 


A  dwarf  Alpine  species  found  on  the 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  rather 
soft-hairy  when  young,  but  smooth  later, 
and  with  three  coarsely  toothed  leaflets, . 
deep  green  and  somewhat  broad.  The 
small  yellow  flowers  are  slender-stemmed  and  generally 
solitary.  1-3  inches  high.  Found  about  the  Lake  of 
the  Clouds  and  elsewhere  on  Mt.  Washington.  Poten- 
tilla  tridenfata,  also  found  on  Mt.  Wash- 
ington and  Mt.  W^achusett,  is  less  dwarfed, 
but  low-growing.  The  three  leaflets  are 
coarsely  three-toothed  at  the  tip,  smooth 
and  thick.  The  flowers  are  white.  1-10' 
Coast  of  Mass.,  northward,  and  shores  of 


Potentilla 
frigida 
Yellow 
June-August 


Potentilla 
iriden  tata 
White 
June-August 


inches  high 

the  upper  Great  Lakes. 

This  is 
Marsh  Five= 
finger  or  Pur^ 
pleCinquefoil 
Potentilla 
palustris. 
Magenta= 
purple. 
June-August 


the  only  purple-flowered  flve- 
finger  and  it  is  therefore  readily  distin- 
guished from  the  others.  The  reddish 
stem  is  stout,  mostly  smooth,  and  a  trifle 
woody  at  the  base.  The  leaves  have  from 
5-7  leaflets  which  are  blunt-tipped,  and 
sharp-toothed.  The  rather  pretty  flowers 
are  magenta-purple  within  and  pale  or 
greenish  without,  through  the  influence  of  the  some- 
what longer  green  sepals  ;  the  blossom  is  nearly  one  inch 
broad,  and  its  petals  are  pointed.  6-20  inches  long.  In 
swamps  and  cold  bogs,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and 
west  to  Cal. 

This  is  indeed  a  shrubby  species  with 
nearly  erect  stems,  tan  brown  in  color, 
and  quite  leafy  ;  the  bark  is  inclined  to 
peel  off  in  shreds.  The  leaves  are  entirely 
different  from  those  of  the  other  species  ; 
they  are  toothless,  olive  yellow-green,  with 
5-7  lance-shaped  leaflets  whose  edges 
curve  backward.  They  are  silky  hairy.  The  deep  yel- 
low flowers,  with  rounded  petals  are  generally  an  inch 
broad.  1-2  feet  high.  It  is  a  troublesome  w-eed  in  N. 
Y.,  western  Vt.,  Mass.,  and  parts  of  the  west.  Swamps 
and  wet  places,  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  west. 


Shrubby 
Cinquefoil 

Potentilla 
fruticosa 
Yellow 
June- 
September 


Pupple  Cinquefoil. 


Potentillapalustpis. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacese 


UKlJt  Silverweed 

Potentilla 
Anserina 
Yellow 
May- 
September 


Five=finger  or 

Cinquefoil 

Potentilla 

simplex 

Yellow 

April-August 


The  silverweed  is  decoratively  beautiful, 
and  is  remarkable  for  its  very  silky  hairs 
which  cover  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  ; 
the  latter  are  tansylike  with  about  7-23 
sharp-toothed  leaflets.  The  j^eilow  flowers 
are  solitar}^  Stem  1-3  feet  long.  In  salt 
marshes  and  on  wet  meadows,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J., 
and  west  to  Neb.  Common  on  the  beaches  of  Lake 
Champlain. 

The  commonest  of  all  the  five-fingers, 
often  wrongly  called  wild  strawberr}', 
with  pure  yellow  flowers  about  ^  inch 
broad.  It  decorates  meadow  and  pasture, 
fertile  and  sterile  grounds,  and  weaves  its 
embroidery  over  the  stony  and  barren 
roadside.  Its  five  deep  green,  shiny,  long-stalked  leaf- 
lets are  sharply  toothed,  firm,  and  smooth,  altogether 
harder  in  character  than  the  three  strawberry  leaflets. 
The  whole  plant  is  generally  smooth,  but  sometimes 
thinly  hairy.  Flowers  solitar}',  fertilized  mostly  by  the 
flies  of  the  genus  Syrphidce.  Runners  6-20  inches  long. 
Common  everywhere  in  the  north.  From  southern 
Me. ,  N.  H. ,  Vt. ,  and  N.  Y. ,  west  to  Minn.  The  common 
similar  form  (or  species)  is  Potentilla  Canadensis,  which 
is  fine-woolly  over  the  stems,  and  does  not  creep  over 
the  ground  so  characteristically  as  P.  simplex. 

A  most  common  weed  with  a  glandular- 
hairy  simple  stem,  and  compound  leaves 
with  a  hairy  stalk  ;  spicy  odored  when 
crushed.  The  usually  seven  bright  green, 
many  -  ribbed  ovate  leaflets  coarsely 
toothed  ;  the  interposed  tiny  leaflets  are 
ovate  and  toothed  ;  there  are  generally  three  pairs 
occupying  the  spaces  between  the  larger  lateral  leaflets. 
The  slender  spikes  of  five-petaled  yellow  flowers  with 
orange  anthers  are  not  show}-.  The  seeds  are  sticky  and 
adhere  to  one's  clothing.  2-4  feet  or  more  high.  Com- 
mon on  the  borders  of  woods  and  in  thickets.  Me., 
south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west.  Found  on  the  roadside  near 
the  Profile  House,  Franconia  Notch,  N.  H. 


Agrimony 

Agrimonia 
Eupatoria 
var.  hirsuta 
Yellow 
June-August 


Agnmone, 
AgnmoniaEupatopia.varhipsutA 


Cinque/bil 
Potentilld  simplex. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceas. 


A  comparatively  thornless  wild  rose, 
Smooth  Rose  with  usually  5-7  blunt  or  round-tipped 
Rosabianda  ig^^fl^^g  j-ather  sliort-stalked,  and  pale  be- 
Pink  '  ^ 

June-July  neath  ;  simply  toothed.     Rarely  there  are 

a  few  straight  slender  prickles  upon  the 
smooth  stem  which  is  usually  covered  with  a  slight 
bloom.  The  pale  crimson-pink  flowers  are  nearly  3  in- 
ches broad  and  are  solitary  or  in  small  clusters.  The 
fruit  is  either  globular  or  pear-shaped  with  persisting 
sepals.  2-4  feet  high.  On  rocky,  moist  ground,  New- 
foundland to  Vt.  and  northern  N.  J.,  and  west  to  111., 
S.  Dak.,  and  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Rosa  is  the 
ancient  name  of  the  rose. 

Swamp  Rose  ^  ^^^y  ^ushy  species,  extremely  decora- 

Rosa  Carolina  tive  in  character,  armed  rather  sparingly 
Pink  with  stout  hooked  spines.     The  5-9  olive 

June-August  g^een  leaflets  sharp-toothed,  long-stalked, 
and  the  stalk  bordered  with  very  narrow  somewhat 
toothed  stipules  (leafy  formations)  ;  the  leaflets  either^ 
blunt  or  sharp-tipped.  The  small  clusters  of  flowers 
succeeded  by  showy,  globular,  red  fruit  which  some- 
times sheds  its  withered  sepals.  The  pale  crimson-pink 
flowers  2-3  inches  broad.  Largely  fertilized  by  bees. 
2-7  feet  high.  Common  in  swamps  and  low  ground 
everywhere.     Found  at  Sankaty  Head,  Nantucket. 

^       ^,,r.,.  A  low  species  with  generally  lustrous 

Dwarf  Wild  ,       ^  „    „  °,  ^  ,    ,      ^ 

I^Qgg  green    leaves   of  from   3-7    oval   leaflets 

Rosa  lucida  coarsely  and  simply  toothed  ;  the  stipules 
Pink  (compare  with  species  above)  are  narrow 

June-July  ^^^^  flaring.     A  marked  characteristic  of 

this  rose  is  the  glandular-hairy  globose  fruit,  stem,  and 
lobed  sepals  ;  before  maturity  this  condition  is  quite 
marked.  The  spines  are  wide  at  the  base  and  rather 
straight  or  very  slightly  curved  ;  the  stems  are  mostly  a 
ruddy  madder  brown.  Flowers  a  pale  or  deeper  crim- 
son-pink, in  small  clusters,  generally  very  few  together. 
The  commoner  rose  of  N.  J.  and  Pa.  1-5  feet  high. 
In  moist  situations.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to 
Wis. 


204 


I 


Wild  5wdmpRose. 


Rosa  Carolina 


Smooth  Rose. 


Spines  of  Rosa  lucida. 

Rosa  bldnda. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosacese, 


A  questionable  species  so  closely  con- 
R^m^humUis^  nected  with Bosa  lucida,  that intergrading 
types  prevent  a  satisfactory  separation  of 
the  two.  Under  the  name  Bosa  humilis  lucida  {Bosa 
lucida  of  Gray's  Manual,  sixth  ed.),  the  rose  of  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  west  is  described  by  Brit- 
ton  and  Brown  as  having  thick  shining  leaves  with 
broad  stipules,  and  numerous  flowers.  Under  Bosa 
humilis,  the  description  embraces  a  narrow,  toothless 
stipule,  usually  five  leaflets,  thin  and  somewhat  shining, 
few  or  solitary  flowers,  a  glandular-hairy  calyx  and 
stem,  and  sepals  commonly  lobed. 

Northeastern  "^^^^^    ^®   ^    ^^^^^   ^^^^    ^^     ^^^^    northeast, 

Rose  limited  to  that  section  lying  between  Mas- 

Bosa  nit  Ida  sachusetts  and  Newfoundland.  It  is  char- 
f*'"*^  acterized  by  a  stem  thickly  crowded  with 

uy  t>?'zs/Zz/pricA:Zes,  and  spines  scarcely  stouter. 

The  5-9  leaflets  are  ovate  pointed,  shining  green,  and 
sharpl}^  toothed ;  the  stipules  are  broad.  Flowers  pale 
pink,  solitary,  or  very  few  in  a  cluster ;  the  fruit  is  globu- 
lar, and  the  sepals  are  not  lobed.  A  low  species  rarely 
over  20  inches  high.  On  tlie  borders  of  sw^amps. 
Sweetbrier  '^'^^  w'ild  rose  or  eglantine  of  the  poets, 

Rosarubiginosa  adventive  from  Europe.  It  is  remarkable 
Pink  for  its  sweet-scented  foliage  which  is  rem- 

June-July  iniscent  of  the  fragrance  of  green  apples, 

and  for  its  long,  arching  stems,  which  are  beautiful 
with  compactly  set  clusters  of  pure  pink  bloom.  The 
very  small  5-7  leaflets  are  double-toothed,  roundish,  deep 
green  above,  and  lighter  colored  beneath,  where  they 
are  resinous,  and  aromatic  when  crushed  ;  the  leaves  are 
also  characteristically  glandular-hairy.  The  somewhat 
small  flowers  are  pink,  or  pale  creamy  pink,  and  clus- 
tered along  the  main  stem  upon  short  stalks.  The  de- 
cidedl}'  recurved  spines  and  the  stem  are  madder  brown 
when  old.  4-6  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  from 
Tenn.  and  Va.,  northward.  Another  foreign  species, 
Rosa  canina,  but  slightly  separated  from  Bosa  mibigi- 
nosa,  has  usually  simph^  toothed  leaves  which  are  not 
BO  odorous.     Common  in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware, 

2o6 


Sweet  brie  p. 


Rosa,  rubiginosa. 


FULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosw. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Legimiinosce. 

A  very  large  family  of  food-producing  plants,  with 

butterfly  like  flowers,  and  alternate,  usually  compound 

leaves,  generally  without  teeth.     The  flowers  are  perfect 

and  are  borne  singly  or  in  spikes  ;  they  are  fertilized 

largely  by  bees  and  butterflies. 

„,..^,   ^.  A  smooth  and  slender  plant  with  deep 

Wild  Indigo  i^   •    1     1  i?  1         ,  J 

Baptisin  gray-green,  triple  leaves  of  wedge-shaped 

tinctoria  leaflets  Covered  with  a  slight  bloom  ;  they 

Yellow  are  almost  stemless.      The  small  pealike 

June-August  blossoms  are  pure  yellow,  and  terminate 
the  many  branches  of  the  upright  stem.  The  flowers 
are  visited  by  the  butterflies  and  the  Syrphid  flies,  but 
the  honeybee,  the  leaf-cutter  bee  Megachile,  and  the 
bees  of  the  genus  Halictus  are  probably  the  most  effi- 
cient agents  of  cross-fertilization.  The  plant  grows 
with  a  bushy  luxuriance  in  favorable  situations,  and  has 
a  most  remarkable  habit  of  turning  black  upon  wither- 
ing. 18-28  inches  high.  In  dry  sandy  soil  everywhere. 
Not  in  central  N.  H. ,  but  common  at  Nantucket.  Found 
at  Pownal,  Vt. 

A  beautiful,  tall,  western  species,  with 
Blue  False  ,  ^i         ^  i  •    i  ^ 

Indigo  P^^®    green    smooth     stem,    light    green 

Baptisia  wedge-shaped,  short-stalked  triple  leaves, 

aiisti-alis  and   loose   flower-clusters,   sometimes   10 

Light  violet       inches  long,  of  light,  dull  violet  blossoms 

u  y  quite  1  inch  long,  of  a  soft,  aesthetic  hue. 

The  peapodlike  fruit  is  tipped  with  a  spur.     Plant  3-6 

feet  high.     On  rich  alluvial  soil,  western  Pa.,  south  to 

Ga.,  and  west  to  Mo.     Quite  handsome  in  cultivation. 

The   rattlebox,   so    named  because   the 

Crotahtria  seeds  rattle  about  in  the  boxlike,  inflated, 

sagittalis  sepia-black  pods,  has  oval  pointed  leaves, 

Yellow  toothless,   and  nearly   stemless,   growing 

June-August     alternately  along  the  bending  stem.     The 

yellow  flowers  are  scarcely  ^  inch  long.     The  stems  and 

edges  of  the   leaves  are  soft-hairy.     4-12  inches  high. 

In  dry  sandy  soil  everywhere,  but  not  very  common. 


208 


1 

ilue 

"alse  Indigo 
^ptisias.u5tPdlis 


PULSE  FAMILY.    Leguminosse. 


This  is  one  of  our  most  charniina:  so- 
Blue  Lupine  „  1  ,  ,  .,  .  ^  ,  .  .  ,. 
Lupinus             called  blue  wild  flowers  ;  but  it  rings  all 

perennis  the    changes  on   violet  and  purple,   and 

Violet  scarcely  touches  blue.     The  pealike  blos- 

May-June  g^j-^  j-^^^g  violet  or  deep  purple  wings  and 

a  light  violet  hood  veined  with  blue-violet.     Rarely  the 

sweet-scented  flowers  are  magenta-pink  or  even  white. 

The  horse-chestnutlike  leaf  has  generally  eight  narrow, 

light  green  leaflets.     Stem  and  long-stalked  leaves  are 

generally  flne-hairy,  and  frequently  show  a  few  touches 

of  purple-red  through  the  green.      The  flower-spike  is 

quite  showy,  and  pinkish  early  in  the  bud.     Fertilized 

by  bees.    1-2  feet  high.     In  sandy  fields  everywhere. 

A  naturalized  species  of  clover,  origi- 
Rabbit=foot  or  ^  i     ui       *     ^^ 

Stone  Clover      ^^Hj    fiom   Europe,   remarkable    for    its 
Trifoiium  oblong  fuzzy  flower-heads,  the  corolla  of 

arvensi.'  which  is  green-white  and  the  calyx  green 

Qray=pink  with  pink  tips,  all  in  effect  rather  gray- 

Seotember         pink.     The  light  green  triple  leaves  have 
narrow,  long  leaflets  with  blunt  tips.     The 
flowers  are  sweet-scented.     4-10  inches  high.     Common 
in  poor  soil,  old  fields,  and  pastures,  everywhere. 

This  is  our  commonest  field  clover  and  a 
Trifoiium  special  favorite  of   the   bumblebee  upon 

pruteuse  whom  it  is  almost  wholly  dependent  for 

Crimson  or        fertilization.      The   plant  was  introduced 
magenta  ^^^    Australia  some  years  ago  and  failed 

May-Septem=     ^  .  wi       «     ^  ^i  i     -^ 

Ijgj,  to  produce  seed  the  first  year  through  its 

separation  from  the  American  bumblebee. 
Later  when  the  insect  was  transported  the  plants  flour- 
ished from  season  to  season.  The  three  (rarely  4-5) 
rather  soft,  dull  bluish  green  leaflets  are  conspicuously 
marked  by  a  whitish  or  j-ellow-green  triangle.  There 
are  two  hairy  white  and  green  stipules  or  leafy  wings  at 
the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk.  Stem  and  leaves  are  soft- 
hairy.  The  somewhat  pyramidal  globular  flow-er-head 
ranges  through  crimson  or  magenta  to  paler  tints  of  the 
same  colors,  and  even  white ;  it  jaelds  a  plentiful  supply 
of  nectar,  which  is  scarcely  reached  by  the  short  tongues 
of  honeybees  ;  also,  the  butterflies  are  not  sufficiently 
heavy  to  depress  the  keel  of  the  floiet  and  thus  expose 

210 


Labbit-foot  Clove  p. 


Tpifohum  anvense. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosse. 


the  anthers.     The  burly  bumblebee  is  therefore  the  best 

pollen  disseminator  of  this  particular  clover.    8-24  inches 

high.     Common  in  fields  and  on  roadsides,  everywhere. 

„..  .     _  This  is  also  one  of  our  most  common 

White  Clover        ,  ^  .         •  i  .     , 

TrifoUulu  clovers,  and  a  permanent  resident  of  the 

repens  grassj^  roadside.     It  is  generally  smooth. 

Cream  white  with  roundish  or  heart-shaped  leaflets 
May-October  marked  less  distinctly  with  a  triangle, 
and  frequentl}"  4-5  leaflets  are  found  on  a  single 
stalk.  The  globular  flower-heads  are  a  translucent 
cream  white,  and  the  florets  are  sometimes  more  or  less 
tinted  with  flesh  pink.  Eventually  the  florets  are  re- 
flexed.  Fertilized  by  bees,  and  rich  in  honey.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  identical  with  the  Shamrock  of  Ireland,  but 
it  is  native  in  the  extreme  north.  4-10  inches  long. 
Creeping  by  runners.     Common  everywhere. 

A  species  somewhat  similar  to  our  white 
tian  Clover  clover,  but  with  a  branching,  stout,  and 
Trifoliu)!,  rather  juicy  stem.     The  leaflets  are  gen- 

hybridviii  erally    obovate    but    not    reverse    heart- 

Creamy  rose  shaped  ;  i.  e.,  with  the  lobed  tip;  the  edges 
Mav-October     ^^'^  finely  toothed,  and.  the  surface  is  not 

marked  with  the  triangle ;  a  pair  of  flar- 
ing stipules  or  leafy  wings  are  at  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stalk. Flower-heads  similar  to  those  of  white  clover  but 
varying  from  pinkish  cream  to  crimson-pink  ;  the 
withered  florets  brownish  and  turning  downward,  ex- 
tremely sweet-scented,  and  rich  in  honey.  Fertilized 
mostly  bj'^  bees.  1-2  feet  high.  On  roadsides,  in  mead- 
ows, and  in  waste  places,  from  Me.  to  Idaho,  and  south 
to  Ga. 

A  small  annual  species,  with  a  smooth 
Hod  Clover  stem  and  light  green,  narrow  and  long 
TrifuUntii  leaflets,   scarcely    suggesting    the   clover- 

agrarinm  leaf.     The  stem  is  branched  and  stands 

Pale  golden  nearly  upright,  or  reclines  ;  the  leaflets 
^^  ^^  .^^_  are  very  finely  but  rather  imperceptibly 
ber  toothed.     The   small,  dull  golden   yellow 

florets  bloom  from  the  base  of  the  flower- 
head  upward,  and  the  withered  florets,  turning  down- 
ward and    becoming  brownish,   resemble   dried  hops. 

212 


liop  Clover. 

Tri folium  agra^rium. 


Alsike  Cloven 
Tnfoliumhybridum 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosae. 


6-15  inches  high.     Common  on  roadsides  and  in  sandy 
fields.     Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Iowa. 

Similar  in  manj^  respects  to  the  forego- 
ing, but  lower,  more  spreading,  and  the 
stems  and  leaves  fine-hairy.     The  leaflets 
are  shorter  and  blunt-tipped,  the  middle 
one  slightly  stemmed  and  the  lateral  ones 
stemless.     The  stipules  (leafy  formations 
at  the  base  of  the  leaf -stalks)  are  broader 
than  those  of  the  preceding  species ;  they 
ovate.     The  tiny  standard  of  the   floret  is 
and  not  curled  up  at  the  edges  as  in  T. 
3-6   inches  high.     Occasional  or  common 
everywhere,  especially  on  roadsides. 

This  is  sometimes  called  yellow  sweet 
clover,  but  its  resemblance  to  clover  is  in 
its  character  rather  than  its  aspect.  It  is 
a  foreign  flower  which  has  established 
itself  in  all  waste  places  especially  in  our 
seaport  towns.  The  three  leaflets  are  long, 
and  toothed.  The  light  golden  yellow 
flowers  are  strung  along  in  a  delicate  spike.  The  stem  is 
smooth  and  2-4  feet  high .  Melilotus  alba  is  a  similar,  tall- 
er, white-flowered  species.  Both  common  everywhere. 
Alfalfa  or  ^  perennial  much  cultivated  for  fodder 

Lucerne  in  the  west  and  south  ;  naturalized  from 

Medicago  sativa  Europe.     Found  in  dry  fields  and  sandy 
Purple  wastes  in  the  East.     The  three  leaflets  are 

long  and  narrow,  toothed  toward  the  tip 
which  is  obtuse,  and  furnished  with  a  tiny  sharp  bristle; 
each  leaflet  has  a  distinct  stalk,  and  that  of  the  middle 
leaflet  is  bent  upward.  The  purple  florets  in  short  clusters. 
12-25  inches  high.     Me. ,  south  to  Va. ,  and  west. 

A  generally  smooth,  tall  beautiful  peren- 
nial with  a  branching  stem,  and  compound 
leaves  of  13-25  or  more  bluish  green,  ellip- 
tical leaflets  set  oppositely  upon  the 
slender  leaf-stem,  in  general  appearance 
like  those  of  the  locust  tree.     The  cream 


Low  Hop 
Clover 

Trifolium 
procumbens 
Pale  golden 
yellow 

June-Septem- 
ber 

are  pointed 
wide-spread 
agrarium. 


Yellow  Melilot 

MelUotus  offi- 
cinalis 
Light  golden 
yellow 
June-August 

blunt- tipped, 


Milk  Vetch 

Astragalus 
Canadensis 
Greenish 
cream  yellow 
July-August 


214 


Alfalfa, 
liedic&go  sativa 


Yellow  Melilot. 
Tlelilotusofficinalia 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosx. 

yellow  slender  blossoms  are  green-tinged  especiallj-  at  the 
base,  and  are  thickly  set  in  a  dense  spike  springing  from 
the  junction  of  the  leaf-stalk  with  the  plant  stem.  They 
are  cross-fertilized  mostly  by  the  long-tongued  bees ; 
the  bumblebees,  Bomhus  separatus,  B.  americanorum, 
and  B.  peiinsylvaniciis  are  frequent  visitors,  as  are  the 
butterflies, — Colias  philocUce,  the  clouded  sulphur,  and 
Papilio  asterias,  the  black  swallowtail.  The  flowers 
are  succeeded  by  short,  broad,  leathery,  straight,  and 
pointed  pods.  1-4  feet  high.  Along  streams  and  river- 
banks,  from  western  New  York,  and  on  the  shores  and 
islands  of  Lake  Champlain,  N.  Y.  and  Vt.,  south  to  Ga. 
and  La.,  and  west  to  Col. 

An  annual  (adventive    from    Europe), 
Nonesuch  or  .  i  \  4.     •   -    j     -  *^i     1    • 

Black  Medick    ^^'^th  a  somewhat  twisted  stem  partly  lymg 

Medicago  on  the  ground,  slightly  downy  or  rough  ; 

lupniina  the  three  leaflets  obovate  or  wedge-shaped 

Yellow  with  a  bristle  tip.     The  yellow  flowers  in 

September  small,  short  spikes.     About  6  inches  high. 

Pods  almost  black,  kidney-formed,  con- 
taining but  one  seed.  Common  in  waste  places  every- 
where. 

Tick  Trefoil  ^  common   weed  which    flourishes  in 

Desmodium  dry  woods.  The  generally  leafless  flower- 
nudiflorum  stem  rises  from  the  root,  and  bears  a 
Pale  magenta  scattered  cluster  of  very  small  magenta- 
Juiv-Aue:ust      pi^^  o^    lilac    flowers,    the   broad  upper 

petals  of  which  are  notched  at  the  apex 
and  turned  backward,  the  lower  narrow  ones  are  lilac 
and  white ;  the  stamens  are  prominent.  The  flower  is 
fertilized  by  honeybees  and  many  other  smaller  bees, 
especially  those  of  the  genus  Halictiis.  The  stout, 
shorter  leaf-stalk  is  terminated  by  the  leaf-clusters,  of 
three  ovate,  toothless  leaflets.  The  hairy  two-jointed 
pods  or  seed-vessels  stick  to  one's  clothing  or  are  dis- 
tributed by  some  similar  means  of  transportation.  18- 
25  inches  high.  In  woodlands  from  Me.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn. 


216 


Tick  Trefoil. 


Desmodium  nudiflopum. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Legutninosas. 


This  species  has  similar  flowers,  but 
they  are  considerably  larger  and  borne 
on  a  slender  stalk  which  rises  from  the 
plant-stem  at  the  point  where  the  leaf- 
stalks spring  outward.  The  broad, 
pointed  leaflets  are  much  larger  and  a 
The  strange  seed-pod  like  that  of  the  fore- 
going species  is  2-3  jointed.  The  name  is  from  Sed/^oS 
a  chain,  alluding  to  the  connecting  joints  of  the  pod. 
By  means  of  these  joints  the  pods  attach  to  the  furry 
coats  of  animals.  1-4  feet  high.  The  same  distribution. 
The  stem  of  this  silky  hairy  tick  trefoil 
bends  or  lies  near  the  ground.  The  leaflets 
are  quite  round,  comparatively  speaking, 
soft-hairy,  and  not  pointed.  The  flowers 
are  light  purple-magenta,  and  the  pod 
3-5  jointed,  constricted  nearly  equally  at 
2-5  feet  long.  About  the  same  distribution. 
This  species  has  oblong  lance-shaped 
leaflets,  or  quite  ovate  ones,  nearly  if  not 
quite  smooth  above,  an  erect  and  nearly 
smooth  stem,  and  branching  flower-stalks 
bearing  very  small  pale  magenta  flowers. 
Pod  2-4  jointed,  the  sections  nearly  triangular.  2-3  feet 
high.  Not  farther  south  than  Va.  and  Ky. ,  west  to  Neb. 
A  still  narrower-leaved  species,  the  deep 
green  leaflets  scarcely  2  inches  long,  and 
linear  lance-shaped,  resembling  willow 
leaves.  The  flow^er-spikes  are  rather  hori- 
zontally branched  ;  Pale  magenta  flowers 
Pod  4-6  jointed.  The  slender  stem  2-3  feet 
high.     Common. 

The  most  showy  species  of  the  genus, 
with  crowded  flower-clusters  terminating 
a  tall,  stout,  and  hairv  stem.     The  leaves 


Desniodium, 
ticuviinatinn 
Pale  magenta 
June- 
September 

trifle  hairy. 


Desmodium 
rotundifolium 
Purple- 
magenta 
July- 
September 

both  edges. 

y^T  Desmodium 
^^  DiUenJi 

Pale  magenta 
June- 
September 


Desmodium 
pnniridatum 
Pale  magenta 
July- 
September 


very  small. 


Canadian  Tick 
Trefoil 

D€sm,odiiini 

Canndense  are  nearly  without  stalks,  or  with  short 

Dull  magenta-  ones,  and  the  three  leaflets  (longer-stalked) 
P'"'^  are    oblong    lance-shaped.      The    flowers 

September         (larger  than  those  of  the  other  species)  are 
nearly  i  inch  long,  and  vary  in  color  from 
magenta  to  magenta-pink.     Pods  3-5  jointed  and  quite 

2l8 


Canadian  Tick  Trefoil.       Desmodium  Canadense. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosae. 


hairy.  2-6  feet  high.  Common  on  the  borders  of 
copses  and  on  river  banks,  from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car., 
and  west  to  Mo.  and  Neb. 

Trailing  Bush  ^^  interesting  httle  plant  with  a  trailing 
Clover  habit,  its   perpendicular   branches    rising 

Lespedeza  ivom  a  stout  horizontal  stem.     The  little 

P^rpir-magen- ^^^^^^  are  cloverlike.  The  whole  plant 
ta  or  magenta=  '^^'ooHj  hairy.  The  tiny  pealike  blossoms 
pink  magenta-pink  or  a  light  purple-magenta. 

August-  12-25  inches  long.     Common  in  dry  soil 

September  everywhere. 

Lespedeza  -^^  upright  and  tall  species  with  small 

violacea  elliptical  leaflets  distinctly  stalked.     Stem 

Purple  sparingly  hairy  and  much  branched.     The 

August-  small  flowers  purple  or  violet-purple.     1-3 

September  ^     ^  ,  •    ,         ^  •       ■,  •/         , 

feet  high.     Common  in  dry  soil,  and  on 

the  borders  of  copses  everywhere. 

Lespedeza  An    erect    species    with    smooth,  dark 

reticulata  green,     cloverlike     leaves,     crowding     a 

Purple  rather  straight,   generally   smooth  stem, 

which  is  terminated  by  the  small,  crowded,  purple 
flower-cluster  ;  smaller  clusters  also  spring  from  the 
junction  of  stem  with  leaf-stalk.  The  Lespedezaa, 
especially  this  one,  are  apt  to  exhibit  two  kinds  of 
flowers  ;  those  with  showy  petals,  which  are  sterile,  and 
those  petalless  and  minute,  which  are  abundantly  fer- 
tile. According  to  Prof.  Robertson,  the  chief  visitors  of 
this  flower  are  the  bumblebee  Bombus  ainericanoruiny 
the  leaf-cutting  bee  (Megachile),  and  the  ground  bee 
{Halictus ;  notably  H.  ligatus).  Among  the  butterflies, 
Colias  pliilodice  and  Pampliila  cernes  are  occasional 
visitors.  1-3  feet  high.  ]\Iass.  and  Mich.,  south. 
Lespedeza  '^^^i^  species  has  yellow-white  flowers 

polystachya  purple-spotted,  which  grow  in  small  dense. 
Yellow=white,  bristly,  oblong  spikes.  The  stem  is  silky 
spotted  hairy,   and   the  round-ovate  leaflets   are 

slightly  separated  by  the  conspicuous  stalk  of  the  middle 
one.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  on  dry 
hillsides. 


Leaves  with  a  bnistly  extension  of  the  midrib. 

Bush  Clove  P. 


Lespedeza.  violacea,) 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosas. 


Lespedeza  '^^^  flowers  of  this  species  are  clustered 

capitata  in  small  round  heads  terminating  a  stiff, 

White  straight  stalk,  which  is  silky  hairy.     The 

*  "^^^  ^  leaves  have  three  oblong  leaflets,  and  are 

nearly  stemless.  The  flowers  are  similar  to  the  fore- 
going species,  or  they  are  white,  magenta  streaked. 
Visited  by  the  leaf-cutter  bee  {Megachile  brevis)  among 
many  others.  2-4  feet  high.  Same  situations  everywhere. 
Common  Vetch  -^  climbing  annual  adventive  from  Eu- 
Vicia  sativa  rope  where  it  is  cultivated  for  fodder  ;  one 
Purple  Qf  ii^Q  genus  is  also  extensively  cultivated 

May-August  -^^  j^^j^^^  notably  about  Naples,  and  in  the 
vicinity  of  Pompeii.  The  flowers,  which  are  purple  or 
even  magenta-pink,  grow  in  pairs  or  singly  at  the  junc- 
tion of  stem  with  leaf-stalk.  The  8-10  leaflets  are  obtuse 
oblong,  notched  at  the  tip,  and  the  stalk  terminates  in 
two  twining  tendrils.  The  pod  resembles  that  of  the 
pea,  but  it  is  long  and  slender.  Stem  1-3  feet  long.  N. 
Eng.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak. 
Cow  Vetch  ^  perennial,  and  graceful  plant  climbing 

Vicia  Cracca  by  tendrils,  and  characterized  by  a  fine, 
Light  violet  downy  hairiness.  The  compound  leaf  has 
June-August  twenty  or  more  lance-shaped  leaflets  ter- 
minated abruptly  by  a  bristlelike  point.  The  small 
bean-blossomlike  flower  is  light  violet,  the  upper  petal  is 
lined  with  a  deeper  violet ;  the  cluster  is  sometimes  quite 
four  inches  long,  and  is  one-sided  ;  it  grows  from  be- 
tween the  leaf -stalk  and  the  plant-stem.  The  color  of 
the  foliage  is  rather  gray  olive  green.  Fruit  like  a  small 
pea-pod.  Stem  2-3  feet  long.  Dry  soil,  on  the  borders 
of  thickets,  and  cultivated  fields.  Me.  and  N.  J.,  west 
to  Iowa  and  Minn. 

Easily  distinguished  from  the  foregoing 

^^^^^  by  its  generally  smooth  character  and  its 

Americana  ,  ,i.      .      ,   ,       n    -  i  •   i  i 

Light  violet       obtuse  elliptical  leaflets  which  are  less  in 

number  (8-14)  and  distinctly  veined.     The 

light  violet  flowers  are  larger,  and  only  3-9  form  the 

rather  loose  cluster.     2-3  feet  long.     In  moist  soil.     Me. , 

south  to  Va.  and  Ky.,  and  west  to  Nev.     The  Vicias 

are  in  general  cross-fertilized  with  the  assistance  of  the 


Cow  Vetch 


Vicia  CracCdL, 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosx. 


family  Hymenoptera,  the  bees  ;  the  honeybee  is  one  of 

the  commonest  visitors. 

„      .  „  A  seaside  plant,  but  one  common  also  on 

Dcsch  Pcfl 

Lathyms  *^^®  shores  of   the  Great  Lakes  ;    its  con- 

maritimus  struction   and   habit  similar  to   those  of 

Ruddy  purple  Vicia.  There  are  6-12  oval  leaflets,  bris- 
May-August  tie-tipped,  and  a  ruddy  purple  flower-clus- 
ter of  5-12  bean-blossom-shaped  florets ;  the  cluster  is 
somewhat  long-hemispherical  in  outline.  At  the  base 
of  the  compound  leaves  are  a  pair  of  conspicuous  arrow^- 
head-shaped  stipules,  or  leaflets.  The  pod  is  veiny  and 
about  2  inches  long.  The  stout  stem  is  angled  and  1-2 
feet  high.  Sandy  soil  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  west  to 
Oregon. 

This  is  a  slender  marsh-loving  plant  with 
If-  an  angled  and  winged  stem,  narrow  lance- 

shaped  stipules  (leafy  formations  at  the 
base  of  the  compound  leaves),  and  with  2-4  pairs  of 
lance-shaped  leaflets.  The  loose  and  ruddy  purple  spare 
flower-cluster  (of  2-6  flowers  about  ^  inch  long)  is  as  long 
as  the  compound  leaf.  The  narrow,  veiny  pod  is  about 
2  inches  long.  Stem  1-3  feet  long.  In  wet  situations, 
from  Me.,  Mass.,  N.  J.,  and  N.  Y.,  west  to  the  Pacific 
coast. 

^  ,  A  climbing  vine  reaching  a  height  of 

around  Nut  ,        ^  .  %        *     ^       rp,  ^  •    t    i 

Apios  tuberosa  ^bout  four  or  five  feet.  The  root  is  tuber- 
Maroon  and  ous  and  edible.  The  compound  leaf  is 
pale  brown=  composed  of  3-7  toothless,  ovate-pointed 
'''^*^  leaflets,  smooth  and  light  green.     The  ses- 

September  thetic  flower-cluster  is  maroon  and  pale 
brown-lilac  in  color  with  a  texture  of 
velvet ;  the  bean-blossomlike  florets  are  cloyingly  sweet, 
and  suggest  English  violets  with  a  slight  and  strange 
horse-chestnut  odor.  They  are  fertilized  mostly  by  the 
various  bees,  including  the  honeybee.  The  name  is 
from  ocTtiov,  a  pear,  alluding  to  the  pear-shape  of  the 
tubers.  The  plant  is  exceedingly  beautiful  and  worthy 
of  cultivation.  On  low,  damp  ground,  from  Me.,  south, 
and  west  to  S.  Dak. ,  Neb. ,  and  Kan.  Found  in  CamptoD, 
N.  H. 


224 


Ground  Nut. 


Apios  tubeposa. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosas. 


Another  perennial  climber,  distino-uished 
Wild  Bean  .      -^    ,      .     .  ^^  i      o         '    •    ^    ?    ^  ,, 

Phaseolus  "^  ^^^  ^*^'^^  *-*^  tiiree  leaflets  pointed  at  the 

perennis  tip  and  rounded  at  the  base.     The  plant  is 

Red=purple  very  fine-hairy  and  considerably  branched. 
July-Septein=  rj^j^^  flower-cluster  is  thin  and  about  4- 
8  inches  long  ;  the  red-purple  blossoms 
are  scarcely  over  ^  inch  long.  The  pods  are  stalked, 
drooping,  and  a  trifle  curved.  Stem  5-12  feet  long.  In 
thickets  Me. ,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb, 

A  similar,  but  annual  species,  with  a 
anaulosa'  low-twining  stem  about  6-8  feet  long,  the 

Greenish  white  leaflets  sometimes  bluntly  lobed  and  some- 
or  purple  times  entire.     The  3-10  greenish  white  or 

July-Septeni=  red-purple  flowers  about  |  an  inch  long, 
in  a  loose  cluster.  The  slender  linear 
pod  is  fine-hair}^  and  about  3  inches  long  or  less. 
Stem  branching  at  the  base  and  about  4-8  feet  long. 
Sandy  river-banks,  and  meadow  borders,  Mass.,  south, 
and  west  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn.,  and  south- 
west to  Kan. 

A  dainty  vine  with  delicate  light  green 
Peanut  leaves  formed  of  three  smooth,  angularly 

Amphicarpoea    ovate-pointed  leaflets,    and   bearing    two 
monoica  kinds  of  fruit.     The  perfect  lilac  or  ma- 

Magenta>]ilac    genta-lilac  narrow  blossoms  are  in  small 
tember  drooping  clusters  ;  these  are  succeeded  by 

many  small  pods  about  an  inch  long  hold- 
ing generally  three  mottled  beans.  The  other  fruitful 
blossom  is  at  the  base  or  root  of  the  plant  in  rudimen- 
tary form  with  but  few  free  stamens  ;  it  is  succeeded  by 
a  pear-shaped  pod  containing  one  large  seed  — hence  the 
name  wild  peanut.  The  name  of  the  plant  means  both 
and  fruit,  in  reference  to  the  two  kinds  of  fruit.  The 
pod  of  the  upper  blossom  is  curved  and  broad  at  the  tip, 
it  matures  about  the  middle  of  September,  The  slender 
stem  twines  about  the  roadside  shrubbery,  and  is  from  2- 
7  feet  long.  Common  everywhere  in  moist  ground  from 
Me.,  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  La.  Found  in  Campton, 
N.  H. 


226 


Wild  Bean.  ^ 
Phaseolus  perennis. 


{-^M  ^09  Peanut. 
Amphicappaea  monoica. 


PULSE  FAMILY.     Leguminosse. 


Wild  Senna 

Cassia 
Marilandica 
Golden  yel- 
low, brown- 
tipped 
July-August 


A  showy   and    decorative    plant    with 
compound   leaves  of  12-20  broad  lance- 


shaped  leaflets  of  a  rather  yellow-green    I 
tone.      They  are  smooth  and  somewhat 
sensitive  to  the  touch.     The  flower-clus- 
ters   are  loosely  constructed.     The   light 
golden  yellow  flowers  of  five  slightly  un- 
equal petals  are  accented  in  color  by   the  prominent    ji 
chocolate  brown  of  the  anthers  ;  the  stamens  are  very    f 
unequal  in  length.     3-8  feet  high.     In  swamps  and  al- 
luvial soil  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,    Neb. 
Kan.,  and  La. 

An  erect  annual  species  with  large 
showy  yellow  flowers,  1\  inches  across,  in 
groups  of  2-4  at  the  bases  of  the  sensitive 
leaves  ;  often  the  five  petals  are  purple- 
spotted  at  the  base.  The  20-30  leaflets,  i 
less  than  an  inch  long,  are  blunt  lance-  ' 
shaped  and  pointed  with  a  tiny  bristle.  The  slender 
pod  about  2  inches  long  is  slightly  hairy.  1-2  feet  high. 
In  dry  or  sandy  fields,  everywhere.  But  not  in  Me., 
N.  H.,  or  Vt.,  or  if  in  Me.,  very  rare. 

A  similar  species,  but  tall,  and  with  very 
Wild  Sensitive  „  ,    .  ^  '.  '  „  „  ^ 

Pl^j^^  small  and  inconspicuous  yellow  flowers. 

Cassia  The   12-40  tiny   leaflets   scarcely  f   inch 

nictitans  long.      The  flowers  in  groups  of  2-3  at 

the  bases  of  the  leaves.     6-12  feet  high.  Me.,  south  to 

Ga.,  and  west  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.     Not  in  N.  H.,  and 

if  in  Me.  exceedingly  rare,  for  only  one  record  exists. 


Partridge  Pea 

Cassia 

('hanuecrista 
Yellow 

July-Septem- 
ber 


228 


Partridge  Pea.  Cassia  Chamaecrista. 


GERANIUM  FAMILY.     Geraniaceas. 


GERANIUM  FAMILY.     Geraniacece. 

A  small  family  of  plants  with  symmetrical  and  per- 
fect flowers  of  mostly  five  parts,  viz.  :  five  petals,  five 
sepals  (usually  distinct),  and  five  stamens  or  twice  that 
number.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Cross-fertilized  by  bees,  but- 
terflies, and  the  beelike  flies. 

A  delicate  wild  flower  pale  or  deep  ma- 
Wild  Geranium  .        ■    -,  ^     i     i^  i 

or  Cranesbill      ^enta-prnk,  or  quite  light  purple  ;  some- 

Geranium  times  the  ten  anthers  are  a  delicate  peacock 

maculatum        blue.     The  deeply  cut,  five-lobed  leaf   is 
Magenta=pink    rough-hairy  ;  the  stem  and  the  unfolded 
ay-  uy  flower-envelop  (the  bud)  are  also  remarka- 

bly hairy.  The  blossoms  are  cross-fertilized  mostly  by  tlie 
agency  of  honeybees,  and  the  smaller  bees  of  the  genus 
Halictus — particularly  Halictus  coriaceus,  and  the  Syr- 
phid  flies.  The  flower  is,  perhaps,  quite  incapable  of 
self-fertilization  in  the  absence  of  insects,  as  the  pollen 
is  ripe  and  the  anthers  fall  away  before  the  stigma 
is  receptive.  The  leaves  with  their  brown  or  white 
spots  are  the  occasion  of  the  specific  title,  maculatam. 
1-2  feet  high.  In  woodlands  and  wooded  roadsides, 
from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west.  Found  in  Camp- 
ton,  N.  H. 

A  rather  handsome  and  decorative  spe- 
Herb  Robert  .  ,         ^-        n  -r.  t  ^-          •  ,     j 

Geranium  ^^^^  adventive  from  Europe,  distinguished 

Robertianum  for  its  generally  ruddy  stems  and  strong 
Magenta  odor  when  bruised.    The  ornamental  leaves 

^^y-  with  3-5  divisions  are  deep  green  some- 

times modified  with  the  ruddy  tinge  of 
the  plant.  The  flowers  are  deep  or  pale  magenta,  and 
are  succeeded  by  long-beaked  seed-vessels.  10-18  inches 
high.  On  the  borders  of  rocky  woods,  from  Me.,  south 
to  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Mo. 

A  somewhat  similar  species,  but  distin- 

B'^k'^^7v^-  guished  by  its  almost  skeleton-lobed  leaf 

and  remarkable  seed-vessel  the  persistent 

style  of  which  splits  upward /rom  the  boseand  bears  the 

seed  at  the  tip.    The  flowers  are  pale  magenta,  and  are 


230 


At" 


Herb  Robert 
Geranium  Robertia^num. 


GePAni'um  Bicknellii, 


GERANIUM  FAMILY.     Qeraniacees, 


generally  borne  in  pairs.  8-16  inches  high.  Me.  to 
southern  N.  Y.,  and  northwest  to  western  Ontario, 
Canada. 

Geranium  Another  similar  species  but  one  more 

Carolinianmn  commonly  distributed  through  the  Soutli. 
Pale  magenta  The  leaves  are  deeply  cut  and  narrowly 
May-August  lobed,  and  the  pale  magenta  flowers  are 
borne  in  compact  clusters.  The  beak  to  the  seed-vessel 
is  nearly  an  inch  long,  and  is  short-pointed  in  contradis- 
tinction to  that  of  the  foregoing  species,  which  is  long- 
pointed.  The  curved  sections  of  the  beak  are  also 
shorter.  The  stem  is  fuzzy  and  8-15  inches  high.  In 
poor  soil  from  Me.,  south  to  Mex.,  and  west.  This  gera- 
nium as  well  as  the  others  is  more  or  less  dependent 
upon  the  small  bees  {Halictus),  and  the  Syrpliid  flies 
for  cross-fertilization.  The  flower  has  ten  perfect  sta- 
mens, however,  and  the  inner  circle  of  their  anthers  is 
so  near  the  stigjna  that  self-pollinization  may  easily 
occur  ;  that  is  the  expressed  opinion  of  Professor 
Robertson. 

^  .     „  .^       A  slender  and  weak-stemmed  little  plant, 

False  Mermaid  /.  ^ 

Floerkea  pro-  with  small  compound  leaves  of  from  3-5 
serpinacoides  leaflets  sometimes  thrice  cleft.  The  tiny 
White  white  flowers  with  three  petals  are  borne 

April-June  singly  on  long  and  slender  stems  proceed- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  leaves.  The  flower  is  succeeded 
by  1-3  fleshy  spherical  seed  receptacles  which  are  set 
snugly  within  the  remaining  three  sepals.  6-15  inches 
high.  In  swampy  land,  and  on  river-banks,  from  Me., 
southwest  to  Pa. ,  and  westward. 


/  /'  (     li    k) 

Cranesbill.     11% 
Geranium 
m^cu  latum 


Geranium  Carolinianum. 


SORREL  FAMILY.     Oxalidaceae. 


SORREL  FAMILY.     OxalidacecE. 

A  small  famil}^  of  low  herbs  in  our  range,  with  trifoli- 
ate leaves  and  perfect,  regular  flowers  of  five  parts  ;  the 
ten  stamens  united  at  the  base.  Fruit  a  five-celled  cap- 
sule. Juice  sour  and  watery.  Cross-fertilized  by  the 
smaller  bees  and  the  beelike  flies. 

One  of  the  most  dainty  of  all  woodland 
Wood  Sorrel  ,      ^  ,  "^ ,  •.      .• 

Q^.^ijj^  plants,  common  in  cool,  damp  situations. 

Acefosfiia  The  leaf  composed  of  three  light  green 

White  pink=       heart-shaped   leaflets    which    droop    and 

veined  f^ld  together  after   nightfall.    The  frail 

ay-  u  y  flowers  nearly  an  inch  broad,  with  five 

notched  petals,  are  borne  singly  on  delicate  long  stems, 
and  are  either  pinkish  white,  striped  with  crimson  lines, 
the  color  deepening  toward  the  centre  of  the  blossom, 
or  white  with  crimson-pink  lines.  Fertilized  by  the 
smaller  bees  (Halicfus),  and  the  Sijrphid  flies.  Cleisto- 
gamic  flowers  (a  kind  fertilized  in  the  bud  without 
opening)  are  also  borne  on  small  curved  stems  at  the 
base  of  the  plant.  A  stemless  perennial  about  3-4  in- 
ches high,  growing  from  a  creeping  scaly-toothed  root. 
Common  in  thin,  damp  woods  from  Me.  to  the  mountains 
of  N.  Car.,  and  west  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. Found  at  Profile  Lake,  Franconia  Notch,  N.  H. 
A  native  of  the  old  world,  and  a  most  interesting  flower 
frequently  introduced  in  the  paintings  of  Fra  Angelico 
and  Sandro  Botticelli. 

Violet  Wood  Another  most  dainty  woodland  species 

Sorrel  common  in  the  South,  and  cultivated  as  a 

O.ralis  vioiacea  house  plant  in  the  North.  The  leaves  are 
Pale  magenta    gjinjiar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

ay-  une  rpj^^  flowers  are  variable,  sometimes  white, 

but  generally  light  magenta  (the  rose  purple  of  Dr. 
Gray) ;  they  are  never  violet.  The  long  flower-stalks 
bear  3-6  or  mo^e  blossoms,  in  contradistinction  to  O. 
Acetosella  which  bears  but  one  flower  on  a  stalk.  It  is 
frequented  by  the  same  class  of  insects  which  visit  the 
last.  4-8  inches  high.  Rocky  ground  and  thin  woods, 
from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  the  Rockies.  Also  among 
the  Andes,  Sopth  America. 

234 


Wood  Sorrel 


Oxalis  Acetosella. 


SORREL  FAMILY.     Oxalidaceas. 


Yellow  Wood 
Sorrel  or 
Lady's  Sorrel 
O.valis  cymosn 
Yellow 
May-Septeni= 
ber 

last  species), 


One  of  the  commonest  yellow  sorrels  of 
the  north  ;  not  a  woodland  plant  but  fa- 
miliar by  every  roadside  and  in  every  field 
and  garden.  The  light  green  stem  erect, 
rather  smooth ,  or  sparingly  hairy  (viewed 
under  the  glass)  ;  the  leaves  of  three  heart- 
shaped  leaflets  (smaller  than  those  of  the 
long-stemmed  and  somewhat  drooping ; 
without  small  leafy  formations  at  the  junction  of  leaf- 
stem  and  plant-stem.  The  rather  deep  lemon  yellow 
flowers  scarcely  ^  inch  broad,  with  five  long  ovate  petals 
and  ten  yellow  stamens  alternately  long  and  short  ;  the 
heart  of  the  blossom  is  green.  There  are  2-6  flowers 
on  a  somewhat  horizontally  spreading,  branched  stem, 
which  are  succeeded  by  hairy  seed-pods  |  inch  long  set 
at  scarcely  a  wide  angle  with  their  stalks.  Visited  by 
the  smaller  bees,  and  Syrphid  flies,  and  also  occa- 
sionally by  the  tiny  butterflies  (Hes^yeria).  3-12  inches 
high,  with  a  weak  stem  but  strong  root.  The  O.  cor- 
niculata,  var.  stricta,  of  the  sixth  ed.  of  Gray's  Manual. 
A  far  less  common  species,  an  annual  or 
perennial,  sustaining  itself  by  far-reaching 
running  roots.  Generally  less  upright 
than  the  last.  With  leafy  formations  at  the 
bases  of  the  leaf-stalks.  Pods  elongated, 
and  erect,  often  set  at  a  sharp  angle 
witli  their  stalks.  In  other  respects  very  similar  to  the 
foregoing  species,  but  rare  ;  near  Burlington,  Vt.  (T. 
E.  Hazen). 


Yellow  Wood 
Sorrel  or 
Lady's  Sorrel 

O.ralis  stricta 
May-Septem= 
ber 


236 


Charactensticai 
in  all  its  parts 

Yellow  Wood  Soppel. 
Oxdiis  stpictA.  Oxa^lis  cymosA, 


FLAX  FAMILY.     Linaceae. 


FLAX  FAMILY.     Linacecn. 

A  small  family  mostly  composed  of  not  very  tall  herbs, 
slender  and  frail  flowered,  but  remarkable  for  having 
furnished  the  world  with  linen  from  time  immemorial. 
The  perfect,  sj-mmetrical  flowers  (of  the  genus  Linum) 
have  five  petals,  sepals,  styles,  and  stamens  ;  the  petals 
before  expansion  are  rolled-up.  The  fruit  is  usually  in  a 
capsule.  Mostly  fertilized  by  the  smaller  bees  and  bee- 
like flies. 

A  smooth  perennial,  with  small  yellow 
Wild  Yellow       ^  ,  }:".  ,11  1  ^1 

Pjg^  flowers  termmatmg  slender  branches  ;  the 

Linum  five  tiny  yellow  petals  scarcely  give  the 

Virginianum  flower  a  width  of  ^  inch.  The  small 
Yellow  leaves   are   lance-shaped,    thin,    and  one- 

ribbed.  The  sepals  are  ovate  and  pointed. 
1-2  feet  high.  Dry  woodlands,  and  shady  places, 
tliroughout  the  north,  and  south  to  Ga. 

A  somewhat  similar  species,  but  an  an- 
sulcatnm  ^^^^  with  a  usually  simple  stem  and  alter- 

nate leaves  ;  the  stem  corrugated,  at  least 
above,  the  sharp,  lance-shaped  leaves  three-ribbed,  and 
the  yellow  flowers  a  full  half-inch  broad.  1-2  feet  high. 
In  dry  soil  from  E.  Mass.,  west  to  tiie  Great  Lakes, 
through  the  mountains  south  to  Ga.,  and  southwest  to 
Tex.     Rare  along  the  seacoast. 

^  ^  A  rather  delicate-api^earing  and  pretty 

Common  Flax  ,      ^         .■        ^  n^  i 

J^l,^^^^,^  annual  adventive  from  Europe  or  escaped 

11  sit  at  hsi  mum  from  cultivation  ;  it  has  been  under  culti- 
Light  blue=  vation  since  prehistoric  times  for  its  linen 
'^'*^'^*  fibre  and  its  seed  oil.      The   stem  erect, 

jj"j.  ^^  ^'""  branching,  and  ridged,  the  alternate  leaves 
lance-shaped,  sharp,  and  three-ribbed.  The 
delicate  blue- violet  flowers,  f  inch  broad,  with  five 
slightly  overlapping  petals,  are  fertilized  mostly  by  the 
honeybee.  9-20  inches  higli.  Along  roadsides,  by  rail- 
ways, in  cultivated  fields,  and  in  waste  places. 


238 


Common  Flax. 


Linum  usitatissimum. 


MILKWORT  FAMILY.     Polygalacese. 


MILKWORT  FAMILY.     Polygalacece 

Mostly  herbs  with  generally  alternate  leaves,  and  per- 
fect but  irregular  flowers  with  five  sepals,  the  two  late- 
ral ones  petallike,  large,  and  colored  ;  the  others  small. 
The  three  petals  are  connected  with  each  other  in  a  tube- 
like form  ;  the  lower  one  is  often  crested  at  the  tip.  The 
generally  eight  stamens  are  more  or  less  united  into  one 
or  two  sets  and  in  part  coherent  with  the  lower  petal, 
but  free  above.  Stigma  curved  and  broad  ;  the  anthers 
generally  cup-shaped  and  opening  by  a  slit  or  hole  at  the 
apex.  Cross-fertilization  effected  by  the  agency  of  bees 
and  the  beelike  flies. 

An  exceedingly  dainty,   low  perennial 
Fringed  Milk=    pigi^-^g    fi-Qni    prostrate    stems    and    roots 
wort  or 
Flowering  sometimes  a  foot  long.     The  few  broad, 

Wintergreen      ovate,  bright  green  leaves  are  crowded  at 
Polygula  the  summit  of  the  stems,  the  lower  ones 

pancifoJia  reduced  to  the  size  of  a  mere  scale.     The 

^l^.^g  leaves  live  through  the  winter  and  turn 

May-July  a  bronze  red.     The  flowers,  nearly  |  inch 

long,  are  generally  magenta  or  crimson- 
magenta,  and  rarely  white.  The  three  petals  are  united 
in  a  tube,  the  lowest  one  terminating  in  a  pouch  con- 
taining the  pistil  and  anthers,  and  furnished  at  the  end 
with  a  fringe  or  beard.  This  last  serves  as  a  landing  plat- 
form for  bees  who  will  naturally  depress  the  pouch  b}' 
their  weight  ;  the  rigid  pistil  and  stamens,  however,  re- 
fusing to  bend  with  the  pouch  are  forced  out  through  a 
slit  at  the  top  of  the  latter  and  come  in  direct  contact 
with  the  under  parts  of  the  insect  visitor.  Thus  cross- 
fertilization  is  in  a  large  measure  secured  by  the  pollen- 
daubed  bee  brushing  against  the  exposed  stigma  of  the 
next  flower  visited.  The  honeybee  and  the  ground  bees 
of  the  genus  Halictus  and  Andrenidce  are  the  common- 
est visitors.  The  little  plant  often  bears  cleistogamous 
subterranean  flowers  on  tiny  branchlets.  Erect  stem  3-6 
inches  high.  Common  in  damp,  rich  woods,  from  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  111.  and  Minn.  Found  at 
Holderness,    N.  H.  :   white  specimens  near  Bangor,  Me. 


240 


Fringed  Pojygala.  Polygdia  paucifolid. 


Seneca  Snakepoot     Polya^^la  Senega. 


MILKWORT  FAMILY.     Polygalacese, 


Milkwort 

Polyydla 
pohjgama 
Dull  crimson 
June-July 


The  tinj^  gesthetic,  dull  crimson  flowers 
of  this  species  are  borne  in  delicate  long 
clusters  at  the  tips  of  the  leafy  stems.  The 
leaves  are  light  dull  green,  lance-shaped, 
and  crowded  on  the  slender  stem,  tooth- 
less, and  rather  blunt,  with  a  bristlelike  tip.  Rarely  the 
flowers  are  nearly  white  ;  the  eight  stamens  are  more  or 
less  conspicuous.  The  plant  also  bears  cleistogamous 
flowers  on  subterranean  horizontal  branches,  and  these 
are  numerous  enough  to  justify  the  specific  title,  poly- 
gama,  5-15  inches  high.  Dry  sandy  soil  common 
everywhere,  but  locallj^  abundant  only. 

A  much  less  sliowy  species  with  white 
or  greenish  white  flowers  and  fewer  lance- 
shaped  leaves,  the  lowest  ones  very  small 
and  scalelike.  The  small  terminal  flower- 
cluster  dense.  It  bears  no  cleistogamous 
greenish  white  blossoms.  Stem  6-12  inches  high,  simple 
May-June 

or  slightly  branched.    In  rocky  woodlands, 

from  western  New  Eng.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  among  the 
mountains,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A  branching  and  leafy  species  with 
globular  or  oblong,  compact  flower-clus- 
ters of  deep  or  pale  magenta  blossoms ; 
rarely  they  are  white.  It  is  the  calyx 
which  contributes  the  ruddy  magenta  to 
the  yellowish  petals  are  hidden  within. 
The  stem  is  slightly  angled.  The  little  leaves  are  similar 
to  those  of  P.  polygania.  6-13  inches  high.  In  moist 
and  sandy  fields  and  roadsides.  New  Eng.,  south  to  S. 
Car.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  and  La. 


Seneca 
Snakeroot 

Poly  gala 
Senega 
White  or 


Poly gala 
sanguinea 
Magenta 
June- 
September 

the   flower 


242 


Milkwort. 
Polygala.  polygdma.        Polygala.  5d.nguinea. 


MILKWORT  FAMILY.     Polygalaceas 


An  attractive  species  whose  leaves  are 
generally  arranged  in  clusters  of  four  — 
hence  the  specific  title,  crnciata.  Stem 
square  or  almost  winged  at  the  angles, 
widely  branched,  and  smooth.  The  deli- 
cate dull  magenta  flowers  in  heads  like 
clover  bloom,  with  the  florets  crowded. 
3-13  inches  high.  Margins  of  swamps,  or 
low^  ground,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  La. 
A  species  very  similar  to  the  last,  but 
with  a  slenderer  stem  and  shorter  leaves 
more  sparingly  distributed.  The  flower- 
spikes  much  smaller  and  the  flowers 
Dull  magenta-  stemmed.  3-10  inches  high.  A  coastwise 
Polygala,  common  on  the  borders  of  brack- 
ish swamps,  from  R.  I.,  Long  Island,  N. 
J,,  and  Del.,  south, 

A  slender  and  smooth  species  with  usu- 
ally many  branches,  and  with  long  slender 
lance-shaped  leaves  tipped  with  a  slight 
bristle,  arranged  in  circles  of  4-5,  or  scat- 
tered singly  among  the  branches.  The 
greenish  white  or  magenta-tinged  flowers 
are  compactly  clustered  in  conic  spikes, 
nearly  an  inch  long.  The  little  florets  are 
distinctly  stemmed.  A 11  the  Polygalas  are 
assisted  in  the  process  of  fertilization  by  the  bees  and 
some  of  the  smaller  butterflies,  notably  Colias  j^hilodice, 
yellow.  6-12  inches  high.  Common  everywhere  in 
fields  or  on  roadsides.  The  var.  ambigua  is  nearly  the 
same  in  structure,  but  is  taller,  slenderer,  and  only  the 
lower  leaves  are  in  circles  ;  the  others  are  alternate. 
The  flower-spikes  are  very  long  and  loose,  some  of  the 
lower  flowers  being  isolated  ;  the  blossoms  are  a  trifle 
larger,  and  mostly  a  pale  magenta.  In  dry  soil,  N.  Y., 
N.  J.,  and  Pa.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  southwest  to  Tenn. 
and  La. 


Cross-leaved 
Milkwort 

PoJygald 
cruciatd 
Dull  magenta 
pink 
July- 
September 


Short-leaved 
Milkwort 

Polygala 
brevifolia 


pink 
June- 
September 


Whorled 
Milkwort 

Polygala 
verticillata 
Magenta- 
tinged  or 
whitish 
June- 
September 


244 


Cross-leaved  Milkwort.         PolygalA.cpuciata. 


SPURGE  FAMILY.     Euphorbiaceae. 


SPURGE  FAMILY.     EuplwrUacece. 

Plants  with  usually  a  milky  and  acrid  juice,  bearing 
staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  one  plant  or  exclu- 
sively either  kind  on  one  plant,  so  there  sliall  be  stami- 
nate ones,  and  pistillate  ones,  hence  they  are  largely 
dependent  upon  insects  for  fertilization.  The  flowers 
are  irregularly  or  imperfectly  constructed,  i.  e.,  in  some 
instances  without  petals,  and  in  others  polypetalous  or 
even  monopetalous.  Fruit  generalh'  a  three-lobed  cap- 
sule. Represented  in  the  northern  countries  by  the 
genus  Euphorbia,  but  largely  a  tropical  family. 

A  prostrate,  spreading  weed  common  in 
Euphorbia  ^^^^  sand  of  the  seashore  ;  stem  branched 

polygonifolia  and  smooth.  Flowers  inconspicuous  and 
Whitish  green  usually  solitar}'  at  the  bases  of  the  small 
^"^y-  linear  oblong  leaves.     Seed-capsule  round- 

ovoid,  and  ash  gray-colored.  Branches 
3-7  inches  long.  Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  R.  I., 
south,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

A  prostrate  weed  common  throughout 
Milk  Purslane  ]S[Qi-th  America,  in  open  places  and  on 
'^    ^"    ^  roadsides.     Stems  usually  dark  red,  hairy 

Euphorbia  ^nd  spreading  radiately  like  common  pus- 

macji/afa  ley ;    leaves    toothed,    red-blotched,    and 

Whitish  or         dark  green  in   color,  oblong  and  obtuse, 

ruddy  about  1  inch  long.     The  whitish  or  ruddy 

June-  .  ^  ^  ,      ,        -^ 

September  inconspicuous  flowers  growing  at  the  bases 

of  tlie  leaves.  Branches  3-12  inches  long. 
Common  everywhere. 

A  smooth  or  slightly  hairy  annual,  the 
Preslii  oblique  and  three-ribbed  leaves  of  which 

Whitish  or  are  red-spotted  and  margined  ;  similar  to 
ruddy  those  of  the  preceding  species.     The  stem 

^*y"  branched  and  nearly  upright.     The  insig- 

nificant flowers  whitish  or  ruddy,  and  obo- 
void  in  shape.  8-20  inches  high.  Common  everywhere 
in  fields,  by  roadsides,  and  on  the  borders  of  thickets. 


246 


Spurge. 


Euphorbia  Preslii. 


SPURGE  FAMILY.     Euphorbiaceas. 


A  very  handsome  species  cultivated  for 
its  ornamental  white-margined  leaves  sur- 
rounding the  rather  insignificant  flowers. 
An  annual  with  bright  green  foliage,  the 
leaves  ovate-pointed,  toothless  and  stalk- 
less.  Stem  stout  2-3  feet  high.  In  dry 
soil,  Ohio  and  Minn,  west  to  Col.  Also  an 
escape  from  gardens  in  the  east. 

An  annual  species  naturalized  from 
Europe,  with  a  smooth,  erect,  stout  stem, 
often  branched  from  the  base.  Leaves 
obovate  and  finely  toothed.  The  insignifi- 
cant flowers  terminating  the  branchlets, 
of  an  indeterminate  color,  generally  green 
and  tan.  8-12  inches  high.  Common  in 
waste  places  from  N.  Y.  to  Ohio,  and  along  the  Great 
Lakes. 

A  perennial  spreading  by  horizontal 
rootstocks,  and  an  escape  from  gardens 
to  roadsides  and  waste  places  in  the  east- 
ern States.  Leaves  bright  light  green, 
linear  and  almost  filiform.  The  stems 
thickly  clustered  and  very  leafy,  ter- 
minated by  a  large  flower-cluster  flat 
dome-shaped.  The  insignificant  flowers 
indeterminate  in  color,  but  generally  greenish  dull  yel- 
low, or  tan,  or  russet  red  ;  they  are  rather  ornamental, 
with  crescent-shaped  glands.  The  plant  is  milky  juiced, 
like  all  the  Euphorbias,  and  it  has  become  naturalized 
from  Europe.  It  is  poisonous  if  eaten  in  any  quantity. 
Fertilized  by  bees  and  butterflies.  5-12  inches  high. 
Common  everywhere  in  the  east.  Found  in  Campton, 
N.  H.,  near  an  old  graveyard. 


White  Mar= 
gined  Spurge, 
or  Snow  on 
the  Mountain 

Euphorbia 
mnrginata 
White 
May- 
September 

Sun  Spurge 

Euphorbia 
Helioscopia 
Greenish 
and  tan 
June- 
September 


Cypress 
Spurge 
Euphorbia 
Cyparissias 
Greenish 
and  tan 
June- 
September 


248 


Cypress  Spurge. 
Euphorbia  Cyparissias 


Snow  on  the  Mountain. 
Euphorbia  marginata. 


CASHEW   FAMILY.     Anacardiaceas. 


CASHEW  FAMILY.     Anacardiacece. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  compound  leaves,  and 
small  regular,  generally  polygamous  flowers,  i.  e.  pistil- 
late, staminate,  and  perfect  flowers  on  the  same  plant 
or  on  different  plants  ;  the  flowers  of  five  parts  in  gen- 
eral. .  Fruit  a  berry.  Cross-fertilized  by  bees,  the  beelike 
flies,  and  butterflies.  The  juice  of  some  species  is  in- 
tensely poisonous. 

Dwarf  Sumac  ^  shrub  with  fine-hairy  branches,  and 
Rhus  copalUna  Compound  dark  green  leaves  of  9-21  ovate 
Green=white  lance-shaped  shining  leaflets,  toothless, 
July-August  oj.  ^^.j^-i^  fg^^.  obscure  teeth;  the  stem 
is  wing-margined  between  the  leaflets.  The  green- 
white  flowers  are  polj'gamous,  and  collected  in  a  cone- 
like terminal  cluster,  succeeded  by  the  maroon-red  hairy 
fruit.  1-7  feet  high  ;  sometimes  a  tree  25  feet  high. 
Common  on  rocky  hillsides  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

Staehorn  '^  similar  and  very  common  shrub  in 

Sumac  thickets   among   the    hills,    with    golden 

Rhus  typhina  brown  twigs  densely  covered  with  velvety 
''""^  hairs,  and  leaves  of   11-31    lance-shaped, 

sharply  toothed  leaflets,  dark  green  above  and  whitish, 
fine-hairy  beneath  ;  turning  a  brilliant  scarlet  in  the 
early  fall.  The  leaf -stem  not  winged.  The  polygamous 
green- white  or  whitish  green  flowers  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding ;  the  fruit  very  densely  covered  with  maroon-red 
hairs.  Dry,  rocky  soil,  especially  among  the  moun- 
tains, from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 
The  wood  is  a  dull  greenish  yellow  handsomely  grained  ; 
the  bark  is  used  for  tanning  leather. 

A  similar  smooth-stemmed  shrub  with 
Smooth  leaves  of  11-31  toothed  leaflets,  dark  green 

Rhus  glabra  above  and  whitis^i  beneath  ;  the  stem  not 
winged.  The  flowers  and  fruit  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding  species.  2-12  feet  high,  some- 
times 18  feet  high.  About  the  same  distribution  as  the 
above. 


250 


Dwarf  Sumac 


Rhus  copa^llina. 


CASHEW   FAMILY.     Anacardiacese. 


s 


Poison  Sumac       "^^  e;xceedingly  poisonous  shrub  with 

Rhi'.-i  reueuata    compound,  smooth,  Hghter  green  leaves. 

Whitish  green  green  on  both  sides,  of  7-13  thin  obovate 

**""^  but  pointed  leaflets  u'ithout  teeth.     More 

frequently   found    in   swampj^    land,    and    irritatingly 

poisonous  to  the  touch.     The  flowers  are  whitish  green  ^i 

and  are  borne  in  loose   clusters  at  the  angles  of  the 

leaves  ;  the}'  are  also  polygamous.     Fruit  a  green-gray  i^ 

berry  in  slim  clusters.     6-15  feet  high,  or  sometimes  24 

feet  high.     In  wet,  low  grounds,  from  Me.,  south,  and 

west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

„  .        .  A  vine  with  a  shrubbv  character  in  its 

Poison  Ivy  i     '^  i  •         • 

j^f^y^  more  southern  range,  but  pushing  its  way 

foxirochndroi,  with  rapidly  running  rootlets  in  the  colder 
Whitish  green  northern  region.  A  noxious  poison,  in- 
May-June  deed,  producing  a  painful,  burning  erup 

tion  of  the  skin,  if  the  latter  comes  m  contact  with  any 
part  of  the  plant  ever  so  lightly  ;  some  persons  are  far 
more  susceptible  to  the  poison  than  others,  but  it  has 
been  demonstrated   that  it  acts  only  by  contact.     An 
excellent  remedy  to  use  until  a  physician  can  be  con- 
sulted,   is    the    well-known     Extract    of     Witch-hazel 
(•'Pond's   Extract")  applied   by   saturating  cloths  and 
wrapping  them  about  the  inflamed  parts.     The  triple 
leaf  of  Poison  Ivy  should  never  be  mistaken  for  that  of 
the  Virginia  Creeper,  which  has  five  leaflets  strongly 
toothed.     The  leaflets  of  the  poisonous  plant  are  smooth,     | 
but  not  shining,  light  green,  toothless,  and  generally     I 
ovate-pointed  without  lobes ;  but  sometimes  the  largei    ^ 
leaves  are  shallowly   notched  or  sinuous  at  the  edge 
The  flowers  are  whitish  green,  and  with  the  fruit  arej- 
similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species.     Climbing  high 
on  the  trunks  of  trees,  on  stone  walls,  in  thickets,  or 
running    over    low    ground,    or  meadows ;    sometimes 
bushy,  erect,  with  gray  stems  2-3  inches  thick,  and  1-4 
feet  high.     Me.,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Utah,  Ark., 
and  Tex.     Common  in  the  Pemigewasset  Valley,  N.  H. 


252 


j 


\' 


'oison  Sumac. 
Lhus  venenata. 


Poison  Ivy. 

Rhus  toxicodendron. 


STAFF=TREE  FAMILY.      Celastracese, 


STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.     Celastracew. 

Shrubs  with  simple  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and 
small  regular,  generally  perfect  flowers  with  4-5  petals 
and  as  many  stamens  inserted  on  a  disc  set  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  (or  sometimes  merged  into  it)  and  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  pod  with  2-5  cells.  Insect 
visitors  commonly  bees. 

A  twining,  shrubby  vine  common  on  old 

im  ing  1  =  gtone  walls  and  roadside  thickets,  and 
tersweet  ' 

Waxwork  Sometimes  climbing   trees  to  a  height  of 

Celastrus  twenty   or  more    feet.     The   light  green 

scandens  leaves  are    smooth  and  ovate  or  ovate- 

reenis  oblong,  finely  toothed,  and  acute  at  the 

white  .         ?  , 

June  tip  ;  they  grow  alternately  and  somewhat 

in  ranks  owing  to  the  twisting  of  the  stem. 
The  tiny  flowers  are  greenish  white,  and  grouped  in  a 
loose,  spikelike  terminal  cluster  ;  the  five  minute  petals 
are  finely  toothed  along  the  edge,  and  the  five  stamens 
are  inserted  on  a  cup-shaped  disc,  in  the  manner  ex- 
plained above.  The  flowers  are  succeeded  in  September, 
by  the  beautiful  orange  fruit,  a  globular  berry  in  loose 
clusters,  but  properly  speaking  a  capsule  whose  orange 
shell  divides  into  three  parts,  bends  backward,  and  ex- 
poses the  pulpy  scarlet  envelop  of  the  seed  within.  The 
fruit  is  charmingly  decorative,  and  if  it  is  picked  and 
placed  in  a  warm  room  before  the  sliells  open,  it  will  ex- 
pand and  remain  in  a  perfect  condition  thoughout  the 
winter.  Climbing  6-25  feet.  Along  roadsides,  streams, 
etc.,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  among  the  mountains, 
and  west  to  the  Daks.,  Kan.,  Oklahoma,  and  N.  Mex. 
Rare  in  the  White  Mountain  region  of  N.  H. 


254 


t 


Bittersweet. 
Cddstrus  scdndcns. 


JEWEL=WEED  FAMILY.     Balsaminaceae. 


JEWEL- WEED  FAMILY.     Balsaminacem. 

Juicy-stemmed  herbs  with  smooth  simple- toothed 
leaves  and  irregular  perfect  flowers  whose  sepals  and 
petals  are  not  clearly  distinguished  as  such,  the  spurred 
sack  being  one  of  the  three  sepals  ;  the  other  two  are 
lateral  and  small.  Petals  five,  or  three  with  two  of 
them  two-cleft  into  dissimilar  lobes.  The  five  stamens 
are  short.  Admirably  adapted  to  fertilization  by  long- 
tongued  insects,  such  as  bumblebees. 

A  common,  translucent-stemmed  plant 
Pale  Touch=  ^£  ^,^^  ^^^  shady  situations  in  the  north, 
JeweUweed  especially  on  mountainsides.  The  sack  of 
Impatiens  the  pale  yellow,  sparingly''  brown-spotted 

aurea  honey-bearing  flower  is  obtuse  and  rather 

Pale  yellow        short— in  fact,  somewhat  bell-shaped,  or 
September  ^^  broad  as  it  is  long.    The  spur  is  scarcely 

1  the  length  of  the  sack.  It  is  a  more  ro- 
bust and  a  lighter  green  species  than  the  next.  Un- 
doubtedly it  is  assisted  in  the  process  of  fertilization  by 
the  bumblebee  and  the  honeybee.  Throughout  the  north, 
and  south  as  far  as  Ga.,  but  by  no  means  as  common  as 
I.  biUora. 

The  commoner  one  of  the  two  species. 
Spotted  Touch=  ^g^g^Hy  rudd}^  stemmed  ;  very  variable  in 
Impatiens  color,   with    smaller    flowers,    sometimes 

biflora  deeply  freckled  with   red-brown  over  a 

Gold  yellow       deep  gold-colored  ground,  and  at  other 
variable  times  pale  buff  yellow  scarcely  spotted. 

September  ^^^^  ®^^^  ^^  deep,  longer  than  it  is  broad, 

and  terminates  with  an  incurved  spur 
nearly  one  half  or  fully  one  third  of  its  length.  In  Pro- 
fessor Robertson's  opinion  it  is  especially  adapted  to  the 
long  bill  of  the  hummingbird,  but  it  is  also  visited  by 
the  honeybee,  bumblebee,  and  the  bees  known  as  Melis- 
sodes  bimacidata  and  Halictus  confusus,  as  w^ell  as  the 
butterfly  Papilio  troilns.  The  flower  develops  its  sta- 
mens first,  and  afterward  its  pistil,  so  cross-fertilization 
is  almost  an  assured  thing.  2-5  feet  high.  Me.,  south, 
and  \(^est  to  Mo.     Found  in  Camp  ton,  N.  H. 

256 


Jewelweed 


Impa^tiens    bj/lorai. 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.     Rhamnacese, 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.     Rhamnacece. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  thorny,  with  simple,  mostly 
alternate  leaves,  and  small  regular,  perfect  or  polyga- 
mous flowers.  There  are  4-5  petals  to  the  rather  incon- 
spicuous flowers,  or,  in  some  cases,  none  at  all.  The 
fruit  a  berry,  or  a  capsule.     Visited  by  bees  and  flies. 

A  shrub  commonh^  cultivated  for  hedares 
Common  .  „      ''  ,       .  , 

Buckthorn  ^^  ^^^  twigs  are  often  armed  with  formida- 
Rhamnus  ble  thorns.     A  native  of  Europe  and  Asia, 

cathartica  and  an  escape  from  cultivation  in  this  coun- 

Ma'*!funr^^"  try,  particularly  in  New  England  and  New 
York.  The  smooth  deep  green  leaves  are 
ovate  and  finely  toothed  ;  they  grow  alternately.  The 
flow^ers  are  clustered  at  the  angles  of  the  leaves,  and  are 
an  inconspicuous  white-green  :  they  are  staminate  and 
pistillate  on  different  plants,  and  scarcely  measure  a  tenth 
of  an  inch  across.  The  flower  is  succeeded  by  a  black 
berry  the  juice  of  which  is  powerfully  medicinal.  6-16 
feet  high.  In  dry  soil  along  roadsides  and  near  dwell- 
ings, froni  Me.,  west  to  N.  Y. 

A  native  species  with  thornless  branches, 
alnifolia  leaves  Similar  to  those  of  the  foreign  spe- 

cies, and  greenish  flowers  without  petals, 
staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  plants.  There  are 
five  stamens  and  calyx  lobes.  In  swamps,  from  Me.  to 
N.  J.,  Pa.,  Neb.,  and  in  Cal. 

A  shrubby  species  with  a  coarse,  woody 
^  brown-green  or  bronzy  stem,  and  dull  green 

Ceanothiis  ovate-pointed  leaves,   sharply  but  finely 

Americanus        toothed,  very    fine-hairy,   and  conspicu- 
Cream  white      ously  three-ribbed  ;  the  stems  short,  and 
ay-  u  y  ruddy.     The  tiny  cream  white  flowers  are 

set  in  small  blunt  cone-shaped  clusters  on  long  stems 
from  the  leaf  angles.  There  are  five  slender  petals  and  as 
many  stamens.  The  rather  pretty  plumy  flower-cluster 
is  lightly  odorous.  In  Revolutionary  times  the  American 
soldiers  brewed  an  indifferent-flavored  tea  from  the  dried 
leaves.  Stems  1-4  feet  high  ;  root  reddish.  In  drj^  open 
woodlands,  from  Me.,  south,  and  w^est  to  Minn,  and  Mo 


258 


New  Jersey  Tea. 


Ceanothus  Amencanus. 


VINE  FAMILY.      Vitaceae. 


VINE  FAMILY.     Vitacece. 

Climbing  shrubs  mostly  with  tendrils,  and  with  a  pro- 
fusion of  sap.  The  joints  rather  thick  and  the  bark 
generally  shredded.  The  flowers  are  regular  and  per- 
fect or  polygamous  —  some  plants  with  perfect,  others 
with  staminate  flowers.  Petals  4-5,  stamens  the  same. 
Fruit  a  berry,  or  grape.  Commonly  visited  by  bees  and 
the  beelike  flies. 

^,    ^.         ^  The  familiar  wild  grape  of  the   north 

Northern  Fox     ,  ,  ,  ,      ,  .  ,  ,  ,    .  , 

Grape  bearing  large  black  grapes  with  a  bluish 

Vitis  Lahrusca    bloom,  tough  skin,  and  a  sweet  and  musky 
Greenish  flavor,  |  inch  in  diameter.     The  tendrils 

May-June  ^^.^  forked,  the  bark  shreddy,  the  young 

twigs  and  leaves  very  woolly  and  rust-tinged.  The  large 
light  green  leaves,  opposite  a  tendril  or  flower-cluster, 
are  slightly  toothed,  entire,  or  deeply  lobed,  and  rustj'- 
wooUy  beneath.  The  fertile  greenish  flowers  are  in  a 
compact  cluster  ;  the  grapes,  in  scant  numbers,  ripen  in 
September  and  October.  This  species  is  a  parent  of 
the  Isabella,  Catawba,  and  Concord  grapes.  Thickets, 
from  Chesterville,  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  in  the  mountains, 
and  west  to  Minn.  Common  at  Saddle  River,  N.  J. 
A  species  with  smooth  greenish  branches, 
Kiyer  rape  ^^^  smooth,  shining,  light  green  leaves ; 
the  tendrils  in  irregular  occurrence.  The 
leaves  sharply  three-lobed  (sometimes  more  lobes)  and 
sharply  toothed.  The  blue-bloomed  black  grapes  are 
less  than  ^  inch  in  diameter,  and  rather  sweet ;  they  ripen 
from  July  to  September.  Banks  of  rivers  or  near  water, 
from  Me.,  south  to  Md.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and 
Ark.     In  the  east  the  grapes  are  sour  and  ripen  late. 

,  .  A  familiar  creeping  or  trailing  vine  ex- 

Creepe'r  tensively  cultivated,  common  in  its  wild 

Ampelopsis  state  on  low,  rich  ground.  It  climbs  by 
quinqnefoUa  means  of  disc-beariiig  tendrils,  and  aerial 
Whitish  green  rootlets.  The  deep  green  leaves  are  com- 
pound, with  5-7  (generally  with  flve) 
lance-shaped,  sharply  tootiied  leaflets,  much  curved, 
troughed,  and  conspicuously  veined.  The  insignificant 
yellow-green  or  whitish  green  flowers  are  perfect  or 
260 


Norihern  fox  Grape. 


Vitis  Labrusca. 


MALLOW  FAMILY.     Malvaceas, 


polygamous  (staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  flowers 
occur  on  the  same  plant),  and  are  borne  in  a  rather  broad 
cluster  ;  they  are  succeeded  by  the  beautiful,  small  cadet 
blue  berries  early  in  October  ;  both  leaf-  and  berrj^-stalks 
are  deep  red.  The  leaves  turn  a  brilliant  deep  red  in 
autumn.  In  thin  woods  and  thickets,  from  Me,,  south, 
and  w^est  to  the  Daks,  and  Tex.  Not  infrequently  it  is 
mistaken  for  poison  ivy  {Rhus  toxicodendron),  a  needless 
error,  as  the  latter  bears  th  ree  never  five  leaflets. 

MALLOW  FAMILY.    Malvacece. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  more  or  less  cut  or 
divided  leaves.  The  flowers  perfect,  regular,  and  roUed- 
up  in  the  bud  ;  rarely  the  staminate  flowers  are  on  one 
plant,  and  the  pistillate  on  another,  thus  necessitating 
cross-fertilization  ;  or  rarely  there  are  all  three  kinds  of 
flowers,  showing  a  stage  of  development.  There  are 
generally  five  sepals  and  five  petals  ;  the  stamens  are 
indefinite  in  number.  The  fruit  generally  a  capsule. 
Fertilization  assisted  by  bees  and  butterflies. 

An  erect  perennial  plant  with  branching 
Marsh  Mallow  ^^^^^^  ^^^  velvety-downy,  generally  three- 
^(,ffivin'(di^  lobed  leaves.     They  are  light  green,  ovate, 

Pale  crimson=  toothed,  and  stout-stemmed.  The  holly- 
pink  hocklike  flowers,  an  inch  or  more  broad, 
August-  pg^jg  crimson-pink  and  veined  ;  the  sta- 
ep  em  er  niens  monadelphous,  that  is,  collected  in 
one  column  or  tube  around  the  central  pistil,  which  is 
characteristic  of  the  family.  Flowers  borne  in  small 
terminal  clusters  or  at  the  leaf-angles.  The  thick  root 
mucilaginous  and  officinal;  it  is  commonly  used  in  confec- 
tionery. 2-4  feet  high.  In  salt  marshes  on  the  coasts  of 
Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
-•;  An  exceedingly  common  weed,  annual 
'^  'Round=leav«d  or  biennial,  creeping  over  the  ground,  with 
Mallow,  or  ornamental,  dark  green,  round  leaves, 
^^j^^,^  having  usually  five  shallow  scalloped- 
rotnndifoUa  shaped  lobes,  irregularly  toothed ;  the 
White                stalks  xerj  long.      Flowers  clustered  in 


262 


Common  Mallow. 


Malva  potundifolia. 


MALLOW   FAMILY.     Malvaceae, 


High  Mallow 

Malva 
sylvestris 
Light 
magenta 
or  pinkish 
June- 
September 


magenta=  the  leaf-angles,  white  or  pale  pinkish  ma- 

yeined  genta,  magenta-veined  ;    in   shape  like  a 

miniature  hollyhock,  but  the  five  petals 
notched.  Stems  4-10  inches  long.  Common  in  waste 
places  and  as  a  garden  weed  everywhere.  The  name  is 
from  the  Greek,  and  refers  to  the  soft  character  of  the 
leaves  (albeit  they  are  hard !) ;  the  popular  name, 
Cheeses,  refers  to  the  round,  cheeselike  form  of  the 
seed-receptacle.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  common  biennial  with  an  erect 
branching  stem,  slightly  fine-hairy  or 
sometimes  smooth.  The  leaves  lighter 
green,  rather  long-stalked,  toothed,  and 
angularly  five-lobed  or  occasionally  seven - 
lobed.  The  flowers  with  the  same  family 
resemblance  to  the  hollyhock,  magenta- 
pink,  or  light  magenta,  the  petals  with 
about  four  deeper  veins  ;  the  clusters  (few-flowered)  at 
the  leaf -angles.  18-30  inches  high.  A  delicate-flowered 
plant  common  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places  every 
where.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

A  very  similar  but  perennial  species, 
with  the  leaf  division  deeply  slashed  or 
cut.  The  medium  green  leaves  with  very 
narrow  divisions  and  short  stalks.  The 
white  or  very  pale  magenta-pink  flow^ers 
nearly  two  inches  broad,  flat,  and  borne 
in  terminal  clusters  ;  they  are  also  veined. 
The  leaves  have  a  delicate  odor  of  musk  when  crushed. 
1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  the  same  situations  as  the 
above  species,  with  the  same  distribution  ;  from  Europe. 
A  distinctly  western  flower,  occasion- 
ally escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  east, 
a  perennial  bearing  large  showy,  purple- 
crimson  or  magenta  flowers  slightly  re- 
sembling the  Malvas.  The  leaves  slashed 
like  those  of  the  preceding  species,  but  not 
so  deeply  ;  the  lobes  more  obtuse.  The  stem  hairy,  and 
the  flowers  borne  singly  with  long  stalks.  1-2  feet  high. 
In  dry  ground,  from  Minn.,  Neb,,  and  Utah,  south. 


Musk  Mallow 

Malva 
Moschata 
White  or 
magenta-pink 
June- 
September 


Purple  Poppy= 
mallow 

Callirrhce 
involucrata 
Magenta 
May-August 


264 


Musk  Mallow. 


m  Malvd   moschata. 


MALLOW   FAMILY.     Malvaceas. 


Swamp  Rose^ 
mallow 

Hibiscus 
Moscheutos 
Pale  pink  or 
white 
August- 
September 


A  tall  perennial  with  stout  shrublike 
stems  and  large  showy  flowers.  The  leaves 
olive  green,  bright  above  and  densely 
white  woolly  beneath  ;  ovate  pointed  and 
indistinctly  toothed,  with  long  stalks  ;  the 
lower  leaves  three-lobed.  Flowers  4-6 
inches  across,  with  five  broad  petals  con- 
spicuously veined,  pale  crimson-pink  or 
white,  with  or  without  a  crimson  base.  The  flowers  are 
borne  singly  or  in  scant  clusters  ;  they  show  a  strong 
family  resemblance  to  the  hollyhock.  4-6  feet  high. 
The  most  frequent  visitors  of  the  genus  Hibiscus  are  the 
honeybees  and  bumblebees.  In  marshes  near  the  coast, 
and  in  brackish  w^ater  near  saline  springs  in  the  interior, 
from  eastern  Mass.,  south,  and  west  to  111.  and  Mo., 
especially  near  the  shores  of  lakes. 

A  similar  but  smooth  species  with  the 
same  period  of  bloom.  The  upper  leaves 
often  halberd-shaped,  i.  e.,  like  an  arrow- 
head with  conspicuous  flanges,  the  lower 
also  halberd-shaped  or  plainly  three-lobed. 
The  flowers  flesh  pink,  sometimes  with  a 
dark  magenta  centre  ;  2-3  inches  broad. 
Stem  2-5  feet  high.  On  the  banks  of  rivers  and  small 
streams  from  Pa.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

A  species  adventive  from  southern  Eu- 
rope, with  a  singular  and  beautiful 
inflated  calyx,  resembling  spun  glass,  five- 
angled,  roundish,  and  hairy.  An  annual 
often  escaping  from  gardens,  with  hand- 
some, large  pure  yellow,  or  sulphur-col- 
ored flowers,  with  a  black-purplish  centre,  that  quickly 
fade  ;  hence  called  Flower-of-an-hour.  The  leaves  deeply 
cut,  with  3-7  lobes.  1-2  feet  high.  Near  dwellings  from 
New  Eng.,  south,  and  west  to  Neb. 

A    handsome    southern    species,    with 
large,   deep  red-scar  let  flowers    over  six 
inches    broad,    and    deeply    cleft    leaves. 
Common   in   cultivation.     4-7  feet  high. 
In  deep  marshes  near  the  coast  from  S.  Car.,  south. 


Halberd- 
leaved  Rose- 
mallow 

Hibiscus 
)iiilifaris 
Flesh  pink 
color 


Bladder 
Ketmia 

Hibiscus 
Trionum 
Sulphur 
yellow 


Hibiscus 

coccineus 

Red=scarlet 


266 


wamp  Rose-mallow.  Hibiscus  Moscheutos. 


/ 


ST.  JOHN'S=WORT  FAMILY.     Hypericaceac. 


ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.  HyperiGcicem. 
A  small  family  of  shrubs  and  herbs,  with  opposite, 
toothless  leaves  generally  stemless,  and  dotted  with  black- 
ish jpots.  The  flowers  perfect,  with  five  (or  four)  parts, 
and  often  with  numerous  stamens.  Fruita  capsule. 
St.Peter's=wort  ^  plant  familiar  in  the  pine  barrens  of 
Ascyriim  stans  New  Jersey,  with  oval,  stemless,  thickish 
^^"^'^  leaves  and  four-petaled  lemon  yellow  flow- 

u  y-  ugus  gj.g^  closely  resembling  the  next  species. 
The  stem  conspicuously  two-edged.  1-2  feet  high.  In 
sandy  soil,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa.,  south. 

^^    ^    ^        ,  A  low,  branching,  smooth  plant  with 

St.  Andrew's  ,  ui 

Qfoss  small  deep  green  leaves,  oblong  or  narrowly 

Ascyrum  Crux-  obovate,  stemless  and  thin,  growing  op- 
Andrecp  positely.     The  lemon  yellow  flowers  with 

Yellow  four  petals  arranged  in  pairs  in  the  form 

September         of  an  X,  in  a  final  cluster,  or  at  the  leaf- 
angles  ;  petals  numerous  ;    flower  |  inch 
broad.     5-10  inches  high.     Sandy  soil,  Nantucket,  Mass., 
south,  west  to  Neb.,  and  Tex. 

^  ^^  An  erect  and  showv  perennial  with  tall 

Great  St.  ,  ,  .  ,      ^  ^        n  ■,    -, 

John's=wort       branching  stem,  the  branches  four-angled. 

Hypericum         Leaves    ovate-oblong,    pointed,    stemless 
Ascyron  and  slightly  clasping  the  plant-stem.     The 

Deep  yellow       flowers  large  and  showy,  1-2  inches  broad, 
July-August        ,         ,  *     ,,  .^^'  ^   , 

deep  lemon  yellow,  with  five  narrow  petals; 

stamens  numerous.     2-6  feet  high.     River-banks  and 

meadows,  Vt.  to  Conn.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Iowa,  and  Minn. 

^.      . .     ^  A  shrubby  species  with  stout,  branching 

Shrubby  St.         ^         ^1     u  1  1   .    .  1       1         11      i- 

John's=wort       stem,  the  branchlets  two-edged,  and  leafy. 

Hypericum  Leaves  deep  green,  lighter  beneath,  linear- 

prolificum  oblong,  and  very  short-stemmed  ;  several 

Jul^^^Au^^i's't'^  smaller  leaflets^  at  the  junction  of  leaf 
with  the  stem.  Flower-clusters  thick, 
loose,  and  flat.  The  flowers  golden  yellow,  with  numer- 
ous deep  golden  yellow  stamens.  1-3  feet  high.  In 
sandy  soil  N.  J.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  simple-stemmed  species  blooming  in 

^l.  „„„..«,  the  same  season  and  with  similar  golden 

aapressuni  ® 

yellow    flowers.     The  deep  green  leaves 
(rather  closely  set  upon  the  plant-stem)  oblong  or  lance- 

-68 


St  Andrews  Cross.       Asc^^rum  hypericoidea 
Ascypum  Crux-Andpeje,  unnaus. 


ST.  JOHN'S=WORT  FAMILY.     Hypericaceas. 


shaped.     The  flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters,  with 
deep  golden  yellow  stamens.      1-2  feet  high.     In  low 
ground,  Nantucket,  Mass.,  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  south  to 
Ga.  and  La.,  and  west  to  Mo.  and  Ark. 
Hypericum  -^  Common  St.  John's-wort  blooming  in 

eJUpticinti  the  same  season,  with  a  simple,  slightly 

Lighter  gold  four-angled  stem.  Leaves  dull  light  green, 
yellow  thin,  elliptical  (often  perfectly  so)  or  oval, 

obtuse,  and  stemless,  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Flowers  pale  gold  yellow,  about  ^  inch  broad  ;  stamens 
numerous  and  golden  yellow.  The  pointed  pods  succeed- 
ing the  flowers  are  pale  terra-cotta  color.  8-20  inches 
high.  In  wet  places  and  along  streams  from  Me.,  south 
to  Conn.,  northern  N.  J.,  and  Pa.,  west  to  Minn. 

A    slender-stemmed    species    generally 
virgatum  branched  above,  the  stem  somewhat  four- 

Bright  ochre  angled.  Leaves  oblong  lance-shaped, 
yellow  acute,  and  stemless.     Flowers  numerous, 

*'"'y~  deep  bright  ochre  yellow,  coppery  in  tone ; 

September  ,  ,  , 

stamens  numerous,  blossom  same  size  as 

the  preceding.  1-2^  feet  high.  In  low  grounds,  pine 
barrens  of  central  N.  J.,  Del.,  south,  and  west  to  111. 

This   is,   generally  speaking,  the   com- 

ommon    t.      ^lonest  species.     A  perennial  naturalized 
John  s=wort  ^  *      .  «    .    •  n 

Hi/perirum  from  Europe,  and  a  native  or  Asia.  Stem 
perfomtinii  simple  or  much-branched.  Leaves  dusky 
Deep  golden  green,  stemless,  small,  elliptical,  or  oblong- 
j^i***-^  linear,  more  or  less  brown-dotted.    Flowers 

tember  shiny,  deep  golden  yellow,  with  numerous 

stamens  ;  the  clusters  terminal,  on  several 
branchlets.     1-2  feet  high.     Common  everywhere. 
Spotted  St,  "^  species  with  the  same  season  of  bloom, 

John*s=wort  remarkable  for  its  spottiness ;  its  stem 
Hypericum  slender  and  round,  often  tinged  with  dull 
maculatum  ^.^^^  r^^^^  leaves  ovate  pointed,  or  oblong, 
thickly  dotted  with  sepia  brown,  stemless  or  nearly  so, 
and  often  flushed  with  a  ruddy  color.  The  golden  yel- 
low flowers  marked  with  thin  blackish  lines,  more  con- 
spicuous upon  the  back  of  the  petal  than  on  its  face. 
1-3  feet  high.  In  moist  places  and  damp  thickets  from 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 
270 


St.  Johns-wort 
[ypericum  ellipticum.        Hypericum  pepforatum. 


ST.  JOMN'S=WORT  FAMILY,     hypericacem. 


Hypericum 

mutihim 

Pale  golden 

orange 

July-Sep= 

tember 


Hypericum 
Canadense 
Deep  golden 
yellow 


An  annual,  and  an  extremely  small- 
flowered  species,  diffusely  branched,  the 
branchlets  four-angled,  and  slender.  The 
leaves  light  dull  green,  oblong  or  ovate, 
blunt-pointed,  and  stemless.  Flowers 
scarcely  |  inch  broad,  pale  golden  orange, 
or  light  orange  j^ellow,  with  onlj^  5-12  stamens.  6-24 
inches  high.  In  meadows  and  low  grounds  everywhere. 
A  very  similar  species,  but  with  linear 
leaves  and  tiny  deep  golden  yellow  flowers 
about  J  inch  broad,  withering  early  in  the 
day.  The  leaves  light  dull  green  and  ob- 
scurely three-veined,  the  two  side  veins  scarcely  visible. 
The  branches  wirj-,  angular,  and  erect.  The  budlike, 
tiny  pods  succeeding  the  flowers  are  conspicuously  ruddy, 
and  exceed  in  length  the  five-lobed  green  calyx.  In 
moist  sandy  soil,  Me.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  and  west 
to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak.     Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

Also  an  annual,  with  an  entirely  differ- 
ent aspect  from  that  of  the  two  preceding 
species,  although  it  is  tiny-flowered.  The 
stem  erect,  diffusely  branched,  and  appar- 
ently leafless;  the  branches  like  slender 
wires,  and  the  leaves  minute  and  scalelike, 
leaning  closely  to  the  branchlets.  Flowers 
deep  golden  yellow,  nearly  stemless,  and 
open  only  in  the  sunlight.  5-10  inches  high.  In  sandy 
soil  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 
Found  near  Brattleboro,  Vt. 

A  perennial  with  an  erect  stem  and 
stemless,  close-set,  light  green,  ovate 
leaves,  sepia  dotted,  and  with  a  slight 
bloom  beneath.  The  stem,  together  with 
tlie  leaves,  late  in  the  season  (September) 
is  more  or  less  pinkish  or  crimson-stained, 
and  the  seed-vessels  are  magenta.  The 
flowers  are  pinkish  flesh-color,  with  orange 
glands  separating  the  three  groups  of  golden  yellow 
stamens.  Flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters.  1-2  feet 
high.     In  marshes,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Neb. 


Orange=grass 
or  Pine=weed 
Hypericum 
nudicaide 
Deep  gold«n 
yellow 
June-Sep= 
tember 


Marsh  St. 
John's=wort 

Hypericum 
Virginicum 
Pinkish 
flesh=color 
July-Sep- 
tember 


272 


Marsh  St.  Johns-wort. 
Hvpericum    Cs^nadensc.      Hypericum Virginicum 


ROCK=ROSE  FAMILY.     Cistaceae. 


EOCK-ROSE  FAMILY.     Cistacece. 

Small  shrubs  or  herbs  with  regular  flowers,  the  five 
green  sepals  of  unequal  size,  the  two  outer  smaller  ones 
resembling  bracts,  or  small  leaflets.  Petals  3-5.  But 
one  style  or  none  at  all.  Seed-receptacles  (on  slender 
stalks)  opening  at  the  top.  Visited  by  butterflies  and 
honeybees  in  particular. 

Frostweed  ^   perennial,    remarkable   for   the   fact 

Helianthemum  that  ice-crystals  form  about  the  cracked 
Canadense  bark  of  the  root  in  late  autumn.     Lance- 

Yellow  oblong  dull  green  leaves  hoary  with  fine 

hairs  on  the  under  side.  With  two  kinds 
of  flowers,  the  early  ones  solitary,  one  inch  broad,  with 
showy  yellow  petals  which  are  more  or  less  crumpled  in 
the  bud,  which  fade  early  and  fall  away  ;  these  early 
blossoms  have  innumerable  stamens.  The  later  ones 
have  few^,  and  are  small  and  clustered  at  the  bases  of  the 
leaves.  Pods  of  the  larger  flower  ^  inch  long  ;  of  the 
smaller  one,  not  larger  than  a  pin  head.  Low.  In  sandy 
soil  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.  The  name 
from  the  Greek  words  sun  and  flower  :  the  flowers  open 
only  once  in  sunshine. 

Hudsonia  ^   bushy   little    shrub    with    tiny   awl- 

tomentosa  shaped,  scalelike   leaves,  oval  or  longer, 

Yellow  downy,  and  set  close  to  the  plant-stem. 

May-June  r^^ie  small  yellow  flowers  crowded  along 

the  upper  branches  ;  they  open  only  in  sunshine.  The 
stem  5-10  inches  high,  hoary  with  down.  Sandy  shores 
Me.  to  Md.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn.  Also 
on  the  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Cham  plain,  Burlington 
and  Apple  Tree  Bays. 

An  insignificant,  fine-hairy,  perennial 
LJ!ZTminor  ^^^^'^'  ^^'^^^^  ^^"^  linear  leaves,  larger  on  the 
Greenish  or  upper  parts  of  th^  plant,  and  very  small 
niagenta=tlnted  near  the  base.  The  three  tiny,  greenish 
•'""^~  (or  magenta-tinted),  narrow  petals  remain 

..ep  em  er         within  the  green  sepals  after  fading.     The 
pod  nearly  globose,  and  appearing  like  a  pin  head.     The 
upright  smooth    (when    old)   stem  10-18   inches   high. 
Common  in  dry,  sterile  ground. 
274 


postweed. 


Helianthemum  Canadense 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violaceae. 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violacece. 

A  small  faraih'  of  generally  low  herbs  with  perfect, 
but  rather  irregular  flowers  of  five  petals,  the  lowest  of 
which  is  spurred.  There  are  five  perfect  stamens  whose 
anthers  turn  inward  and  lie  touching  each  other  around 
the  pistil.  It  is  a  family  of  nectar-yielding  flowers  com- 
monly visited  by  man}'  species  of  bees  and  a  few  butter- 
flies, and  cross-fertilization  is  effected  by  their  assistance 
and  by  structural  contrivances.     The  name  is  Latin. 

_       .  A  beautiful  violet,  very  common  in  the 

Bird-foot  ,  „ ,    '         /  .      ,     t 

Yjjjjg^  southeast  part  of  Massachusetts,  mcluding 

Viola  x)edata  the  Island  of  Nantucket.  The  plant  is  gen- 
Light  violet  erall}'  smooth  and  tufted  :  the  leaves,  dull 
**^* .  pale  green,  are  cut  into  3-5  segments,  three 

of  which  are  again  cut  and  toothed,  so 
that  the  average  leaf  possesses  nine  distinct  points,  or 
more.  The  pale  blue-violet  or  lilac  flowers,  larger  than 
those  of  any  other  species,  are  often  an  inch  long.  In 
the  var.  bicolor  the  two  upper  petals  are  deep  purple  : 
this  form  is  found  from  Mass.  to  Md.  and  111. :  it  is  com- 
mon in  the  latter  State.  But  the  most  familiar  tint  of 
the  common  Bird-foot  Violet  is  blue-violet,  more  or  less 
dilute,  and  never  bine.  Rarely  there  are  white  flowers. 
The  lower,  spurred  petal  is  grooved,  and  partly  white 
veined  with  violet ;  the  throat  of  the  flower  is  obstructed 
with  the  orange  anthers  and  the  style,  which  bar  the 
way  to  the  nectar  in  the  spur.  The  useful  visitors  which 
effect  cross-fertilization  are  naturally  long-tongued  in- 
sects ;  among  them  are  the  ever-present  yellow  butterfly 
{Colias  philodice),  and  the  bumblebees,  Bonibus  virginl- 
cus,  and  B.  pennsylv aniens.  4-10  inches  high.  In  dry 
sandy  fields.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak., 
and  Mo.     Found  in  the  Middlesex  Fells,  Mass. 

A    very    common    species,     generally 

lo  a  pa  ma  a  ^^^^qq^Xi,  but  sometimes  fine-hairv,  with 
April-May  '  '  , 

heart-shaped  or  longer,  deep  green  leaves. 

deeply  lobed  or  cut  especially  on  the  sides.     Flowers 

smaller,  and  bright  light  violet,  or  rarely  white.     Dry 

ground,  mostly  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and 

west  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  and  Ark. 

276 


Bird-foot  Violet. 


Viola  pedatd. 


Viold.  paclinata. 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     VIoIacex. 


The  commonest  violet  of  all,  familiar  on 
Viola  paimuta  I'oadsides  and  in  fields.  The  leaves  deep 
var.  cuculata  green,  heart-shaped,  scallop-toothed,  and 
Light  purple  somewhat  coiled,  especially  when  yomig. 
^^^' ,  Both  stem  and  leaf  are  smooth.    The  flower 

varies  in  color  from  light  purple  to  pale 
violet ;  rarely  it  is  white  purple-veined  ;  the  three  lower 
petals  are  white  at  the  base,  and  two  of  these— the  lateral 
ones— are  beautifully  fringed  or  bearded  at  the  throat  of 
the  flower.  The  leaf-stalks  are  usually  a  little  longer 
than  the  flower-stalks.  3-7  inches  high.  In  low  grounds 
everywhere,  especially  in  marshes  where  the  flower- 
stalks  exceed  those  of  the  leaves,  and  the  flowers  are 
much  larger.  This  species  is  cross-fertilized  mostly  by 
bumblebees,  the  insect  touching  the  stigma  first. 
Arrow=leaved  ^  ^'^^T  small  species  with  deep  green, 
Violet  arrow-shaped    leaves  with   blunt  points, 

iiola  sagittata  and  scallop-teeth,  but  the  upper  part  of 
Light  violet       ^}j^^     leaves     sometimes     plain-edged.     A 

slight  grayish  bloom  often  characterizes 
the  foliage  when  it  is  seen  en  masse.  The  small  flower 
is  light  violet  or  deeper  violet ;  its  lateral  petals  are 
bearded,  as  are  also  the  upper  ones  ;  the  lower  petal  is 
veined,  and  its  spur  is  short.  2-8  inches  high.  In  wet 
meadows  or  dry  borders  from  Me,,  south  to  Ga.,  and 
west  to  Minn.,  Neb,,  and  Tex.  It  bears  late  cleistoga- 
mous  flowers. 
„.  ,    „„....       Selkirk's  Violet  is  a  rather  uncommon, 

Vtola  Selkirk! I  n        i  •  ,,       ,. 

small,  woodland  species  generally  found 
among  the  hills.  The  stalks  are  erect  and  smooth,  the 
leaves  dark  green  and  heart-shaped,  deeply  lobed  at 
the  base.  The  flowers  are  pale  violet  and  beardless, 
with  deep  spurs.  Moist  soil,  from  Me.  to  Vt.,  Mass., 
and  Pa.,  and  westward  to  Minn.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia. 

A  small  smooth  species  whose  flower- 
Marsh  Violet  gtalks  generally  exceed  those  of  the  leaves. 
LighVniac  '  '*  ^^'liich  are  broad  heart-shaped  and  indis- 
May-July  tinctly   scalloped.     Sometimes  the  leaves 

are  kidney-shaped.     The  small  flowers  are 
Jight  violet  or  lilac,  with  purple  veins ;  the  petals  are 
278 


Aprov\^J/^lea,ved  Violet.  Blue  Violet. 

Viola  sagittatd.  Viola  palmata  var.  cuculata. 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violaceas. 


nearly,  if  not  quite,  without  beards.  3-6  inches  high. 
In  marshes  and  wet  soil  in  the  alpine  region  of  the 
mountains  of  New  England,  and  north  ;  also  in  the 
Rockies.  A  native  of  Europe.  Found  on  Mt.  Washing- 
ton and  Mt.  Moosilauke,  N.  H. 

^  ,,,....  A  small  species  with  olive  green,  round 

Sweet  White      ,  ,         *,  ,  ,.,,,,, 

Violet  heart-shaped  leaves  slightly  scalloped,  and 

Viola  blanda  sweet-scented  white  flowers,  very  small, 
White  with    purple-veined  petals,  bearded,   and 

April-May  .^^^  broadly  expanded  ;  fertilized  mostly 

by  the  honeybees,  and  the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus. 
3-5  inches  high.  In  swamps,  wet  meadows,  moist 
woodlands,  and  often  in  dry  situations,  from  Me.,  south 
to  Ga.,  and  local  westward.  The  var.  renifolia  is  slight- 
ly soft-hairy,  the  leaves  are  round  kidney-formed,  and 
the  flower-petals  are  usually  beardless.  From  Me.,  Vt., 
and  Mass.,  to  western  N.  Y.  and  Minn. 

A  smooth,  remarkably  narrow-leaved 
Lance=leaved  .  ,       ,  ,  ,  , 

Yijjjg^  species,  the  leaves  lance-shaped  or  even 

Violalanceolata^i'neax  laiice-shaped,  indistinctly  scalloped, 
White  and  generally  blunt.     The  flowers  white, 

April-June  veined  with  dull  purple,  and  the  petals 
l)eardless  ;  they  are  slightly  fragrant.  Cross-fertilized 
by  the  aid  of  the  small  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus  and 
Andrena.  2-5  inches  high.  Common  in  moist  ground 
and  on  river-banks  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 
It  bears  cleistogamous  flowers. 

A  very  early  and  rather  inconspicuous 
Round=Ieaved  violet,  most  frequently  found  on  woodland 
Viola  rotundi-  ^ooi's  and  rocky  hillsides.  The  stalks  are 
folia  smooth,  or  very  slightly  fine-hairy,  and 

Pale  golden  2-4  inches  high,  generally  the  flower- 
yellow  stalks  exceed  those  of  the  leaves.  The 
pri  -  ay  smooth  deep  green  leaves  are  round  or 
long  heart-shaped,  indistinctly  scalloped,  and  small  in 
the  flowering  season;  but  by  midsummer  they  lie  flat 
upon  the  ground  and  attain  a  diameter  of  2-4  inches. 
The  small  flowers  are  pale  golden  yellow,  the  lateral 
petals  are  bearded  and  veined  with  madder  purple  ;  the 
lower  petal  is  also  strongly  veined  and  has  a  short  spur. 
In  cool  and  somewhat  damp,  or  even  dry,  situations 
280 


Sweet  White  Violet,  Lance-leaved  Violet. 

Viola  blandd..  Viola  Unceold.ta.. 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violaceas. 


from  Me.,  south  in  the  mountains  of  N.  Car.,  and  west 

to  Minn.     Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

^  „  „  This  is  a  rather  tall  and  forking;  species 

Downy  Yellow  ,      ,  .  ,       ,        ,       ■     ,  •         ^      n 

Violet  lackmg  the  lowly  habit  of  the  common 

Viola  pubesce US  violet.     The  light  green  stem  is  fine-hairy 
Pale  above,    though    usually    smooth    below. 

T^r-rmt^'"'^  The  leaves  are  deep  green,  broad  heart- 
shaped,  slightly  scallop-toothed,  and  some- 
what soft-hairy  to  the  touch.  The  small  flowers  are 
pale  golden  yellow,  veined  with  madder  purple  ;  the 
lower  petal,  conspicuously  veined,  is  short  (set  horizon- 
tally), with  a  two-scalloped  tip  and  a  short  spur.  The 
flowers  grow  singly  on  thin  stalks  from  the  fork  of  two 
leaf-stalks.  The  anthers  and  the  style  obstruct  the 
throat  of  the  flower,  and  the  side  petals,  heavily  bearded, 
compel  the  entering  insect  to  brush  against  the  stigma 
and  finally  against  the  anthers  in  the  effort  to  obtain 
nectar.  The  commonest  visitors  are  the  small  bees  of 
the  genus  Halictus  and  Andrena,  and  the  bee-fly  Bom- 
bylius  fratellus  ;  the  yellow  butterfly,  Colias  philodice, 
is  an  occasional  caller.  6-17  inches  high.  In  woodlands 
from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Iowa. 
The  var.  scahriiiscula  is  not  so  tall,  the  stems  are  slender, 
it  is  only  slightly  fine-hairy,  and  the  leaves  are  generally 
acute  at  the  apex,  and  distinctly  scallop-toothed.  4-12 
inches  high.  In  moist  thickets  or  woodlands  from  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  Tex.,  and  west  to  Neb. 

A  smooth  sweet-scented  species  with  a 
Viola  Cana-  ^^^^'  ^^^^Y  Stem  resembling  that  of  the 
densis  foregoing.     The  heart-shaped,  deep  green 

Pale  violet,        leaves,  broader  or  longer,  with  a  slightly 
^^^^^  toothed   edge,   on    long    stalks,    growing 

^^"  "  ^  alternately.     The  flowers  springing  from 

the  forking  leaf-stalks  are  lighter  or  deeper  violet  on  the 
outside  of  the  petals  and  nearly  white  on  the  inside, 
with  the  throat  yellow-tinted;  the  three  lower  petals  are 
purple- veined,  the  side  petals  bearded,  and  the  middle 
petal  is  acutely  tipped.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  altogether 
white.  5-15  inches  high,  occasionally  more.  In  hilly 
woods  from  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  among  the 
mountains,  west  to  Neb.,  S.  Dak.,  and  in  the  Rockies. 
282 


Downy  Yellow  Violet.  Viola,  pubescens. 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violaceas. 


^  A  handsome,  somewhat  western  species, 

Pale  Violet 

Viola  striata  '^^'^^^^  smooth,  straight  stems,  and  deep  dull 
White  or  pale  green,  heart-shaped  leaves,  finely  scallop- 
lavender  toothed,  and  more  or  less  curled  at  the 
April-May  j^^gg  when  young,  the  tips  acute.  The 
moderately  large  flowers  white,  cream-coloi'ed,  or  very 
pale  lavender,  the  lateral  petals  bearded,  the  lower  one 
thickly  striped  with  purple  veins,  and  broad.  The 
flower-stalk  exceedingly  long.  The  stigma  of  the  flower 
projects  far  be^'ond  the  anthers,  so  self-fertilization  is 
impracticable  ;  among  the  most  frequent  visitors  (ac- 
cording to  Prof.  Robertson)  are  the  bees  of  the  genus 
Andrena,  and  the  small  bees,  Osmia  albiventris  and 
Halictus  coriaceus.  Colias philodice,  the  butterfly  who 
"puts  a  finger  in  everyone's  pie,"  is  also  an  occasional 
visitor.  6-16  inches  high.  In  moist  woods  and  fields 
from  western  New  Eng.,  to  Minn.,  and  Mo.,  and  south 
along  the  Alleghanies  to  Ga. 

A  low  creeping  violet  ;  the  light  green 
Dog  Violet  ^  -^1  ^      ^1     J     ^-      ,       ^     i. 

Viola  canina      stems  With  many  toothed  stipules  (leafy 

var.  Muhlen-  formations  at  the  angles  of  the  stems), 
bergii  and    small    round    heart-shaped    yellow- 

Light  purple  green  leaves,  obscurely  scalloped,  and 
slightly  pointed  at  the  tip.  Tlie  pale  pur- 
ple or  violet  flowers  are  small,  with  the  side  petals 
slightly  bearded,  and  the  lower  petal  purple- veined  and 
long-spurred.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  white.  2-6  inches 
high.  Visited  by  the  small  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus. 
Common  in  wet  woodlands  and  along  shady  roadsides, 
from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to 
Minn.  Viola  canina  var.  puherula  is  characteristically 
fine-hairy,  the  leaves  are  ovate  and  small,  and  the  stip- 
ules are  deeply  toothed.  It  bears  cleistogamous  flowers. 
In  sandy  soil  from  Me.  and  Vt.,  westward  to  Mich, 
and  S.  Dak. 


284 


Pale  Violet. 


Viok  stniata.. 


LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.    Lythraceae. 


LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.     Lythracece. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  in  our  range,  with  four-sided  branches 
and  generally  toothless,  opposite  leaves  and  perfect 
flowers,  though  these  are  occasionally  in  two  or  even 
three  forms,  i.  e.,  with  long  filaments  (the  stem  part  of 
the  stamen  minus  the  anther)  and  a  short  style,  or  vice 
versa.  Petals  4-7.  Stamens  4-14,  sometimes  the  petals 
are  absent.  Cross-fertilization  effected  in  a  number  of 
instances  through  the  agency  of  bees  and  butterflies. 
Hyssop  ^  smooth  branching  annual,  with  pale 

Loosestrife  green  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  alternate 
Lythrum  and  lance-sliaped,  with  stemless  base,  at 

Hyssopifolia  ^vhicli  there  are  frequently  little  narrow 
Pale  purple  ,      r,    ,  . 

magenta  leaflets,  growmg  upon  a  separate  stem  of 

July-  their  own,  which,  lengthening,  forms  late- 

September  ral,  leafy  branches  above.     The  pale  pur- 

plish magenta  flowers  usually  have  six  petals  and  the 
same  number  of  stamens,  or  less  ;  they  grow  singly  in  the 
angles  of  the  leaves.  6-15  inches  high.  In  salt  marshes 
from  Me.  to  N.  J.,  also  (according  to  Britton  and  Brown) 
in  Cal.,  and  along  the  coast  of  South  America. 

A  similar,  paler  flowered  species  with 
lineare  linear   leaves    growing    oppositely ;     the 

tiny  flowers  grow  in  two  forms,  explained 
under  the  family  description  above.  A  perennial  2-8 
feet  high.  Salt  marshes  from  N.  J.,  south  along  the 
coast  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

A  tall  slim  species  with  much  darker 
alatum  leafage  and  a  smooth,  much-branched,  and 

angled  stem.  The  leaves  alternate  (the 
lowest  opposite),  lance-shaped,  pointed  at  the  tip.  and 
broader  at  the  base.  The  flowers  deep  purple-magenta, 
\  inch  or  more  broad,  and  dimorphous,  that  is,  in  two 
forms,  as  explained  above  ;  the  stamens  very  long  in 
some  blossoms.  1-3  feet  high.  In  low  moist  ground, 
from  Mass.  (East  Lexington,  and  Boston),  Vt.  (Char- 
lotte), south  to  Ky.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  Col., 
and  Ark. 


286 


Loosestrife. 


L  V  thrum  alatum. 


LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.     Lythraceae. 


A   most   beautiful    species    naturalized 
s"nfe'd  **''  ^^^"^  Europe  and  called  by  the   English, 

Loosestrife  Long  Purples,  Spiked  Willow-herb,  etc. 
Lythrum  An  erect,  smooth,  or  slightly  hairy  slender 

salicaria  perennial,  generally  much-branched.    The 

Purple=  medium  green  leaves  lance-shaped  with  a 

magenta,  light  ,  ,     ,  ,   ,  •  -.  ■, 

June-August     beart-shaped  base,  growmg  oppositely  or 

in  circles  of  three,  and  stemless.  The 
long-petaled,  purple-magenta  (light  or  deep)  flowers, 
growing  in  circles,  with  8-13  stamens,  longer  and 
shorter ;  the  flowers,  in  fact,  trimorphous,  that  is,  de- 
veloping three  relative  lengths  of  stamens  and  style. 
Unquestionabh'  dependent  upon  insects  for  cross-fertili- 
zation ;  the  honeybee,  the  bumblebee,  and  many  of  the 
butterflies  are  common  visitors  ;  Colias  pliilodice  is  fre- 
quently among  the  number.  20-35  inches  high.  In  wet 
meadows,  and  on  the  borders  of  swamps,  from  Me.,  Vt., 
and  Mass.,  south  to  Del.,  and  in  eastern  N.  Y.  Mrs. 
Dana  says:  "It  may  be  seen  in  the  perfection  of  its 
beauty  along  the  marshy  shores  of  the  Hudson,  and  in 
the  swamps  of  the  Wallkill  Valley."  It  is  also  abundant 
near  Bedford,  Mass..  and  in  Worcester  Co.,  Mass.  It 
responds  readily  to  cultivation. 

Swamp  "^    somewhat    shrubby     plant,     nearly 

Loosestrife  smooth,  with  reclining  or  recurved  stems 
Decndon  verti-  of  4-6  sidcs,  and  lance-shaped  leaves  near- 
^'  '^'^"■'^  ly  stemless,  opposite-growing,  or  mostly 

in  threes  ;  the  uppermost  with  clusters  of 

small,  bell-shaped  magenta-flowers,  growing  from  their 

bases.      Flowers  with   five   wedge-lance-shaped    petals 

half  an  inch  long.     Stamens  10,  five  short  and  five  long. 

2-8  feet  long.     Swampy  places.     N.  Eng.  south  and  west 

to  Minn,  and  La. 

A  cold  and  clammv,  hairy,  branching. 
Clammy  ,  ,  i  .^i^  ^     ,  i  j 

Cuphea  homely  annual,   with   ovate-lance-shaped 

Cupkeavisco-      dull   green   leaves,   and    small    magenta- 

sissima  pink  flowers  with  ovate   petals  on  short 

Ma^genta=pink   ^layvs.     Stem   branching.    1-2   feet  high. 

September         ^^^  sandy  fields  from  R.   I.  south  to  Ga. 

and  west  to  Kan.  and  La, 


288 


Swamp  Loosestrife  Decodon  verticillatus. 


MEADOW=BEAUTY  FAMILY.     Melastotnacese. 


MEADOW-BEAUTY  FAMILY.     Melastomacece. 

Herbs  (in  our  range)  with  opposite  leaves  of  3-7  veins, 
and  perfect,  regular  flowers  having  four  petals,  and  as 
many  calyx-lobes  ;  there  are  either  four  or  eight  promi- 
nent stamens ;  in  our  species  the  anthers  open  by  a  pore 
in  the  apex.  The  stigma  being  far  in  advance  of  the  an- 
thers, the  flower  is  cross-fertilized,  and  mostly  through 
the  agency  of  butterflies  and  bees.  The  seed  are  in  a 
four-celled  capsule. 

„,    ^  A  stout-stemmed  perennial,   sometimes 

Meadow=  ,  ,      n    ,  ,  , 

beauty  or  branched  (the  stem  rather  square),  with 

Deer=grass.  smooth,  light  green,  three-ribbed  leaves, 
RhexiaVirginica  sharp-toothed,  ovate  pointed  or  narrower. 
Magenta  ^^^^    stemless.      The    flowers    with  four 

broad  magenta  or  purple-magenta  petals  ; 
the  golden  anthers  large.  There  are  eight  stamens 
slightly  varying  in  length  ;  the  pistil  reaching  beyond 
them  secures  the  cross-fertilization  of  the  flower ;  the 
honeybee  and  Colias  jjhilodice  (the  omnipresent  yellow 
butterfly)  are  the  only  visitors  I  have  happened  to  ob- 
serve. 10-18  inches  high.  In  sandy  marshes,  from  Me. 
south,  and  local  west  to  111.  and  Mo. 

A  similar  species,  with  square  stem  and 
Rhexia  aristosa  ^■,     -,-  ■,  mi       i 

narrow,  small,  linear  leaves.     The  large 

magenta  flowers  with  rounded  petals  are  furnished  with 

a  tiny  awnlike  point.     In  sandy  swamps,  and  the  pine 

barrens  of  New  Jersey,  south  to  S.  Car.,  local. 

A  slender,  round-stemmed  species,  rather 
Rhexia  Mariana  ^     .  -        .^,        i        ^^     ,  i    t 

hairy,    and   with    short-stemmed   Imear- 

oblong,   toothed  leaves,  three-ribbed,  and  acute.     The 

flowers  are  light  magenta  and  similar  to  those  of  Rhexia 

Virginica.     In  sandy  swamps,  and  in  the  pine  barrens  of 

New  Jersey,  south  and  south w-est  to  Tex.     The  name, 

from  the  Greek  prj^.i^,  means  a  break  or  crevice,  alluding 

to  the  situation  of  the  plant. 


290 


Meadow  Beauty. 


Rhexia  Vipginica. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagracew. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceoe. 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs.  The  perfect  flowers 
commonly  with  four  petals  and  four  sepals  (rarely  2-6), 
and  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens :  the 
stigma  with  2-4  lobes.  Fertilized  by  moths,  butterflies, 
and  bees. 

A  nearly  smooth  herb  with  many 
branches,  and  lance-shaped,  toothless,  op- 
posite-growing leaves  which  taper  to  a 
point  at  either  end.  The  solitary  light 
yellow,  four-petaled  flowers,  about  |  inch 
broad,  with  sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the 
petals.  The  seed-capsule  is  four-sided  and  wing-mar- 
gined, rounded  at  the  base  ;  the  seeds  eventually  become 
loose  and  rattle  about  when  the  plant  is  shaken.  2-3 
feet  high.  Common  in  swamps,  from  Mass.,  to  north- 
south,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Kan. 

A  less  showy  species  with  very  narrow 
lance-shaped  leaves,  and  tiny  inconspicu- 
ous, stemless  flowers  whose  rudimentary 
petals  are  pale  green.  The  flowers  grow 
at  the  junction  of  leaf-stem  with  plant- 
stem.  The  four-sided,  top-shaped  seed-capsule  is  fur- 
nished at  the  base  with  linear  or  awl-shaped  leaflets. 
1-3  feet  high.  In  swamps  from  Mass.  southwest  to  Ky., 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  E.  Kan. 

A  common  uninteresting  aquatic  species 
found  in  swamps  and  ditches.  The  tiny 
inconspicuous  flowers  without  petals,  or, 
when  the  plant  grows  out  of  water,  with 
very  small  ruddy  ones.  The  lance-shaped, 
opposite-growing,  slender-stemmed  leaves 
(with  the  flowers  growing  at  their  bases) 
an  inch  long  or  less.  The  elongated  capsule  indistinctly 
four-sided.  Stems  4-12  inches  long,  creeping  or  float- 
ing. Shallow  marshes,  and  muddy  ditches  everywhere. 
Named  for  C.  G.  Ludwig,  a  German  botanist. 


Seedbox 

Ludwigia 
alternifolia 
Yellow 
June- 
September 


ern  N.  Y. 

Liidwigia 

polycarpn 

Green 

July 

September 


Water 
Purslane 

Ludwigia 
pal  u  stria 
Pale  reddish 
June- 
September 


292 


r:  .,  ,  .      ^  .-«  .^.,^  ,  ,  ^  Willow Hepb. 

Lpilobium  Angusti/olium.      Epilobium  hipsutum. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceas. 


A  tall  i^erennial  herb  with  ruddy  stem 
irewee  ,  or       ^^^  dark  olive  green,  lance-shaped,  white- 
Great  Willow         „  ,  O  '  Jr-       J 

Herb  ribbed  leaves  without  teeth  or  nearly  so, 

Epilohium  resembling  those  of  the  willow.     The  light 

angustifoUnm  magenta  or  rarely  white  flowers  in  a  ter- 
Light  magenta  j^^-^^^j  showy  spike  with  four  broad  and 
July-August  ,         .    , 

conspicuous  petals,  eight  stamens,  and  a 

prominent  pistil.  The  slender  velvety,  purple-tinged 
pods,  gracefully  curved,  open  lengthwise  and  liberate  a 
mass  of  silky  do%vn  in  late  August  and  September,  which 
gives  the  plant  a  wild  and  dishevelled  appearance.  4-7 
feet  high.  Common  on  newl}^  cleared  woodland,  es- 
pecially where  the  ground  has  been  burned  over.  From 
Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Tex. 

A  foreign  perennial  species  which  has 

Hairy  Willow     ,  ,-       n     ,        -  . 

Hgj.jj  become  naturalized  about  towns  near  the 

Epilobium  coast.     The  deep  yellow-green  leaves  ob- 

hirsutum  long  lance-shaped,  finely  toothed  and  stem- 

Magenta  jggg      rpj^g  four-petaled  magenta  flowers, 

July-August        _..,  J.  ,       ,    ^  iii. 

^  inch  broad,  in  a  short  terminal  cluster, 

or  between  leaf-stem  and  plant-stem.  There  are  eight 
stamens.  Seed-pod  long  and  slender,  the  seed  wafted  by 
means  of  a  long  tuft  of  silky  hairs  at  the  tip.  3-4  feet 
high,  densely  soft-hairy,  stout  and  branching. 

A  small  uncommon  species.     The  stem 
Epilobium  angled  or  marked  with  hairy  lines,  sparse- 

LU^f '^'^  ly   finely   hairy   throughout.     The  broad 

July-August      linear,  obtuse  leaves  erect  or  ascending, 

and  stemless,  with  curled-back  margins. 
The  seed-capsules  extremely  long  and  with  scarcely  ap- 
parent slender  stems.  6-12  inches  higli.  Flowers  the 
same  as  in  the  next  species.  White  Mountains,  N.  H., 
and  Pa.,  west  to  Minn.     Found  on  Mt.  AVashington. 

A  very    slender  swamp    species,    with 
Epilohium  small  linear  or  narrow  lance-shaped  light 

linenre  green  leaves  with  a  short  but  distinct  stem, 

July-August      ^^^'^   ^^''2/  lil^c  or  pale  magenta  flowers, 

scarcely  \  inch  broad.  The  whole  plant 
minutely  hairy  together  with  the  capsule.  More  branched 
than  the  next  species.  1-3  feet  high.  In  bogs  from 
Me.,  southwest  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 


Epilobium  lineare. 


Epilobium  coloratum. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagracese. 


Epilobium 
strictum 
Lilac 
July-August 


Epilobium 
coloratuni 
Lilac 
July-August 


A  similar  species  with  densely  soft  white 
hairy  stem,  leaves,  and  seed -pod.  The 
leaves  broader  and  less  acute  than  those 
of  the  last  species,  with  short  stems  or 
none  at  all.  The  veins  distinct.  Flowers 
like  those  of  the  previous  species.  1-8  feet  high.  In 
bogs  from  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  very  common  species  in  the  north, 
with  a  minutely  hairy  branching  stem, 
often  ruddy,  and  lanceolate  leaves,  dis- 
tinctly but  not  conspicuously  toothed, 
short-stemmed,  and  yellow-green  in  color, 
often  ruddy-tinged.  The  tiny  flowers  pale  lilac,  and 
sometimes  nodding  ;  in  fact,  all  these  small-flowered 
Epilobiums  after  being  plucked  show  nodding  blossoms. 
Seed-pod  green,  exceedingly  long  and  slender,  the  seeds 
dark  brown,  the  hairy  plume,  at  first  pale,  finally  cinna- 
mon brown.  1-8  feet  high.  In  wet  situations  every  whe'*e. 
Differs  from  the  foregoing  species  in 
having  erect  flowers  (though  they  may 
nod  at  first),  broader,  blunter,  and  less 
toothed  leaves  with  shorter  stems,  and 
lighter  colored  seeds  with  a  slight  prolon- 
gation at  the  top.  1-3  feet  high.  In  wet  situations 
throughout  the  north ;  not  south  of  Pa.  The  silky 
plumes  of  the  seeds  of  these  few  last  small-flowered 
species  described  may  become  grayish  white  as  in  E. 
adenocaulon  ;  but  at  first  they  are  absolutely  icliite.  At 
best  the  Epilohiums  are  a  difficult  genus  to  separate  dis- 
tinctly, and  are  not  a  little  puzzling  to  the  botanist. 

A  very  familar  biennial,  and  nocturnal 
species,  with  light  green  leaves  more  or 
less  lance-shaped,  sometimes  broad,  slight- 
ly resembling  those  of  the  fireweed, 
slightly  toothed  or  toothless.  Large  showy 
pure  yellow  flowers,  lemon-scented,  M-ith 
eight  prominent  and  spreading  stamens ; 


Epilobium 
adenocaulon 
Lilac 
July-August 


Common 

Evening 

Primrose 

CEnothera 

biennis 

Pure  yellow 

July-  August 


2y6 


Evening  Primrose.  CEnothepa biennis. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagracese. 


the  golden  pollen  is  loosely  connected  by  cobwebby 
threads,  and  is  transported  from  flower  to  flower  mostly 
by  moths  ;  the  Isabella  tiger-moth  {Pyrrharctic  Isabella) 
is  chief  among  the  number.  The  blossoms  are  also  fre- 
quented by  the  honeybee  and  bumblebee  ;  they  usually 
open  just  before  sundown,  and  fade  in  the  strong  sun- 
light of  the  following  day  ;  the  sudden  opening  of  the 
flower  in  the  twilight  hour  is  interesting  and  remark- 
able. The  soft-hairy  plant-stem,  leafy  throughout,  is 
1-6  feet  high.  Roadsides  and  fields  everywhere  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  flower  of  var.  grandiflora, 
from  the  southwest,  is  very  large  ;  the  corolla  is  3-4 
inches  in  diameter.  It  is  commonly  cultivated.  The 
var.  cruciata  has  remarkably  narrow  petals  linear  and 
acute  ;  Mass.,  Vt.,  and  N.  Y. 

Oakes's  Even=  An  annual,  slenderer  than  the  foregoing 
Ing  Primrose  species,  and  not  hairy  but  covered  with 
(Enothera  ^  slight  close  woolliness.     The  calyx-tips 

PureyeUow        ^^^^  conspicuously    close   together.      Dry 
July-August      situations  Mass.  and  N.  Y.,  w^est  to  Neb. 
CEnothera  ^  lower  slightly  fine-hairy  species  with 

sinuata  oblong     or     lance-shaped     leaves    wavy- 

Pure  yellow  toothed  or  often  deep-cleft  like  those  of 
May-July  ^j-jg   dandelion  ;    the   small    light    yellow 

flowers  borne  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves  turn  pinkish  in 
fading.  About  1  foot  high.  In  sandy  soil,  from  N.  J. 
south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.  Also  in  Vt. 
according  to  Britton  and  Brown,  but  not  recorded  by 
Brainerd,  Jones,  and  Eggleston,  in  Flora  of  Vermont. 

A  small  slightly  hairy  biennial,  with  di- 
(Enothera  urnal,  rather  small- pure  yellow^  flowers, 

pumil(t  borne  in  a  loose  spike  or  at  the  bases  of 

Pure  yellow  the  leaves,  the  latter  light  dull  green, 
May-July  toothless    and    obtuse,   lance-shaped    but 

broader  nearer  the  tip.  10-20  inches  high.  In  dry  sunny 
fields,  from  Me.  to  N.  J. ,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 


2yS 


Sundpop 
;nothend.ypuiticosa 


CEnothePa  pumila.. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagracese. 


A  similar  diurnal  species  with  flowers 
CEnothera  ^~^  inch  broad,  borne  in  a  loose  spike  or 

fruticosa  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves  ;  the  latter  are 

Pure  yellow  oblong  or  lance-shaped  and  very  slightly 
JVlay-July  toothed.      Cross-fertilized    by    butterflies 

and  bees,  especially  those  of  the  genus  Andrena,  and 
the  brilliant  little  flies  of  the  genus  Syrphidoe..  The 
stigma  extends  far  beyond  the  anthers,  so  self-fertiliza- 
tion is  impossible  except  with  the  agency  of  insects. 
The  seed-pods  strongly  ribbed  and  winged.  Very  varia- 
ble, 1-3  feet  high.  Common  in  flelds  and  on  roadsides 
everywhere.  The  var.  linearis  is  slender,  has  very  nar- 
row, linear-lance-shaped  leaves,  and  the  less  ribbed  seed- 
pods  taper  into  the  slender  stalk.  From  Conn,  south, 
and  west  to  Mo.     Blooming  from  June  to  September. 

An  inconspicuous  perennial  of  damp  and 
Nightshade  shady  woodlands,  with  opposite  thin,  frail 
Circoea  deep  green  leaves,  ovate  pointed,  remotely 

Lutetiana  toothed,   and    long-stemmed.      The    tiny 

^**'*^^  white  flowers  have  two  petals  so  deeply 

u  y-  ugus  q\qI\^  that  they  appear  as  four  ;  they  are 
borne  at  the  tip  of  a  long  slender  stem,  which  is  set 
about  with  the  little  green  burlike,  white-haired,  nearly 
round  seed-pods.  Fertilized  by  the  beelike  fly  {Bonibyli- 
us),  the  brilliant  green  SyrpMd  fly,  and  the  mining  bee 
{Andrena).  Plant-stem  very  smooth  and  swollen  at  the 
joints.  Common  in  cool  and  moist  woodlands  every- 
where. Named  for  the  enchantress  Circe.  This  and  the 
next  species  are  often  found  close  together  in  Campton, 
N.  H. 

(jiyccpd  A  smaller  species,  the  stem  of  which  is 

alpina  watery     and     translucent,     ruddy     and 

White  smooth.      The   thin   and    delicate    heart- 

July-August  shaped  leaves  are  shiny,  coarsely  blunt- 
toothed,  and  distinctly  different  from  those  of  the 
preceding  species.  Tiny  leaflets,  or  bracts,  are  set  im- 
mediately  beneath  the  flowers.  The  burlike  buds  are 
club-shaped.  3-8  inches  high.  Common  only  in  the 
north  and  among  the  mountains. 


300 


iircaea.  Lutetia^na..  Cireaea  a^lpina.. 


GINSENG  FAMILY.    Araliaceas, 


GINSENG  FAMILY.     Araliacece. 

Generally  herbs  in  our  range,  with  compound,  mostly 
alternate  leaves  and  tiny  five-petaled  flowers  in  crowded 
clusters ;  stamens  five,  alternate  with  the  petals ;  the 
flowers  perfect  or  more  or  less  polygamous  ;  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers  occurring  on  the  same  plant. 
Fruit  a  cluster  of  berries,  which  with  the  root,  bark,  etc., 
are  slightly  aromatic.  Visited  by  numerous  woodland 
insects  as  well  as  the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus,  and  oc- 
casionally b}'  butterflies. 

A  tall,  branching,  smooth  woodland 
^y^ill^i  herb,  with  a  round,  blackish   stem,  and 

racemosa  large  compound  leaves  of  generall}^  15-21 

Green=white  ovate  leaflets,  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
July-August  finely  double-toothed,  and  deep  green  with 
brownish  stems.  The  greenish  white  flowers  are  ar- 
ranged in  small  round  clusters  which  in  the  aggregate 
form  a  large,  terminal,  pointed  spike,  or  perhaps  several 
smaller  spikes  from  the  base  of  the  leaves.  Visited  by 
the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus,  and  the  beelike  flies 
{Syrphidce).  Fruit  a  round  dull  brown-crimson  berry  (in 
compact  clusters)  sometimes,  when  over-ripe  dull 
brown-purple.  The  large  roots  are  esteemed  for  their 
spicy  and  aromatic  flavor.  3-5  feet  high.  Rich  wood- 
lands from  Me.,  south  through  the  mountains  to  Ga., 
and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Mo. 

A    characteristically    fine-hairy    jDlant, 

y  ^ar-       ^y\^\^  similar  leaves  generallv  hair}^  on  the 
saparilla  or  i       i  i 

Wild  Elder  veins  beneath  and  irregularly  double- 
AniUa  inspida  toothed ;  they  are  perhaps  longer  and 
Dull  white  more  pointed  than  those  of  Arcdia  race- 
June  early  ^^^^^^  ^^^^^  rounded  at  tlie  base.  The  tiny 
July 

dull  white  flowers  are  arranged  in  some- 
what hemispherical  clusters,  several  of  which  crown  the 
summit  of  the  stem.  The  fruit  is  somewhat  oblate-sphe- 
roidal in  shape  and  dull  brown-crimson  when  ripe.  12- 
34  inches  high.  In  rocky  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to  N. 
C,  through  the  mountains,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  111. 
Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 


302 


^ 


„  9m, 


'^^ 


#^ 


Bristly  SaP5apanilla 


Aral'iA  hispida. 


GINSENG  FAMILY.    Araliaceae. 


A  so-called  stemless  Aralia,  whose  true 
saoariila  plant-steni  scarcely  rises  above  ground, 

Aralia  the  leaf -stem  and  flower-stem  apparently 

nudiccmlis  separating  near  the  root.    There  is  a  single 

Green=white      long-stalked  leaf  rising  7-12  inches  above 

the  ground,  with  three  branching  divisions 
of  leaflets  ;  there  are  about  five  ovate,  finely  toothed, 
light  green  leaflets  on  each  division.  The  flower-stalk  is 
leafless  and  bears  3-7  rather  flat  hemispherical  clusters 
of  greenish  white  flowers  whose  tiny  petals  are  strongly 
reflexed ;  the  five  greenish  stamens  are  conspicuous. 
The  fruit  is  a  round  purple-black  berrj'  in  clusters.  Com- 
mon in  moist  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south  along  the 
mountains  to  N.  C,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and 
Mo.  The  aromatic  roots  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  the 
true  Sarsaparilla  {Smilax  officinalis),  of  South  America. 
The  roots  of  Ginseng  which ,  in  the  esti- 
Pf^^^^fJ.  mation  of  the  Chinese,  are  possessed  of 

quinquefolium  some  potent  medicinal  virtue,  are  so  much 
Pale  green=  in  demand  for  export  that  through  the  as- 
yellow  siduity  of  collectors  the  plant  has  become 

rare.  The  large  deep  green  leaf  has  five 
thin,  obovate,  acute-pointed  leaflets,  sharply  and  ir- 
regularly toothed  ;  in  arrangement  it  slightly  resembles 
the  horse-chestnut  leaf.  The  plant-stem  is  smooth  and 
green,  and  the  compound  leaves  are  borne  three  in  a 
circle.  The  yellowish  green  flowers  (the  staminate  lily- 
of-the-valley-scented)  are  crowded  into  a  single  hemi- 
spherical cluster  ;  they  are  polygamous.  The  fruit  is  a 
deep  ruby  red  berry,  in  a  scant  cluster.  The  name  is  a 
corruption  of  the  Chinese  Jin-chen,  meaning  manlike 
(from  the  two-legged  appearance  of  the  root).  The  plant 
is  small — 8-15  inches  high.  Rare  in  rich  cold  woods. 
Me.,  N.  H.,  and  Vt.  to  Conn.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

^       ^  ^.  A  tiny  species  with  a  spJierical  root,  gen- 

Dwarf  Ginseng         ,,     ^,  ,  /  ^     » 

Panax  tri-  erally  three  compound  leaves  composed  oi 

folium  about  three  tootlied,  ovate  leaflets,   and 

Dull  white         dull  white  flowers,  staminate  and  pistil- 

May-June  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^j^^  same  plant,  borne  in  a  single 

cluster.     Fruit  yellow.     4-8  inches  high.     Me.,  south  to 

Ga.,  in  the  mountains,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

304 


inseng. 


Panaix  quinque/blium. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     IJmbelli ferae. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.      Umbelliferce. 

Herbs  with  hollow  stems,  generalh^  deeply  cut  com- 
pound leaves,  and  tiny  flowers  in  mostly  broad  flat-topped 
clusters,  perfect  (often  polygamous),  having  five  petals, 
as  many  stamens,  and  two  styles.  In  some  flowers  the 
styles  protrude  from  the  yet  undeveloped  blossom,  and 
the  stigmas  are  touched  by  the  visiting  insect  long  be- 
fore the  anthers  are  mature,  thus  securing  cross-fertiliza- 
tion. Commonly  visited  by  countless  insects,  including 
the  honeybee,  the  bumblebee,  and  many  butterflies, 
chief  among  which  are  the  Black  Swallowtails.  The 
manj^  species  are  not  easily  distinguished  apart,  as  the 
flowers  are  very  similar  ;  in  general,  minute  character- 
istics of  the  seed  show  the  radical  differences  best. 
Strong-scented  plants  remarkable  for  their  aromatic  oil. 
One  of  our  commonest  weeds,  natural- 
Wild  Carrot  j^ed  from  Europe,  and  familiar  by  every 
Anne's  Lace  wa3^side  near  a  dwelling.  A  coarse  and 
or  Bird's  Nest  hairy -stemmed  biennial  with  exceedingly 
Dancns  Ccrota  fine-cut  leaves,  yellowish  green,  and  rough 
Dull  white         ^q  ^j^g  touch  ;  they  are  thoroughly  decora- 

"  ^.      .  five.    The  dull  white  flowers,  in  extremelv 

September  ' 

flat-topped  clusters,  are  gracefulh^  dis- 
posed in  a  radiating  pattern  as  fine  as  lace  ;  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  cluster  is  frequently  found  a  single  tiny  deep 
purple  floret.  Visited  bj-  innumerable  insects,  flies,  but- 
terflies, bees,  and  moths,  most  of  which  are  attracted  by 
the  peculiarly  strong  odor.  The  aged  flower-cluster 
curls  up  and  resembles  a  bird's  nest,  from  which  circum- 
stance the  plant  derives  that  name.  2-3  feet  high.  In 
w^aste  places  and  fields  everywhere  ;  it  is  often  a  most 
troublesome  weed.  A  near  relative  of  the  garden  carrot. 
A  smooth,  perennial  species  somewhat 
em  oc  similar  in  appearance  to  wild  carrot,  but 

Conioselinum      with    a    slender- branched     flower-cluster 
Canadense  composed  of  far   less  showy  dull   white 

Dull  white  flowers.      The   leaves  similar,    the   lower 

"^"^  h  long-stemmed,  the  upper  quite  stemless. 

The    fruit    or  seed  is  smooth,   flat,    and 
prominently  five-ribbed,  the  two  side  ribs  exceedingly 
306 


.^^^if. 


Wild  Carrot 


Dducus  Capota. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferas. 


broad.  2-4  feet  high.  In  cool  swamps  among  the  hills, 
from  Me.  and  Vt. ,  southwest  through  the  mountains  to 
N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

A  tall  and  slender  species,  poisonous  to 
Tiedemannia  ^aste,  and  with  large  tuberiferous  roots. 
rigida  The  leaves  are  deep  green,  and  altogether 

Dull  white  different  in  form  from  those  of  the  pre- 

August-  ceding    species ;    they   are   long-stemmed 

and  composed  of  3-9  lance-shaped  or 
broader,  remotely  toothed  leaflets,  more  or  less  variable 
in  shape.  The  tiny  dull  white  flowers  are  in  slender 
clusters.  The  seed  is  flat-sided,  broad,  and  the  ribs  are 
not  sharp  or  prominent ;  the  side  ribs  are  broad.  An- 
other denizen  of  the  swamps;  from  N.  Y.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  Named  for  Prof.  Tiedemann,  of 
Heidelberg. 

A  common  very  tall  perennial  with  a 
Cow  Parsnip         ,  ,     „  .  ,       ,       . 

Heracleum  stout,    hollow,    ridged    Stem,    sometimes 

lanntum  stained  lightly  with  dull  brown-red.     The 

Dull  white  leaves  are  dark  green,  compound — in  three 
June-July  divisions,  toothed  and  deeply  lobed,  rather 

soft-hairy  beneath,  and  with  a  leafy  formation  at  the 
junction  of  the  leaf-stem  and  plant-stem.  The  insignifi- 
ca*nt  dull  white  flowers,  in  large  flat  clusters,  have  five 
petals,  each  of  which  is  deeply  notched  and  of  unequal 
proportions.  The  seed  is  very  broad,  flat,  and  generally 
oval.  4-8  feet  high.  Wet  ground,  shady  borders  of 
moist  thickets,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to 
S.  Dak.  and  Mo.     Named  for  Hercules. 

A  common  biennial  familiar  on  waysides 
Wild  Parsnip  ^^^^  ^j^^  borders  of  fields,  with  a  tough, 
Pastinaca  ,        .  , 

sativa  Strongly  grooved,  smooth  stem,  and  with 

Light  gold  dull  deep  green,  compound  leaves  com- 
yellow  posed  of  man}^  toothed,  thin,  ovate  divi- 

''""^~  sions.     The  dull  (in  effect  greenish)  light 

gold  yellow  flowers  are  gathered  in  small 
clusters  set  on  slender  stems,  and  form  a  broad,  flat- 
topped  cluster.  The  stem,  2-5  feet  high,  is  extremely 
strong  and  difficult  if  not  impossible  to  break.  Seeds 
flat  and  thin.     Common.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 


308 


I 


Pastinacasativa. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY,     Umbelliferx. 

Sometimes  called  Golden  Alexanders. 
P    sniD  ^  western  species  not  very  distant  from 

Thaspium  Zizia  aurea.     It  has  medium  green  lance- 

aureum  shaped  or  ovate,  toothed  leaflets,  three  of 

Golden  yellow  which  generally  compose  a  leaf  ;  the  root- 
une-  ugus  jg^ves  are  single,  mostly  distinctl}^  heart- 
shaped,  the  others  simply  rounded  at  the  base.  The 
golden  yellow  flowers  are  gathered  in  sparse  flat-topped 
clusters.  The  seed  is  equally  angled  with  deep  flanges 
or  ribs  and  is  distinctly  difi"erent  in  this  respect  from  the 
flat  seeds  of  Pastinaca  saliva  ;  they  mature  in  early  au- 
tumn. 15-36  inches  high.  Found  on  the  borders  of 
thickets,  and  woodland  roads,  from  Ohio,  west  to  Mo., 
southwest  to  Tenn.,  and  west  to  111.  The  var.  atropur- 
pureuni  bears  deep  dull  purple  flowers,  and  is  confined 
to  the  same  range.  T.  barbinode  is  a  similar  species 
with  stem-  and  leaf-joints  and  flowering  stems  more  or 
less  fine-hairy.  Leaves  with  3-6  leaflets.  Flowers  light 
gold  yellow.  Seed  with  seven  prominent  wings.  Beside 
streams,  commonest  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  ;  N.  Y., 
west  to  Minn.,  and  south. 

A  stout  and  branching  species  often 
a  er  arsnip  gj-Qvyj^g  jn  shallow  water.  The  compound 
cicxiicefoUum  leaves  deep  green,  with  7-15  linear  or  lance- 
Dull  white  shaped  leaflets  sharply  toothed  ;  the  finely 
J"'y-  cut  lower  leaves  generally  submerged. 
September  r^j^^  ^^^^  ^^,j^.^^  flowers  are  in  a  flat  dome- 
shaped  cluster.  The  seeds  are  prominently  ribbed,  and 
the  leaves  are  variable  in  form.  2-6  feet  high.  Through- 
out the  country. 

A  similar  but  smaller  aquatic  species  6- 

Berula  34  jj^ches  high,  with  7-19  leaflets,  more  or 

less  lobed,  and  a  dome-shaped  cluster  of 

white  flowers.      From  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Neb.     Also  in 

the  Rockies  and  the  far  west. 

A  very  common  smooth  perennial,  found 

ar  y     ea  ow  shaded  roadsides  or  meadow  borders. 
Parsnip 

Zizia  aurea  The  medium  light  green  leaves  are  doubly 

Light  gold  compound  ;  generally  three  divisions  (or 

yellow  leaflets,  properly  speaking)  of  3-7  leaflets, 

ay-  une  ^^  narrow,  pointed,  and  sharply  toothed, 

310 


capiy  neddow  Paranip.  Zizid.  dupe^ 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferse. 


but  varying  to  broader  types.  The  stem  is  often  branched. 
The  tiny  dull  light  gold  yellow  flowers  have  prominent 
stamens,  and  are  collected  in  many  small  clusters,  each 
widely  separated  from  the  other,  but  all  forming  a  thin 
radiating  cluster.  Visited  commonly  by  many  flies, 
small  butterflies,  and  but  few  bees.  Seeds  slightly 
ribbed.  16-34  inches  high.  Everywhere.  Me.  to  S.  Dak. 
Caraway  "^  common  weed  in  the  north,  natural- 

Carum  cnrui  ized  from  Europe.  Biennial  or  perennial ; 
Dull  white  the  lower  basal  leaves  long-stemmed,  the 
June-July  upper  stemless  ;  all  finely  cut,  and  orna. 

mental ;  deep  olive  gray -green  ;  the  flowers  grouped  like 
those  of  wild  carrot,  but  far  less  showy,  dull  white  or 
gray-white,  in  scattered  thin  groups  like  Zizia.  The 
seed  is  oblong,  slightly  curved,  plainly  ribbed,  exceed- 
ingly aromatic,  and  is  much  used  as  a  spice  in  cakes, 
and  also  in  confectionery.  The  flowers  are  frequently 
visited  by  various  flies  and  bees,  the  yellow  butterfly 
Colias  philodice,  and  also  the  white  cabbage  butterfly 
Pieris  rupee.  1-2  feet  high.  Local  from  Me.,  west  to 
Pa.,  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Col.     Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

An  erect,  slender,  usually  much- 
Water  Hein=  branched  and  smooth  perennial  herb,  very 
ted  Cowbane  poisonous  to  the  taste.  The  stem  marked 
Cicuta  with  dull  magenta  lines.    The  leaves  deep 

maculata  green,  smooth,  often  tinged  ruddy,  with 

Dull  white  coarse  sharp  teeth,  and  conspicuously 
ugus  Yeinetj^  the  lower  ones  nearly  a  foot  long. 
The  9-21  leaflets  lance-shaped  or  broader.  The  incon- 
spicuous dull  white  flowers  in  a  thin,  flat,  somewhat 
straggling  cluster  ;  tliey  are  polygamous.  The  seed 
ovate,  flat  on  one  side,  or  nearly  so,  and  inconspicuously 
ribbed  on  the  other.  3-6  feet  high.  Visited  by  number- 
less bees,  wasps,  and  butterflies.  Wet  meadows  and 
borders  of  swamps,  from  Me. ,  south  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 

A  similar  much-branched  herb,  from 
H^  *^"ck  which  is  obtained  a  virulent  poison,  used 

Conium  in  medicine.      It  bears  the  name  of  the 

maculatum  Hemlock  employed  by  the  ancient  Greeks 
Dull  white  jj^  putting  to  death  their  condemned  po- 
"°     "  ^  litical  prisoners,  philosophers,  and  crimi- 

312 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferse. 


nals.  Socrates  died  by  this  means.  The  dark  green 
leaves  are  deeply  dissected  and  toothed  ;  the  leaf -stems 
are  sheathed  at  the  base,  and  the  dull  white  flower-clus- 
ters are  slender-branched.  The  ovate  seeds  are  flat  and 
irregularly  ribbed.  The  stem  is  also  spotted  or  marked 
with  ruddy  color  like  that  of  Cicuta.  2-5  feet  high.  In 
*  waste  places,  Me.  and  Vt.,  south  to  Del.,  west  to  Minn, 
and  Iowa  ;  also  in  Cal.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

The  round,  slightly  silkv  hairy  stem  (es- 
Sweet  Cicely  '       o       ./  .-  j  \ 

Osmorrhiza  pecially  when  young)  of  this  familiar  per- 
brevisfylis  ennial  herb  is  dull  green  often  much  stained 

Dull  white  with  dull  madder  purple — a  brownish  pur- 

May-June  pjg_  rpj^g  compound  leaf  is  cut  and  toothed 

similar  to  that  of  Poison  Hemlock ;  when  young  it  is  distin- 
guished by  its  fine-hairiness ;  later  that  characteristic  is 
less  evident ;  it  is  mostly  three-divided,  appears  fernlike, 
deep  green,  and  thin.  The  lower  leaves  are  large,  some- 
times considerably  over  a  foot  long.  The  stems  of  the 
dull  white  flower-clusters  are  slender  and  few,  conse- 
quently there  is  no  appearance  of  an  aggregate  flat- 
topped  cluster  such  as  generally  distinguishes  tne  family 
Uvibelliferce.  The  flowers  are  staminate  and  perfect, 
the  latter  maturing  the  anthers  first ;  cross-fertilized  by 
many  flies  and  bees.  The  tiny  blossom  has  five  cloven 
white  petals  and  a  very  short  style,  scarcely  -^j  inch  long, 
which  distinguishes  it  from  the  next  species.  16-34 
inches  high.  In  moist  rich  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south 
through  the  mountains  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Neb.  The  large  aromatic  roots  are  anise-flavored  and 
edible,  but  the  similar  general  appearance  of  the  Poison 
Hemlock  often  leads  to  dangerous  if  not  fatal  results. 

This  is  so  similar  to  the  preceding  that 
Os7norrhiza  ^y^q  differences  are  not  obvious  to  tlie 
ongts     I  casual  observer.     The  leaves  and  stem  ai-e 

either  very  slightly  hairy  or  smooth.  The  stjde  under 
the  magnifying  glass  shows  a  greatly  superior  length;  it 
is  fully  yV  iJ^ch  long  or  more.  The  seeds  of  both  species 
are  nearly  alike,  linear,  compressed,  and  bristly  on  the 
ribs.  The  roots  of  O.  longistylis  are  more  spicy  than 
those  of  O.  brevistylis.  Me.,  south  to  Ala.,  and  west  to 
the  Dakotas, 

314 


Sweet  Cicely 


Osmoprhiza.  brevistylis. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferae. 


A  small,  creeping  marsh  plant,  with  a 
Pennywort  weak,  pale  greeu,  smooth  stem,  which  fre- 
Hydrocotyle  quently  takes  root  at  the  joints,  and  a 
Americana  round-lieart-shaped,  light  green  leaf,  thin. 
Dull  white  smooth,  and  shining,  tJie  edge  doubly  scal- 
loped, and  the  stem  about  an  inch  long. 
The  tiny  white  flowers,  1-5  in  a  cluster,  are  inconspicu- 
ous and  grow  at  the  angles  of  the  leaves.  In  wet  places. 
Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

The  green  stem  is  smooth,  light  green, 

Sanicle  or  slightly  grooved,  and  hollow-  like  most  of 

Snakeroot  the  members  of  the  Parsley  Family.     The 

Sauicula  leaves  are  deep  green  of  a  bluish  tone, 

Marylandica      smooth,  toothed,  and  palm-shaped,  that  is 

Greenish  with   radiating  lance-shaped  leaflets,  ar- 

vdlo  w 

Mav-July  ranged  like  those  of  the  horse-chestnut ;  of 

the  five  leaflets  the  lower  two  are  deeply 
cleft  ;  the  upper  leaves  are  in  three  divisions  and  stem- 
less.  The  tiny  pale  greenish  yellow  flowers  are  in  very 
small  clusters  ;  the  five  petals  of  each  floret  are  curiously 
incurved  toward  the  centre  of  the  flower,  and  beneath 
them  are  the  five  stamens  securely  restrained  from  ac- 
complishing the  process  of  self-fertilization  ;  later  the 
petals  unfold ;  the  flowers  are  both  staminate  and  per- 
fect, intermixed.  In  the  few  perfect  flowers  the  two 
mature  styles  protrude  beyond  the  petals,  and  the  visit- 
ing insect  must  brush  against  them,  generally  after  hav- 
ing visited  some  staminate  flower.  Cross-fertilization 
now  completed,  the  styles  curve  backward  so  that  the 
withering  stigmas  are  safely  out  of  the  way  of  the  ma- 
turing stamens,  which  are  not  released  from  the  enfold- 
ing petals  until  the  anthers  begin  to  shed  their  pollen. 
The  long  stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  mature  early, 
and  are  a  conspicuous  factor  in  the  green-yellow  color- 
ing of  the  flower-clusters.  The  fruit,  a  tiny  ovoid  bur 
with  many  hooked  bristles,  often  retains  the  recurved 
slender  styles.  Visited  by  the  Syrphid  flies,  the  bees, 
and  a  few  butterflies.  18-38  inches  high.  In  rich  wood- 
lands.    Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  w-est  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 


316 


I 


/atep  Pennywort.      Hydpocotyle  Americana 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY.     Cornaceas. 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY.     Cornaceoe. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  or  alternate  toothless 

leaves,  and  generally  perfect  flowers — sometimes  they 

are  dioecious  ;  that  is,  the  two  kinds  of  flowers  grow  on 

-Separate  plants  ;  or  polygamous,  that  is,  perfect,  stami- 

nate  and  pistillate  flowers  growing  on  the  same  plant  or 

difl^erent  plants.     The  genus  Cornus,  u'ithin  our  range, 

which  is  represented  here  by  two  species,  has  perfect 

flowers.     Cross-fertilization  is  effected  mostly  by  bees 

and  the  beelike  flies. 

An  exceedingly  dainty  little  plant  com- 

„^    .  ^  mon  on  wooded  hilltops,  and  remarkable 

Bunchberry  ^   ' 

Cornus  ^^r  its  brilliant  scarlet  berries  which  grow 

Canadensis         in  small,  close   clusters.     The  leaves  are 
Greenish  white  light  yellow-green,  broadly  ovate  pointed, 
^^"  "  ^  toothless,  and  deeply  marked  by  about  5-7 

nearly  parallel,  curving  ribs  ;  they  are  set  in  circles. 
The  flowers  are  greenish  and  tiny,  closely  grouped  in  the 
centre  of  four  large  slightly  green-white  bracts,  or  leaf- 
lets, having  the  semblance  of  petals,  and  imparting  to 
the  whole  the  appearance  of  a  single  blossom  about  an 
inch  broad.  The  flowers  are  succeeded  in  late  August 
by  a  compact  bunch  of  exceedingly  beautiful  but  insipid 
scarlet  berries,  of  the  purest  and  most  vivid  hue.  The 
commonest  visitors  are  the  bees  of  the  genera  Andrena 
and  Halictus,  together  with  many  woodland  flies  —  bee- 
flies,  and  the  familiar  "bluebottle."'  3-8  inches  high. 
In  cool,  damp,  mossy  woods  ;  frequently  found  on  sum- 
mits over  4000  feet  high,  among  the  Adirondacks  and 
the  White  Mountains.  From  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and 
west  to  Ind.,  Minn.,  Col.,  and  Cal. 

.  A  tall  shrub  and  often  a  tree,  whose 

Dogwood  familiar  flowers,  appearing  just  before  or 

Cornus  florida  with  the  ovate  deeper  green  leaves,  have 
Greenish  white  four  similar  broad  green-white  or  rarel}' 
Apr«i-June  pinkish  bracts,  ribbed,  and  notched  on  the 
blunt  tips.  Fruit  ovoid  and  scarlet,  in  small  groups. 
7-40  feet  high.  Vt. ,  Mass.,  south  to  Ky.  and  Fla.,  and 
west  to  Mo.  and  Tex.  Name  from  cornu,  a  horn,  in  al- 
Insion  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood. 
318 


Flowering  Dogwood 
Cornus  flopi'dd. 


^m-^''^ 


Bunchbeppy. 
Copnus  Cana^densis. 


PYROLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolaceas, 


PYEOLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolacece. 

Formerly  classed  as  a  suborder  under  the  Heath  Fam- 
ily. Generally  evergreen  perennials  with  perfect,  nearly 
regular  flowers,  the  corolla  very  deepl}'  five-parted,  or 
five-petaled  ;  twice  as  many  stamens  as  the  divisions  of 
the  corolla ;  the  style  short,  and  the  stigma  five-lobed. 
Fruit  a  capsule.  Visited  by  numerous  flies  and  bees,  as 
well  as  smaller  butterflies. 

A  familiar  and  beautiful  evergreen  plant 
PHncfe^'TpMne  ^^  *^^®  deep  woods,  generally  found  under 
Chimaphila  pines,  spruces,  or  hemlocks.  The  dark 
umbellata  green  leaves  are  thick  and  shining,  sharplj- 

Flesh  or  toothed  along  the  upper  half  of  the  edge 

cream  color  ^^j  indistinctlv  toothed  on  the  lower  half: 
June-July 

they  are  blunt  or  abruptly  dull-pointed  at 

the  apex,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  short-stemmed,  and 
arranged  in  circles  about  the  buff-brown  plant-stem. 
The  flowers  are  dainty  pale  pinkish  or  waxy  cream 
color  ;  the  corolla  has  five  blunt  lobes  which  turn  back- 
ward as  the  flower  matures,  and  at  the  base,  next  to  the 
dome-shaped  green  ovary,  is  a  circle  of  pale  magenta ; 
the  ten  short  stamens  have  five  double  madder  purple 
anthers  ;  the  style  is  remarkably  short — scarcely  notice- 
able, and  the  gummy  stigma  is  nearly  flat  and  five- 
scalloped.  The  flowers  are  delicately  scented.  Mostly 
fertilized  through  the  agency  of  the  bees  of  the  genera 
Halictus  and  Andrena,  and  the  numerous  small  flies 
common  in  woodlands ;  the  stigma  is  very  sticky  and 
broad.  Seed-pod  a  globular  brown  capsule.  6-12  inches 
high.  In  dry  woods,  from  Me. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Cal. 
Spotted  ^  very  similar  species  remarkable  for 

Wintergreen  its  green-white-marked  leaves.  The  leaves 
Chimaphila  instead  of  being  broad  and  blunt  near  the 
maculata  ^-p  j-j,^  ^^i^^e  of  C.  umbellata,  taper  grad- 

ually to  a  point ;  they  are  remotely  toothed,  dark  green, 
and  strongly  marked  with  white-green  in  the  region  of 
the  ribs.  They  are  about  two  inches  long.  3-9  inches 
high.  Somewhat  common  in  N.  Y.,  and  in  the  White 
Mountains,  extending  westward  only  as  far  as  Minn.  The 
name,  from  x^^M<^,  winter,  and  tpiX^ao,  to  love. 
320 


Pipsissewa. 
ChimaphiU 
umbelldta. 


PYROLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolaceae. 


^      ^,  _.         A   very   small  plant,   bearing  a  single 

One=flowered     ,  ,  ''  ,         ,1        ,  ?    , 

Pyrola  blossom,  somewhat  like  that  of  tlie  com- 

Moneses  mon  Shinleaf .     The  leaves  are  thin,  deep 

grandiflora         green,  shining,  round  or  nearl}^  so,  with 

jLnTru^^'u^st  ^'^^^^^^'  ^"^^  indistinct  teeth,  and  flat- 
stalked.  The  five  petals  of  the  cream- 
colored  or  ivory  white  flower  are  a  bit  pointed  ;  the  ten 
white  stamens  have  two-pointed  dull  yellow  anthers, 
and  the  long  green  pistil  bends  downward  ;  not  far  be- 
low the  flower  on  the  stem  is  a  tiny  bract  or  minute 
leaflet.  2-5  inches  high.  In  pine  woods  usualh"  near 
brooks.  From  Me.,  south  to  R.  I.  and  Pa.,  and  west  to 
Mich,  and  Ore.  Also  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  South 
to  Col. 

Small  Pyrola  ^  northern  woodland  plant  with  ovate 
P!/n>la  secunda  pointed  deep  green  leaves,  rather  round- 
Greenish  white  toothed,  and  long-stemmed  ;  the  leaves 
June-July  circled  near  the  base  of  the  plant-stem. 

The  leaf-stalks  are  also  somewhat  flat  and  troughed.  The 
flower-stalk  is  tall,  bracted  or  remotely  set  with  minute 
leaflets,  and  bears  a  one-sided  row  of  small  greenish 
white  flowers  which  finally  assume  a  drooping  position  ; 
the  corolla  is  bell-shaped  and  five-lobed  ;  the  pistil  is 
extremely  prominent.  The  slender  flower-stalk  is  often 
bent  sideways.  3-9  inches  high.  In  woodlands,  from 
Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  Minn.  Found  on  the 
slopes  of  the  White  and  Adirondack  Mountains.  The 
var.  piimila  is  a  tiny  form  2-4  inches  high,  with  rounded 
leaves,  and  but  3-8  flowers.  Vt.  (Bristol,  Sutton,  New- 
ark, and  Fairhaven),  Me.,  and  N.  H.,  but  not  common, 
and  west  to  Mich.,  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 
Blooms  from  July- August. 

Pyy.Qlf^  This  is  a  small-leaved  species  with  dainty 

chlonoitha  drooping  flowers,  and  a  stem  of  verj'  mod- 

Greenish  white  erate  height  without  bracts  or  minute 
June-July  leaflets,   or  at  least   possessing  but  one. 

TJie  leaves  are  dull  olive  green,  obscurelj^  scalloped- 
edged,  rather  round,  and  thicker  than  those  of  the  com- 
mon Pyrola  (Shinleaf).  The  nodding,  greenish  white 
flowers  have  obtuse,  elliptical,  convergent  petals.     They 


322 


I 


n^eaf 


f      .,  t     "*'  .,m!^  Leaf 


One-floweped  Pyrola        Moneses  grand iflopa. 


PYROLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolaceas. 


are  slightly  fragrant.     4-9  inches  high .     But  3-9  flowers. 
Woods.  Me.,  south  to  Md.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  Col. 
g.  .   .  ^,  Perhaps  the  commonest  of  all  the  Py- 

PfiroJa  dJiptica  rolas,  rather  taller  than  P.  cTdorantha, 
Greenish  white  with  evergreen,  dark  olive  green,  ellipti- 
June-July  ^.g^]^  j^l^jn,  and  obscurely   shallow-toothed 

leaves,  the  stalks  somewhat  flat  or  troughed  ;  they  ex- 
ceed their  stalks  in  length.  The  greenish  white  waxy 
flowers  nod  ;  they  are  very  fragrant ;  the  five  petals  are 
thin  and  obovate.  and  form  a  protective  cup  about  the  pale 
ochre  yellow  anthers  ;  the  pistil  is  extremely  long,  bends 
downward  and  then  curves  upward,  exposing  the  tiny 
five-lobed  stigma  to  the  visiting  insect  wliich  is  most 
likeh^  to  alight  upon  the  invitingly  exposed  pistil.  The 
flowers  form  a  loose  cluster,  each  on  a  ruddy  pedicel 
(stemlet),  and  are  borne  on  an  upright  stalk  generally 
ruddy  at  the  base,  and  having  a  tiny  leaflet  or  bract 
half-way  up.  Commonly  visited  by  the  beelike  flies 
{Syrpliidce),  and  the  bees  of  the  genera  Halictns  and 
Andrena.  5-10  inches  high.  Rich  woods,  from  Me., 
south  to  Md..  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  111.  The  name  is 
from  Pyriis  or  Pirum,  a  pear,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of 
the  leaf. 

A  similar  but  much  taller  species,  with 

Koun  =  eave      j-^g^j.jy  round  or  very  broad  oval  leaves, 

Pyrola  "  *' 

Pyi-ola  thick,  very  indistinctly  toothed  or  tooth- 

rotnndifoUa       less,  and  a  deep  shining  green  ;  the  stems 

White  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  and  nar- 

June-  u  y  ^owly    margined ;     they    are    evergreen. 

The  white  waxy  flowers  are  like  those  described  above, 

but  the  roundish  obovate  petals  spread  open  jnuch  more  : 

they  are  also  very  sweet-scented.     8-18  inches  high.     In 

dry  or  damp  sandy  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga., 

and  west  to  Minn,,  S.  Dak.,  and  Ohio. 

This  similar  species  has  pale  crimson  or 

^'^^.?,.  magenta  flowers,  and   very  round  heart- 

asarifolia  ,,,  ,  ..,,..  , 

shaped  leaves,  rather  wide,  shmmg,  and 

thick.     The  southern  limit,   northern   N.  Y.  and   New 

Eng.      But    both   species    are    more  frequently  found 

northward. 


324 


^A 


y 


Shin  leaf. 


PypoUellipticd.. 


Pyrola  asapifolia. 


PYROLA  FAMILY.     Pyrolacex. 


Indian  Pipe 

Monotropa 
uni flora 
White  or 
pinkish 
July-August 


A  familiar  clammy,  white,  parasitic 
plant,  deriving  its  nourishment  from  roots 
and  decayed  vegetation,  generally  found 
in  the  vicinity  of  rotting  trees.  The  stem 
is  thick,  translucent  white,  and  without 
leaves,  except  for  the  scaly  bracts  whicli 
take  their  place.  The  white  or  delicately  pink-salmon- 
tinted  flower  has  five,  or  sometimes  four,  oblong  petals. 
and  the  10-12  stamens  are  pale  tan  color.  The  flower  is 
in  a  nodding  position,  and  is  usually  solitary,  although 
rarely  two  may  be  found  on  one  stem  ;  the  latter  is  often 
pink-tinged  and  springs  with  several  others  from  a  mat 
of  entangled  fibrous  rootlets.  The  enlarged  ovary  finally 
assumes  an  erect  position,  becoming  a  pale  tawny  sal- 
mon color  :  it  is  usually  ten-grooved  and  five-celled,  and 
forms  a  large,  fleshy,  ovoid  seed-vessel.  The  plant  is  at 
home  in  the  dim-lit  fastnesses  of  the  forest,  and  it  quickly 
withers  and  blackens  after  being  gathered  and  exposed 


to  sunhght. 
country. 

False  Beech= 
drops  or 
Pine=sap 

Monotropd 
Hupopitys 
Tawny 
reddish,  etc. 
June- 
September 


3-9  inches  high.     Nearly  throughout  the 

A  somewhat  similar  parasitic  plant  found 
most  frequently  over  the  roots  of  oaks  and 
pines.  The  stems  are  in  clusters,  and  are 
slightly  downy  ;  they  are  whitish,  pale 
tan  color,  or  reddish,  with  many  bracts. 
The  small  bracts  are  f-hin,  papery,  jellow- 
ish  red,  and  the}^  turn  black  when  wither- 
ing.    The  suiall  vase-shaped  flowers  are 


light  crimson-red  more  or  less  touched 
with  yellow  ;  the  tips  of  the  flower  are  quite  yellowish. 
The  cluster  of  3-10,  or  rarely  more,  drooping  flowers  is 
slightly  fragrant.  The  fleshy  vase-shaped  seed-vessels 
become  erect.  4-12  inches  high.  In  dry  woods  from 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Ore.  and  Ariz.  The  generic 
name  is  from  the  Greek,  and  means  turned  one-sided,  in 
allusion  to  the  one-sided  drooping  method  of  flower- 
growth. 


326 


Indian  Pipe.  False  Beech-drops. 

Monotpopa  uni/lora.       Flonotropa  Hypopitys. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericacece. 

Mostly  shrubs  and  a  few  perennial  herbs  with  simple 
leaves  and  generally  regular,  perfect  flowers,  the  corolla 
of  4-5  lobes  or  petals,  and  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
stamens.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry.  Cross-fertilized  by 
various  bees,  by  the  beelike  flies,  butterflies,  and  moths. 
To  this  family  belong  the  blueberries,  huckleberries, 
and  cranberries. 

The  daintiest  member  of  the  Heath 
Snowberrv  Family,  with  (often  terra-cotta-colored) 
Chiogenes  roughish  stems  creeping  closely  over  rocky 

serpylUfoUa  and  mossy  ground.  The  stiff  dark  olive 
^*^'*^  evergreen   leaves  are   tiny,  broad,  ovate 

^  pointed,  and  sparsely  covered  with  brown- 

isli  hairs  beneath  ;  the  margin  of  the  leaves  rolled  back- 
ward. The  tiny  white  flowers  are  bell-shaped  with  four 
rounded  lobes.  The\'  grow  at  the  angles  of  the  leaves 
and  assume  a  nodding  position.  The  berr}'  is  shining 
china  white,  ovate,  and  about  ^  inch  long.  Both  leaf 
and  berry  possess  a  wintergreen  flavor.  Branches  3-11 
inches  long.  In  cool  damp  woods  and  peat  bogs,  fre- 
quent on  hill-tops,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west 
to  Minn.  Found  in  Campton,  N.  H.  The  name  (Greek) 
means  "snow-offspring"  ;  it  is  appropriatelj^  dainty. 

Also  a  trailing,  hillside  plant  of  a  shrubby 
An-tos/a^ilos  mature,  with  more  or  less  ruddy,  hairy- 
Ura-ursi  rough  branches.      The  toothless  leaves  are 

White  or  pink=  thick,  dark  evergreen,  round-blunt  at  the 
'^^i^^  tip,    narrowed   at    the    base,    and    flnely 

May-June  reined.      The    white    or    rarely    pinkish 

white  flowers  are  bell-shaped  or  vase-shaped,  and  are 
borne  in  terminal  clusters.  The  style  extends  far  be- 
yond the  anthers,  and  is  touched  first  by  the  tongue  of 
the  visiting  insect.  The  berry  is  an  opaque  red  ;  it  is 
dry  and  insipid.  In  dry  rocky  soil,  from  Me.,  south  to 
N.  J.,  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Col.  The  name  is 
from  apxro'i,  a  bear,  and  dra(pvXr/,  a  berry  ;  the  specific 
title  is  mere  Latin  repetition — Uva,  a  bunch  or  cluster  of 
fruit,  and  U7\sus,  a  bear. 


328 


Creeping  Snowbeppy,         Beapbeppy 

Chiogenes  sepp3/ili folia    Apctostdphylos  Uva-unsi 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceas. 


-  The  Mayflower  of  New  England,  com- 

Arbutus  mon  on  the  borders  of  rocky  woods  and 

Epujcea  repens  hillsides,  and  blooming  beside  the  rem- 
White  and  pink  nants  of  snow-drifts  in  early  spring.  It  is 
April-May  common    in    the    vicinity    of    evergreen 

woodlands.  The  light  brown  stems  are  shrubby  and 
tough,  creeping  close  to  the  cold  earth  under  decaj^ed 
leaves  and  grasses  ;  they  are  rough-hairy.  The  old  dull 
light  olive  green  leaves  are  more  or  less  rusty-spotted  ; 
the  sides  spread  angularly  from  the  central  depressed 
rib.  The  new  leaves  develop  in  June.  The  surface  is 
rough  and  netted  with  fine  veins ;  beneath  it  is  rough- 
hairy  and  much  lighter  in  color.  The  sweet-scented, 
white  or  delicately  pink-tinted  flowers  are  five-lobed, 
tubular,  and  possess  a  frosty  sheen  ;  they  are  in  general 
trimorphous,  that  is,  the  stamens  and  styles  are  of  three 
relative  and  reciprocal  lengths ;  but  commonly  the 
flowers  are  dimorphous — confined  to  staminate  and  pis- 
tillate forms.  The  staminate  blossoms  contribute  a 
touch  of  light  3'ellow  to  tlie  delicate  surrounding  of  pure 
pink  and  white.  The  commonest  visitors  are  the  early 
queen  bumblebees,  Bombus  pennsylvanicus,  Bombiis 
terricola,  and  Bombus  bifarius.  The  flower  is  nectar 
bearing.  Branches  6-13  inches  long.  Me.,  south  to 
Fla.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

The  famihar   Boxberry    of   the   Middle 
Wintergreen  or  •  ii  in 

Checkerberry  ^t^tes,  common  in  wildernesses  and  all 
Guultheria  evergreen  woodlands.  The  broad,  ovate, 
procuinhens  evergreen  leaf  is  stiff,  tliick,  and  shiny 
^*^'*®  dark  green,  with  few  small  teeth  ortooth- 

u  y-  ugu  \q^^^  and  very  nearly  stemless.  The 
younger  leaves  are  yellow-green  ;  all  are  clustered  at 
the  top  of  the  buff-brown  or  ruddy  stem.  The  white, 
waxy  flowers  are  vase-shaped  and  nodding  ;  they  grow 
from  the  angles  of  the  leaves.  The  dry  but  exceedingl}^ 
aromatic  berry  is  pure  red  (a  deep  cherry  color),  often 
\  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  formed  of  the  calyx  which 
becomes  fleshy,  surrounds  tlie  seed-capsule,  and  has  all 


330 


Trailing  Arbutus 


Fnin^r       ''•       lit      r     .^heckcpberry 
tpigaea  repens.      VU  |i      Gaulthena  procumbc 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericacem. 


the  appearance  of  a  true  fruit.     2-5  inches  high.     From 

Me.,    south,    and  west   to   Mich.      The   same   aromatic 

essential  oil  exists  in  sweet  birch  as  in  this  wintergreen. 

A  stout   and  tall    shrub    in    its    south- 
Mountain  e^        £         •          ■  ill 
Laurel                ^^^^    range,    often  formmg  impenetrable 

Kalmia  thickets.     The  stem  and  branches  are  ir- 

latifolia  regular  and  angular  in  growth :  the  leaves 

White,  pinkish  ^j.g  evergreen,  shinj'  dark  green,  elliptical, 
^  firm,  and  toothless.     The  3'oung  leaves  are 

a  yellower  green.  The  beautiful  flowers  are  borne  in 
large,  dome-shaped  clusters  ;  they  are  exceedingly  con- 
ventional and  ornamental  in  form,  bowl-shaped  with 
five  lobes,  waxy  white,  pinkish-tinged  in  maturity,  and 
pure  pink  in  the  corrugated,  cone-shaped  bud.  There 
are  ten  depressions  or  pockets  in  the  sides  of  the  corolla 
in  which  the  tips  of  the  anthers  are  securely  held,  their 
filaments  forming  a  series  of  arching  spokes  from  the 
centre  of  the  flower  which  is  stained  with  a  tiny  crimson 
star;  the  style  is  prominent  and  pale  green.  The  insect 
visitor,  commonly  a  moth,  often  a  bee,  struggling  and 
pushing  its  waj^  to  the  heart  of  the  flower,  releases  the 
stamens  and  these  spring  backward,  showering  pollen 
over  the  fuzzy  bodj^  of  the  intruder.  The  pollen  of 
Kalmia  is  more  or  less  connected  by  webby  threads,  and 
its  adhesive  character  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  i)ur- 
pose  of  cross-fertilization  ;  the  next  blossom  visited  by 
the  insect  probably  has  a  receptive  stigma  about  which 
the  pollen  strings  become  quickly  entangled.  The 
flower-stalks  are  liairy-stickj^  thus  preventing  pilferers, 
such  as  ants,  who  would  be  useless  as  fertilizing  agents, 
from  entering  the  blossoms.  The  seed-capsule  is  some- 
what globular  but  five-lobed,  and  at  first  assumes  a  dull 
red  hue,  B-6  feet  liigh,  and  in  its  southern  range  often 
attaining  a  height  of  20-35  feet.  In  woodlands,  prefer- 
ring sand}'  soil  or  rocky  slopes,  from  Me,,  south,  and 
west  to  Tenn.  and  Ohio.  Named  for  Peter  Kalm,  a 
German  botanist,  who  visited  this  country  in  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 


332 


//7/y  "''^/{lirfr' 


w 


Mounta^in  Laurel 


Kdlmid.  Is^tifolidu 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericacese. 


^.         .        ,  A  shrub  of  lesser  proportions,  and  small, 

Sheep=Iaurel  ^  i  ,i-    ^-      i        i 

or  Lambkill        narrow,  drooping  leaves,  elliptical  or  lance- 

Kalmiaangusti- shsiped,   evergreen,   and  dull  olive  green 

folia  often  rusty-spotted,  lighter  green  beneath. 

JunTjiTl"'"''    ^^^^   flower   is    crimson-pink,   small,   but 

otherwise  like  that  of  Mountain  Laurel, 
except  that  the  filaments  and  all  other  parts  are  more  or 
less  pink-tinged.  The  stem  is  terminated  by  the  newer 
leaves  which  stand  nearly  upright ;  beneath  these  is  the 
encircling  flower-cluster  ;  below,  the  leaves  droop.  The 
foliage  is  poisonous  to  cattle.  8-36  inches  high.  Com- 
mon in  swamps.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Wis. 
Pale  Laurel  ^    similar    and    even    smaller    species, 

Kaimia  (jJdvca  blooming  about  the  same  time,  distin- 
Crimson-pink  guished  by  its  two-edged  branches  which 
or  lilac  seem  to  grow  in  sections  set  at  right  angles 

with  one  another.  The  narrow,  evergreen  leaves  grow 
oppositely  or  are  set  in  groups  of  three  ;  the  edges  are 
rolled  back  rather  strongly ;  they  are  conspicuously  ivhite- 
green  beneath.  The  crimson-pink  or  often  light  lilac 
flowers,  I  inch  broad,  terminate  the  stem.  6-20  inches 
high,  confined  to  cold  peat  bogs  and  hillside  swamps, 
from  Me.,  south  to  northern  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Mich. 
White  Swamp  "^^^^  wild  Rhododendrons  are  also  shrubs 
Honeysuckle  which  bear  characteristically  showy  flow- 
Rhodudendron  ers.  This  species  has  a  much  branched 
viscosuiyi  stem,  and  obovate  or  blunt  lance- shaped, 

June- July  yello^v-green  leaves,  v%nth  a  few  scattered 

hairs  above.  The  twigs  are  hairy,  and  the 
stem  almost  bare  of  leaves.  The  flowers  (expanding  later 
than  the  leaves)  are  pure  white  or  pink- tinged,  with  the 
outside  surface  covered  with  ruddy,  sticky  hairs ;  they  are 
very  fragrant ;  the  stamens  are  prominent,  the  anthers 
yellow  ;  the  pinkish  pistil  is  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Visited  most  frequently  by  bees,  butterflies,  and  moths, 
and  protected  from  creeping  insects  by  the  sticky-hairy 
outer  surface  of  the  corolla-tube.  3-7  feet  high.  In 
swamps  from  Me.,  south,  west  to  Ohio  and  Ark  ;  gener- 
ally near  the  coast.  The  var.  glaucum  has  much  fighter 
colored  leaves  rather  whitish  beneath,  and  sometimes 
hairy.     Me.  to  Va.     The  name  (Greek)  means  rose-tree. 

334 


Pale  Launel. 


Ralmia.  glauca. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericacese. 


Pinxter  Flower  ^  more  leafy  shrub  with  branching 
or  Wild  stem,  characterized  by  its  extremely  golden 

Honeysuckle  yellow-green  foliage.  The  ovate  leaf 
Rhododendron  p^^^j.^  ^nd  is  pointed  at  both  ends,  the 
nudiflonun 

Pale  or  deep  edge  and  surface  are  very  shglitly  hairy. 
pink  The  delicate  and  beautiful  flowers  are  pale 

April-May  or  deep  crimson-pink  with  the  base  of  the 

tube  a  trifle  stronger  ;  the  broader  corolla  lobes  do  not 
curve  back  conspicuousl}'  ;  the  stamens  and  pistil,  all  ex- 
ceedingly prominent,  are  light  crimson.  The  flowers 
are  delicately  fragrant,  grow  in  small  terminal  clusters 
expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves,  and  when  fading 
the  corollas  slide  down  the  pistils,  depend  from  them  a 
while,  and  finally  drop.  The  most  frequent  visitors  are 
the  honeybees  and  moths.  2-6  feet  high.  In  swamps  or 
in  shady  jjlaces,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  111. 

A  most  beautiful  and  showy  species, 
Rhododendron  entirely  southern,  but  commonly  culti- 
calendidarenni  vated.  The  leaves  are  hairy  and  generally 
Orange=yellow  oboA'ate,  sometimes  with  only  a  few 
l\aZVn^^  scattered  hairs  above.  The  flower,  ex- 
panding  with  or  before  the  leaves,  has 
five  broad  lobes  scarcely  if  at  all  backward  curved  ;  it  is 
nearly  flame  color  or  orange-yellow  more  or  less  suffused 
with  pink,  has  very  little  or  no  fragrance,  and  the  outer 
surface  of  the  tube  is  slightly  fine-hairy  and  stick}^  The 
ruddy  stamens  prominent.  4-12  feet  high .  In  dry  wood- 
lands, southern  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  in  the  mountains,  to  Ga. 
Rhodora  "^  familiar  flower  of  New  England  and 

Rhododendron  one  famous  in  the  verses  of  the  poet 
Rhodora  Emerson.     The  leaves  are  slightly  hairy, 

Light  magenta  ^^^^^  green,  oval  or   oblong,  and  rather 
^  obtuse  ;  the  color  deeper  above  and  paler 

beneath.  The  flowers  are  narrow-lobed,  light  magenta, 
and  formed  somewhat  like  the  honeysuckle,  with  the  up- 
per lip  slightly  three-lobed,  and  the  lower  in  two  nearly 
separate  sections  ;  they  grow  in  thin  clusters  terminally, 
and  precede  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  or  else  expand 
with  them.  1-3  feet  high.  AVet  hillsides  and  cool  bogs. 
Me  .  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  eastern  Pa.,  in  the  mountains. 


336 


PinxtepFlowen  Rhododendron  nudiflopum. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceas. 


_      ^  ,         ,  A  tall  shrub,  or  often  a  tree,  with  showy 

Great  Laurel  •    i        ,  •      n                                      i 

Rhododendron  clusters  of  piiik-white  flowers  spotted  with 

niaximinn  gold  oraiige,  and  greenish  at  the  base,  the 

Pink  spotted  five  lobes  of  the  corolla,  broad,  blunt,  and 

orange  substantially  even  in  shape.     The  leaves 

June-July  ,  .  ,      ,   *'  .    ^    .      , 

shmy  dark  green,  4-9  inches  long,  ever- 
green, leathery,  drooping  in  the  winter  season,  and 
spreading  in  summer.  They  are  oblong,  toothless, 
slightly  rolled  under  at  the  edge,  and  dark  beneath. 
The  flower-stems  are  sticky-hairy,  thus  preventing  the 
pilfering  of  creeping  insects  ;  the  flowers  are  mostly 
visited  bj^  bees,  but  the  honey  they  produce  is  said  to  be 
poisonous.  5-35  feet  high.  Damp  woods,  rare  from  Me. 
to  Ohio,  plentiful  from  Pa.  to  Ga. ;  abundant  through- 
out the  Alleghany  region,  where,  on  the  mountain  sides, 
it  forms  impenetrable  thickets. 

A  species  similar  in  many  respects  to 
Rhododendron    ^,       „  .         ,     ^  „  ^  ^, 

Cataiobiense  ^"®  foregomg,  but  generally  not  more  than 
Light  purple  5  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  broadly  ob- 
or  lilac  long  or  oval,  the  tips  with  an  abrupt  very 

May- June  small    point,   pale    green    beneath.      The 

large  flowers  are  light  purple  or  lilac.  This  species  is 
hybridized  with  other  less  hardy  ones,  notably  the  R. 
arboreum  of  the  Himalayas,  and  from  these  proceed 
most  of  the  Rhododendrons  familiar  in  ornamental 
grounds.  3-6,  or  rarely  18  feet  high.  In  the  higher 
AUeghanies  from  Va.  to  Ga. 

A  dwarf  species  confined  to  the  summits 
Lapland  Rose-       n  ■,  ■    ,  ^    •        •       ^  ,       mi 

jj  of  high  mountams  in  the  north.    The  olive 

Rhododendron  green  leaves  are  small,  oval  or  elliptical, 
Lapponicum  and  grouped  in  clusters  on  the  otherwise 
Light  purple  bare  stem.  They  are  covered,  together 
with  the  branches,  with  minute  rusty 
scales.  The  flowers  have  a  five-lobed  corolla  which  is 
bell-shaped  and  light  purple,  dotted.  There  are  5-10 
stamens.  A  prostrate  branching  plant  that  hugs  the 
rocky  slopes  of  the  mountain.  2-12  inches  high.  Sum- 
mits of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.,  and  the  Adiron- 
dacks,  N.  Y.  Found  at  the  head  of  Tuckerman's  Ravine, 
Mt,  Washington,  N.  H. 

338 


r-eat  Laurel,        Rhododendron 


maximum. 


DIAPENSIA  FAMILY.     Diapensiacex. 


DIAPENSIA  FAMILY.  Diapensiacece. 
Low  perennial  herbs,  or  tufted  shrubs  of  a  mosshke 
character,  very  closely  related  to  the  EricacecB — the  at- 
tachment of  the  stamens  to  the  corolla  being  the  prin- 
cipal difference. — with  five-parted  tiny  flowers  whose 
style  is  tipped  with  a  three-lobed  stigma.    Fruit  a  capsule. 

^     .        „.    .         An  interesting  and  pretty  mosslike  little 

Pyxie  or  Flow=     ,  ,  .        , 

ering  Moss         plant  common  on  the  pine  barrens  of  New 

Pyxidanthera  Jersey.  The  linear  or  lance-shaped  leaves, 
barbulata  scarcely  I  inch  long,  are  medium  green, 

White  or  pink  ^j^  ^^  ^j^^  ^-  ^^^  j^^-^,^.  ^^  ^-^le  base  when 
April-May  ,,  ,  \  ,    , 

young  ;  they  are  crowded  toward  the  ends 

of  the  branches.  The  white  or  pale  pink  flowers  are 
small,  with  five  blunt  lobes  between  which  are  curiously 
fixed  the  five  conspicuous  stamens  ;  they  are  numerous, 
and  apparently  stemless.  Branches  prostrate  and  creep- 
ing. 6-10  inches  long.  In  sandy  soil,  dry  pine  barrens. 
From  N.  J.,  south  to  N.  Car.  Found  at  Lakewood, 
N.  J.  The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words,  box  and  an- 
ther, referring  to  the  anthers  which  open  as  if  by  a  lid. 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY.  Primulaceff. 
Herbs  with  leaves  variously  arranged,  and  with  per- 
fect, regular  flowers.  The  corolla  (usually  five-cleft)  is 
tubular,  funnel-formed,  or  salver-formed.  Stamens  as 
many  as  there  are  lobes  to  the  corolla  and  fixed  opposite 
to  them,  but  the  corolla  lacking  in  the  genus  named 
Ghmx.  Seeds  in  a  one-celled  and  several-valved  capsule. 
F    th  rf  "1  ^  peculiar  aquatic  plant  of  a  somewhat 

Hottonia  spongy  nature,  common  in  shallow  stag- 

inflata  nant  water.      Its  strange    appearance  is 

White  due    to    the   cluster    of    inflated  primarj" 

June-August  flower-stalks  which  are  about  ^  inch 
thick,  constricted  at  the  joints,  and  almost  leafless.  The 
leaves  are  cut  into  threadlike  divisions,  and  are  beneath 
the  water,  densely  distributed  on  the  floating  and  root- 
ing stems.  The  insignificant  whitish  flower,  \  inch 
long,  has  a  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  The 
seed-capsule  is  globular.  Stems  sometimes  18  inches 
long.  Shallow  ponds  and  ditches,  from  Mass.,  to  cen- 
tral N.  Y. ,  and  south.    Named  for  Peter  Ilotton,  botanist. 

340 


Enlarged  blossom  showing  the 
alternate  connection  of  stamens 
with  the  lobe6  of  the  copoIIa. 


Pyxie  Moss.  Pyxidanthera  barbulaU 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primulaceas. 


A  handsome  wild  flower,  trequentlv  culti- 
American  .     ,  ,     .  ,.       -,-     ■,         .        ,    .    /. 

Cowslip  or  vated,  but  conhiied  in  its  natural  state  to  the 

Shooting  Star  country  west  of  Pennsylvania.  The  blunt 
Dodecatheon  lance-shajied  deep  green  leaves  proceed 
Meadia  from  the  root ;  they  are  generally  tooth- 

April-May  ^®^^  ^^  nearly  so,  and  their  stems  are  long 
and  margined.  The  tall  primary  flower- 
stalk  is  topped  by  a  small  cluster  of  delicate  pendulous 
light  magenta,  pink-magenta,  or  white  flowers,  the  five 
long  corolla-divisions  of  which  are  strongly  turned  back- 
ward. The  exposed  stamens  are  close-clustered — grouped 
in  a  conelike  figure  ;  the  anthers  are  long,  thin,  and 
golden  yellow  ;  the  base  of  each  is  thickened  and  marked 
with  magenta-purple.  The  flower  is  cross-fertilized 
by  bees.  According  to  Professor  Robertson,  a  visiting 
bee  to  reach  the  nectar  must  force  its  tongue  between 
the  anther-tips  and  come  more  or  less  in  contact  with 
the  mature  stigma  ;  the  anthers  at  this  period  are  still 
immature.  Among  the  visitors  are  the  bumblebee  Bom- 
bus  amerieanorum,  the  bees  of  the  family  Andrenidce, 
and  the  clouded  sulphur  butterfly  Culias  phUodice. 
8-20  inches  high.  Moist  hillsides,  cliffs,  open  woods, 
or  prairies,  from  Penn.  to  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 
Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  twelve  gods. 

A  delicate  little  plant  found  only  in  the 
Dwarf  Cana=  ^,  ^    ^  i         •  ^ 

dian  Primrose    northern  part  of  our  range,  becring  a  fam- 

Primula  il}'   resemblance    to   the    yellow   English 

Mistassinica  Primrose.  The  light  green  leaves  are 
Pale  magenta=  |3iyj^^  lance-shaped,  tapering  to  a  distinct 
June-July  stem,  thin,  green   on   both  sides,  rarely 

with  a  slightly  meal}'  appearance  beneath, 
and  shallow-toothed.  The  pale  magenta-pink  or  lighter 
pink  corolla  is  five-lobed,  bluntly  scallop-tipped,  and 
stained  with  yellow  in  the  centre  (sometimes  the  yellow 
is  absent).  The  few  flowers  are  clustered  at  the  top  of 
the  long  slender  stalk.  This  species  is  apt  to  intergrade 
with  Primula  farinosa,  a  taller  one,  with  leaves  white- 
mealy  beneath  (at  least  when  young),  and  flowers  with 
a  more  cuniform  lobe,  borne  in  thicker  clusters.  Con- 
fined to  moist  situations;  Me.,  central  N.  Y.,  and 
Canada. 

342 


5te.r  Flower 
TnentalisAmenca.nd 


Shooting  5Up 
DodecAtheon  Heddia. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primulacese. 


A  delicate  and  interestinoj  little  wood- 
star  Flower  -  ,  ,  ^  .  .  -  ,  . 
Trientalis  ^^^"^^  plant  with  a  long  horizontalh'  creep- 
Americana  ing  root  \^'hich  sends  upward  an  almost 
White  bare  or  few-sealed  thin  stem  terminating 
May-June  j^^  ^  circle  of  sharp-pointed,  lance-shaped, 
light  green  leaves,  thin,  shiny,  and  tapering  to  both  ends. 
There  are  5-9  leaves  in  the  circle,  from  the  centre  of 
which  proceed  two  threadlike  stalks,  each  bearing  a 
fragile,  white,  star-shaped  flower  with  6-7  pointed  divi- 
sions.  The  stamens  are  long  and  delicate,  with  tiny 
golden  anthers,  which  mature  later  than  the  stigma. 
Cross-fertilization  effected  mostly  through  the  agency  of 
the  beelike  flies  (Bomhylius).  3-7  inches  high,  or  rarely 
more.  In  moist  thin  woods,  from  Me.,  west  to  Minn., 
and  south  to  southern  N.  J,  and  the  mountains  of  Va. 
Common  in  the  thin  woodlands  of  the  White  Mountains. 
A  rather  handsome  perennial  commonly 
Loosestrife  found  in  low  moist  situations,  particularly 
steironema  on  river  flats.  The  smooth  light  green 
ciliatum  leaves  are  ovate  or  ovate  lance-shaped  and 
Yellow  sharply  pointed;  on  the  upper  edge  of  the 
~  "  ^  stem  is  a  fringe  of  erect  hairs — hence  the 
specific  term,  ciliatum.  The  leaves  are  in  pairs  which 
are  set  at  right  angles  with  each  other.  The  pretty  light 
golden  yellow  flowers,  not  far  from  a  pure  yellow  tone, 
are  five-lobed,  the  divisions  oval  and  finished  with  an 
abrupt  sharp  point  (called  mucronate) ;  these  tips  are 
somewhat  twisted  or  puckered  ;  about  the  centre  of  the 
corolla  is  a  terra-cotta-colored  ring  ;  within  this  are  five 
straw-colored  stamens  alternating  with  five  abortive 
ones  ;  in  the  centre  is  the  pale  green  pistil.  The  smooth, 
erect  stem  18-22  inches  high  or  more.  Common  in  low 
ground  and  on  the  borders  of  thickets  from  Me.  west  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  to  Ariz. 
Steironema  ^  narrow-leaved  species  smaller  and 
lanceolatum  slenderer  in  every  respect.  The  leaves 
Yellow  are  lance-shaped  and  linear,  indistinctly 
June-July  stemmed  and  smooth  ;  the  lower  ones  are 
much  shorter  and  broader,  and  the  stems  are  distinct 
and  long.  The  flowers  are  similar  to  those  of  S.  cili- 
atum, but  smaller— a  little  over  |  inch  broad,     8-20 

344 


Steironemd.    cilis^tum 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primulacese. 


inches  high.  Moist  ground  from  Me.,  west  to  Minn.,  and 
south.  The  Steironemas  are  cross-fertilized,  according 
to  Prof.  Robertson,  by  bees  ;  in  Connecticut  by  Macroxjis 
ciliata  and  Macropis patellata,  and  in  lUinois  by  Macro- 
pis  steironematis.  The  name  is  from  two  Greek  words, 
sterile  and  thread,  in  allusion  to  the  abortive  stamens. 

^        .         ,  A  delicate  and  pretty  species  common 

Four=leaved  n    i  i        i  •    i,  ,  • 

Loosestrife  ^^  ^^^  ^^"^^^  lands,  especially  sand}^  river 
Lyiiiinachia  banks.  The  light  green  leaves  are  pointed 
quadrifoUa  lance-shaped  or  broader,  and  are  arranged 
Yellow  jjj  ^  circle  of  generally  four,  but   some- 

times three  and  six.  Fi'om  the  bases  of 
these  leaves  project  slender  long  stems,  each  bearing  a 
single  star-shaped  light  golden  yellow  flower,  prettily 
dotted  around  the  centre  with  terra-cotta  red,  wdiich 
sometimes  extends  in  faint  streaks  all  over  the  corolla 
lobes.  The  stamens  and  pistil  project  in  a  cone-shaped 
cluster  ;  the  stigma  is  advanced  so  far  beyond  the  an- 
thers that  self-fertilization  rarely  if  ever  occurs.  The 
Lysimachias  are  visited  by  the  bees  of  the  genus  Macro- 
pis,  by  bumblebees,  and  by  hone3'bees  evidently  for  the 
purpose  of  collecting  pollen.  Stem  smooth  or  very  min- 
utely hairy  (under  a  glass),  straight  and  round,  12-30 
inches  high,  simple  or  rarely  branched.  Sandy  soil  or 
often  moist  ground,  Me.,  ^vest  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga. 
Lysimachia  Along  with  preceding  species  bloom  the 

stricia  slender  spirelike  clusters  of   the   simple- 

Yellow  stemmed  Lysimachia  stricta,  whose  flow- 

June-August  ^j.g  g^j.g  j-,Q^  appreciably  different,  though 
recorded  by  Dr.  Gray  and  others  as  having  slenderer 
corolla-divisions.  This  variation,  however,  is  not  so  ap- 
parent ;  but  at  the  base  of  the  divisions  the  red  spots  are 
double  in  L.  stricta,  while  they  are  single  in  L.  quadri- 
foUa. The  slender  floicer-sjnke  is  distinctly  characteris- 
tic of  L.  stricta  ;  it  forms  an  aggregation  of  misty  yellow 
color  (when  a  large  colony  of  the  plants  is  seen)  which  is 
never  present  with  the  other  species.  Often  little  elon- 
gated bulblets  appear  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves.  Leaves 
lance-shaped  and  sharp-pointed  at  either  end  ;  in  both 
species  apt  to  be  sepia-dotted.  Stem  8-20  inches  high. 
Moist  and  sandy  soil.     Me  .  west  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga. 

34^ 


LoosestPi/e.%y  k^'£:^ 
b/simachia.strictd.'^^      I 


Lysimachia.    quadp]/bli&. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Pnmuiaceas. 


A  species  closely  allied  to  L.  strict  a. 
producfa  ^"®  smooth  stem  is  simple  or  very  slightly 

Light  golden  branched,  the  lance-shaped  light  green 
yellow  leaves,  pale  green  beneath,  grow  oppos- 

June-August  j^^j^,  ^^  ^^^  circles  of  3-5,  and  the  terminal 
flower-spike,  loosely  flowered,  is  sometimes  18  inches 
long.  The  corolla-divisions  are  dotted  and  striped  with 
dark  red,  ovate-oblong  and  rounded  at  the  tips.  From 
this  last  fact  it  would  seem  as  though  the  plant  could 
not  easily  be  confused  with  either  L.  stricta  or  L.  quad- 
rifolia,  for  the  flowers  of  both  these  species  are  de- 
cidedly pointed  star-shaped.  In  low  damp  ground  on 
the  borders  of  thickets,  from  Me.  and  Mass.,  west  to 
Mich.  (Vide  Rhodora,  vol.  i.,  pp.  131-134.  M.  L. 
Fernald  on  "  Ambiguous  Loosestrifes.'') 

An  extremel}^  beautiful  trailing  vine 
Moneywort  with  a  creeping,  not  climbing,  habit, 
r„o,-..,.,^;,;,,         which  has  become  naturalized  from  Eu- 

l^yhlniilCfl  lit 

nummularia  rope.  It  takes  kindly  to  cultivation,  and 
Light  golden  is  particularly  decorative  when  planted  in 
yellow  rustic  baskets  in  which  it  best  displays  the 

September         graceful  pendulous  character  of  its  stems. 

The  leaves  are  dark  green,  shining,  small, 
almost  round,  and  short-stemmed.  One  rather  large 
light  golden  yellow  flower,  with  five  ovate  divisions  to 
the  corolla,  grows  from  the  junction  of  the  leaf-stalk 
and  plant-stem  ;  it  is  not  spotted  with  terra-cotta  like 
the  other  members  of  tiiis  genus.  Stems  6-20  inches 
long.  In  moist  ground  near  dwellings,  mostly  an  es- 
cape from  gardens  ;  Eastern  States.  In  many  places  it 
is  reported  as  a  troublesome  weed.  Found  in  Campton, 
N.  H.,  and  Amherst,  Mass. 

A  low,  fleshy  seaside  plant  with  oblong, 
Glaux  toothless,  and  stemless  light  green  leaves, 

Purple=white  fi'o^^^  the  bases  of  which  grow  the  solitary 
June  dull  purple-white  or  pinkish  flowers  witJi- 

out  a  true  corolla,  but  with  a  five-scalloped 
calyx.     The  seaside  from  N.  J.  and  Cape  Cod  north. 


348 


Moneywort. 

-ysimachia  nummulapia.        Glaux  maritima. 


PLUMBAGO  OR  LEADWORT.     Plumbaginacem, 


A  low  spreading  annual ;  the  common 
Anagallis  Poor    Man's    weather-glass   of  England, 

arvensis  which  has  become  naturalized  in  this  coun- 

Red,  pur=  try.      The   small  solitary  flowers    are    a 

pie,  etc.  variety  of  colors,  scarlet,  purple,  white, 

etc.  The  corolla  has  five  broad  divisions 
but  hardl}^  any  tube.  The  leaves  are  ovate,  stemless, 
and  toothless,  and  grow  oppositely  in  pairs,  or  in  circles. 
Stem  6  inches  long.  Waste  sandy  places,  Eastern  States, 
generally  near  the  coast.  The  flowers  open  only  in  sun- 
shine, and  close  at  4  o'clock. 


PLUMBAGO  OR  LEADWORT  FAMILY. 
Plumbaginacece. 

Perennial  herbs  with  small,  perfect,  regular  flowers  of 
five  parts— i.  e.,  five-lobed  corolla,  five  stamens,  and  five 
styles  ;  the  flower-tube  funnel-formed  and  plaited  ;  the 
ovary  one-celled  and  bearing  a  solitary  seed.  Seaside 
plants. 

A  seaside  plant  with  a  slender  much- 
Sea  Lavender  branched  stem  growing  from  a  thick 
Rosemary  woody  root  very  astringent  in  character, 

Statice  the  branches  rather  erect.      The  leaves, 

Limonium  also  starting  from  the  root,  are  blunt  lance- 

var.C«ro?/?iianagbaped  or  obovate,  long-stemmed,  tooth- 
j  j^^"  less  or  nearly  so,  and  tipped  with  a  bristly 

September  point  ;  the  mid-rib  is  prominent.  The 
branches  bear  many  solitary,  or  2-3  (in  a 
group)  tiny  lavender  flowers  with  a  curious  tooth  be- 
tween each  of  the  five  tiny  lobes  ;  the  lobes  of  the  calyx 
are  also  very  acute.  The  character  of  the  plant  is  branchy 
and  naked-stemmed,  w4th  flowers  so  insignificant  that 
the  delicate  lavender  color  is  much  eclipsed  by  the  rather 
light  subdued  green.  1-2  feet  high.  In  salt  marshes 
from  Me.,  south.     Found  in  Nantucket,  Mass. 


350 


Marsh  Rosemary. 
5td.tice  limonium  vc\r.   Carol iniana. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianacese. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianaceo'. 

Smooth  herbs  with  generally  opposite  leaves,  toothless 

and  stemless;  Menyanihes  and  Limnanthemum  are  two 

exceptions  to  this  rule.     Flowers  regular  and  perfect. 

the  corolla  with  4-12  lobes;  alternating  with  these  are  a 

corresponding  number  of  stamens.     Fertilized  mostly  by 

the  bees  and  the  beelike  flies. 

An  erect  and  smooth  annual  naturalized 

esser  from  Europe,  with  several  short  branches 

Erythrie.a  above,  and  elliptical  or  oblong  light  green 

Centaurium        leaves,   somewhat  acute  ;  the  uppermost 

Light  magenta  rather   linear.      The   small    tubular  light 

une-  magenta  flowers  five-lobed  and  very  nearlv 

September  ^^       ,  rr^,  ,     ,* 

stemless.     ihey  are  numerously  borne  at 

the  summits  of  the  branches.     6-12  inches  high.     Waste 

places  and  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  from  Quebec 

to  Illinois.     The  name   Erythrcea  is  from  the  Greek. 

meaning  red.     The  flowers  are  weak  in  color,  and  the 

plants  are  really  more  delicate  than  beautiful. 

„    „  A  small  species  from  Europe  similar  in 

Erythrcea  '■  ,/..,, 

ramosissima  many  respects  to  the  foregomg,  but  the 
Magenta=pink  stem  very  much  branched,  the  leaves  oval 
June  or  long-ovate,  the  larger  lower  ones  blunt. 

September  ^j^^  upper  small  and  acute.     The  flowers 

are  magenta-pink,  and,  with  few  exceptions,  distinctly 
stemmed.  The  tube  of  the  corolla  is  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  flve  lobes  of  the  calyx.  3-8  inches  high. 
Waste  places  or  fields,  wet  or  shady,  from  southern 
N.  Y.  to  east  Pa.  and  Md. 

An  erect  and  smooth  annual  naturalized 
Spiked  fj,Qj^^  ^l^g  qJ^  country,  with  small,  blunt, 

Erythrcea  oblong,  light  green  leaves  ;  the  upper  ones 

spicata  rather  acute,  and  all  more  or  less  close  to 

Magenta=pink  the  generally  forking  stem.  The  very 
small  magenta-pink,  or  crimson-magenta 
flowers  tubular  and  five-lobed,  stemless 
and  also  close  to  the  plant-stem,  the  tube  of  the  corolla 
a  little  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  6-16  inches  high. 
Shores  of  F-^ntucket,  Mass.,  and  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 


352 


Spiked  Centau py 


Erythraea  spicata. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Qentianaceas. 


A  not  very  uncommon  wild  flower   in 
Sabbatia  ^^^®  swamps  of  the  pine  barrens  of  New 

Sabhatia  Jersey,    with    white,    starlike,    five-lobed 

lanceolata  flowers,  nearly  an  inch  broad,  which  in 

^*^**^  fading  turn  yellowish,  and  ovate  or  lance- 

ber  *~  shaped  light  green  leaves  with  3-5  ribs. 

The  plant-stem  slender,  somewhat  four- 
sided,   branched    above,    or    sometimes    simple.      The 
branches  are  borne  relativeh^  opposite.     The  flowers  are 
numerous.     1-3  feet  high.     Pine  barrens  N.  J.,  to  Fla. 
Rose  Pink  T\\Q,  stem  of  this  species  is  decidedly  and 

Sabbatia  sharply  four-sided,  it  is  also  rather  thick 

angularis  and    much    branched.      The   light   green 

White  or  Pink    i^^ves  are  five-ribbed,  ovate,  acute  at  the 
July-August 

tip,  and  somewhat  clasping  at  the  base. 

The  delicately  fragrant  flowers  are  an  inch  or  more 
broad,  pale  crimson-pink  or  sometimes  white,  and 
marked  in  the  centre  with  a  yellow-green  star  (a  charac- 
teristic of  many  of  the  Sabhatias).  The  stjde  is  cleft  at 
the  tip — i.  e.,  two  stigmas.  The  calyx-lobes  are  about 
one  third  as  long  as  the  corolla.  2-3  feet  high.  Fertile 
ground,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  west  to  Mich.,  and  south. 
Sea  Pink  A  pretty  species  common  on  salt  mead- 

Sabbatia  ows,  with   crimson-pink  flow^ers  as  large 

sfellaris       ,        as   or  larger  than    a  nickel.      The   light 
'*'"'*  green  leaves   oblong  lance-shaped  or  lin- 

u  y-  ugus  ^^^^^  ^j^^  uppermost  small  and  bractlike. 
The  numerous  flowers  are  borne  solitary  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches  ;  the  linear  calyx-lobes  almost  equal  (the 
rule  is  flexible)  in  length  the  lobes  of  the  pale  crimson- 
pink  or  white  corolla.  More  than  half  the  style  is  two- 
cleft,  the  stamens  are  golden  yellow,  and  the  centre  of 
the  flower  is  green-yellow  edged  with  ochre  or  some- 
times red,  6-20  inches.  Along  the  coast  from  Me.  to 
Fla,  Closely  allied  to  the  next  into  which  it  appears  to 
pass. 

Like  the  preceding.     The  stem  exceed- 
qracilis  i^gly  slender  and  much   branched.     The 

Pink  leaves  linear  or  linear  lance-shaped,  the 

uppermost   almost    threadlike.     The    ex- 
ceedingly narrow  lobes  of  the  calyx  equal  in  length  the 

354 


Sea.  Pink. 
Sa^bbatia  stellaris.  Sabbatia.  gracilis. 


OENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianacese. 


lobes  of  the  corolla  (rarely  they  are  appreciably  shorter). 
The  style  is  about  half-cleft.  1-2  feet  high.  Marshes, 
Nantucket,  Mass.  to  N.  J. ,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

The  largest-flowered  and  most  beautiful 
pjj^.  member  of  the  genus.     The  basal  leaves 

Sabbat  in  blunt-tipped  and  tapering  toward  the  base, 

vhJoroides  the  upper  light  green  leaves  diminishing 

Crimson^pink  ^^  lance-shape  and  linear.  The  few  crim- 
July-August  •    1     r,  1^-1 

son-pmk  nowers   are  nearly   two   inches 

broad,  with  generally  ten  obovate  corolla  lobes  (an  equal 
number  of  linear  calyx,  lobes),  each  marked  with  a 
three-pointed  ochre-edged,  green-yellow  base  which 
contributes  to  the  beauty  of  the  central  star- figure  of 
the  flower  ;  the  stamens  are  golden  yellow,  and  the  style 
is  deeply  two-cleft.  The  flower  is  visited  most  fre- 
quently by  bees  and  the  flies  of  the  genus  Syrphidce. 
The  wiry  stems,  simple  or  branching  very  little,  are  1-2 
feet  high.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  white.  On  sandy 
margins  of  brackish  ponds  from  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. , 
near  the  coast. 

Fringed  The  most  famous  member  of  the  beauti- 

Gentian  ful  Gentian    group,    remarkable    not    so 

Gentiana  much  for  its  blue  color  as  for  the  delicate. 

Pale  violet=  misty  quality  of  that  color,  and  the  ex- 
biue  pressiveness    of    the    flower-form.      The 

September-  plant  is  an  annual  with  a  leafy,  perpen- 
October  dicular,  branched  stem,  the  branches  erect, 

somewhat  four-angled,  and  each  bearing  a  single  ter- 
minal flower.  The  flower  is  deep  vase-shaped  with  four 
rounded,  light  violet-blue  lobes  deeply  fringed  and 
spreading  horizontally  only  in  the  sunshine  ;  the  color 
varies  from  pale  to  deep  violet-blue,  with  occasionally  a 
ruddy  tinge,  but  never  with  a  suspicion  of  true  blue, 
though  lines  of  a  deeper  blue- violet  appear  on  the  outer 
surface  of  the  corolla.  The  large  four-pointed  calyx  is 
four-sided,  and  generally  a  bronzy,  yellow-green.  The 
yellow-green  leaves  are  ovate-lance-shaped  or  narrower, 
and  they  are  conspicuouslj^  opposite.  1-3  feet  high.  In 
low  moist  ground  from  Me.  to  the  Daks. ,  south  to  Iowa, 
and  in  the  mountains  of  Ga. 


356 


Fringed  Gentian. 


Gentiana  cpinita. 


RosePinK 


Sabba^tiaangularis. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Oentianaceae. 


„     ..  A   similar  annual   species    with   lance- 

serrata  linear  or  linear   leaves,  a  stem  but  little 

Light  violet=  branched  with  a  few  blunt  wedge-shaped 
^''"^  leaves  at  the  base,  and  violet-blue  flowers 

uly-Septem=     j^g^^iy  ^^  large  as  those  of  the  preceding 

species  with  the  fringe  at  the  summit  of 
the  corolla  short,  or  reduced  to  mere  teeth.  4-18  inches 
high.  Moist  ground  from  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn,  and 
Iowa. 

Also  an  annual ;  the   stem   ridged  and 
Gentiana  four-sided.     The  leaves,  in  general,  ovate, 

quinqneflora  sharply  pointed  at  the  tip,  slightly  clasp- 
Light  violet  =  ing  at  the  base,  and  with  3-7  ribs.  The 
**'"^  very  light  violet-blue  or  lilac  flowers  clus- 

o"t^b*  tered  at  the  apex  of  the  branches  in  groups 

of  2-7  but  generally  5.  The  flowers  smaller, 
scarcely  an  inch  long,  tubular,  and  terminating  in  five 
triangular  small  bristle-j)ointed  lobes.  A  common  spe- 
cies in  the  west,  attractive  but  not  so  beautiful  as  the 
Fringed  Gentian.  8-22  inches  high.  Moist  hillsides 
from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Mo.,  generally 
in  the  mountains  ;  it  is  found  at  an  altitude  of  over  6000 
feet  on  the  peaks  of  N.  Car.  Occasional  in  Vt. ,  and  absent 
in  central  N.  H. 

A    handsome    perennial     species    with 
Downy  Gentian  „  •       i       i.  n  •       ^   i 

Gentiana  usually  a  smgle  stem,  generally  mmutely 

puberida  hairy  and  rough,  and  with  narrow^  rigid, 

Blue^violet  lance-shaped  light  green  leaves,  the  up- 
August-  permost  nearly  linear.  The  blue- violet 
flowers  are  bell-shaped  with  five  triangu- 
lar lobes,  rather  open-spreading.  The  calyx  has  five 
linear  lobes  quite  rough  to  the  touch.  The  flowers  are 
borne  in  terminal  clusters  or  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves, 
and  are  seldom  if  ever  solitary.  8-17  inches  high.  On 
prairies  and  in  fields  from  western  N.  Y.  and  Ohio  to 
S.  Dak.  and  Kan.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Common  in 
the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis,  the  Minnehaha  Falls,  and  on 
the  dry  borders  of  the  great  wheat-fields  of  Minnesota. 


358 


k 


Downy  Gentian.    ^rGentianapubepula. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Qentianacese. 


A  familiar  species  of  the   Middle  and 
Soap  wort  Western    States    closely    resembling    the 

Gentiana  Bottle  Gentian.     The  pale  blue-violet,  or 

Saponaria  light  lilac-blue  flower  is  only  parti}'  open, 

Pale  blue»  the  five  lobes  are  blunt,  erect,  slightly  cut 

^'^'**  at  the  tip,   and  the  flower-cup   is   club- 

October  shaped,   the  anthers   within   cohering  in 

a  ring.  The  light  green  leaves  are  com- 
monly ovate  lance-shaped,  three-ribbed,  and  pointed 
at  either  end,  the  edges  rough.  The  flowers  form  a 
terminal  cluster;  a  few  grow  from  the  leaf-angles.  They 
are  frequented  by  honeybees  and  bumblebees  ;  Bom- 
biis  americanorum  is  a  conmion  visitor.  Both  this 
Gentian  and  the  preceding  one  ripen  their  pollen  before 
the  stigma  is  receptive  and  cross-fertilization  is  there- 
fore inevitable.  The  smooth  and  slender  stem  is  12-27 
inches  high.  The  juice  of  the  plant  is  soapj'.  In  wet 
woodlands  from  N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  south. 

A  perennial.      In   the  east  this  is   the 

^,  .  r:  -*• commonest  of  all  Gentians;  it  is  remark- 
Closed  uentian 

Gentiana  able    for    its    tight -closed    bottle -shaped 

Andreii'sii  corolla,  which  is  contracted  by  plaits  white- 

Violet=blue         striped,  white  at  the  base  and  an  intense 

ugus  -  violet-blue   at  the  apex  ;   sometimes  the 

October  ^ 

blue  approaches  ultramarine.  The  medium 

(sometimes  rusty)  green  leaves  are  smooth,  ovate  lance- 
shaped,  pointed  at  the  tip,  and  generally  narrowed  at 
the  base.  The  flowers  are  mostly  crowded  in  a  terminal 
cluster,  but  some  grow  from  the  leaf-bases;  all  are  set 
close  to  the  leaves,  which  are  conspicuously  arranged  in 
pairs.  Bumblebees  not  infrequently  force  an  entrance 
into  the  corolla,  and  self-fertilization  is  sometimes  ques- 
tionable. The  smooth,  round  stem  1-2  feet  high.  Rich 
woodland  borders,  Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

A  much  less  common  Gentian  frequent- 
Gentiana  .  .    •      i  tj.  •  ^.i       i 

linearis  ^"^  mountam  bogs.     It  IS  a  smooth,  slen- 

Light  blue-  der-stemmed  perennial,  with  light  green 
violet  linear   or  lance-linear  leaves  with   three 

August-  j.jijg^  acute  at  either  end.     The  pale  blue- 

p  em  er  violet  flower-cup  is  contracted  to  a  funnel- 

form  with  rather  scallop-shaped  lobes  ;  the  light  green, 
360 


Bottle  Gentian. 


Qentiana  Andrewsii 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianaceas. 


simple,  round  stem  is  10-24  inches  high.     Wet  situations 

among  the  mountains  of  N.   Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  south  to 

Md.     Found  at  high  elevations  of  the  Adirondack  and 

Green  Mountains. 

A  greenish  white-flowered  species  with 
Gentiana  „  ,  ,.      ,       .  ... 

ochroleuca  ^  corolla  narrowly  open,  display mg  withm 

Greenish  white  stripes    of    magenta-lilac    on   a    greenish 

September-        veined  background,  the   lobes   somewhat 

November  triangular  and  with  a  tooth.     The  flowers 

are  mostly  in   terminal   clusters.     The  medium  green 

leaves  obovate,  the  uppermost  acute  at  the  tip,  the  lower 

ones  blunt  and  short,  all  narrow  at  the  base.     Slender 

stem  8-16  inches  high.     Shaded  woodland  borders  from 

southern  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  south. 

^,    ^.  A  smaller  and  exceedingly  delicate  and 

Gentiana  .  ,  ^      ■,  ,         . 

angustifolia       pretty  species  mostly  confined  to  the  pme 

Light  ultra-       barrens  of   the  Southern  States,    with  a 

marine  blue       simple  or  sometimes  branching  stem,  and 

August-  witli   solitary,    bright    light    ultramarine 

blue  flowers  (often  speckled  within)  at 
the  apex  of  the  stem  or  its  branches  ;  they  are  much 
larger  than  bluebells.  The  five  lobes  of  the  corolla  are 
deeply  cut,  ovate,  and  open-spreading.  The  small  linear 
leaves  are  less  than  2  inches  long.  6-15  inches  high.  In 
moist  situations  from  southern  N.  J.,  south. 

An   attenuated,   slender,    stiff-stemmed 
Yellow  little   plant,   simple  or  with   a  few   erect 

Bartonia  branches,   destitute    of   leaves,  but    with 

tenella  small  awl-shaped  opposite-growing  scales 

Greenish  closely  hugging  the  stem,  which  is  a  trifle 

yellow  angled,   all  a  yellow-green.      The  lower 

s  '  ♦  scales  are  close  together,  the  upper  become 

more  and  more  separated.  The  yello^v, 
bell-shaped  flowers  of  a  greenish  tone,  with  four  blunt 
(often  slightly  toothed)  lobes,  are  arranged  oppositely  on 
the  plant-stem,  the  peduncles  (flower-stems)  about  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  the  flower.  The  flowers  are 
mostly  terminal  but  inconspicuous  on  account  of  their 
uncertain  coloring.  4-14  inches  high.  In  thin  woods, 
pastures,  and  dry  cranberry  bogs,  but  mostly  in  damp 
soil,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich. 
362 


Gentiana  angustifolia..  Baptoniatenella. 


DOGBANE  FAMILY.    Apocynacem, 


DOGBANE  FAMILY.     Apocyiiacece. 

Chiefly  a  tropical  family  with  few  representatives  in 
our  range.  Plants  with  an  acrid,  milky  juice,  closely 
related  to  the  Milkweed  Family.  Leaves  opposite  (gen- 
erallj')  and  toothless.  Flowers  perfect,  five-parted  :  sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (flower-cup), 
the  latter  rolled  up  in  the  bud.  Fertilized  mostly  by 
butterflies  and  bees. 

A  somewhat  tall  and  shrublike  plant, 

prea  ing  with  a  smooth,  slender,  branching  stem, 

Apocynum  generally  reddish  on  the  side  exposed  to 

androsoimi-        sunlight.     The  opposite  growing,  lustre- 

folium  Iggg    light    blue-green,   ovate    leaves    are 

White=pink  toothless,  and  ruddy  short-stalked.  The 
June-July 

delicate  and  beautiful  little    bell-shaped 

flowers  are  white-pink,  five-lobed,  and  lily-of-the-valley- 
like,  striped  with  pink  on  the  inside  of  the  cup.  The 
clusters  are  small  and  terminate  the  branches  ;  their 
most  frequent  visitors  are  bees  and  butterflies,  and 
among  the  latter  are  the  ever-present  little  yellow  Colias 
j)hilodicea.nd  the  handsome  monarch  {Anosiaplexippus). 
Miiller  says  the  flower  is  fertilized  by  butterflies,  and 
cements  its  pollen  to  their  tongues.  An  insect  insepara- 
ble from  the  dogbane  is  the  so-called  dogbane  beetle 
{Chrysochus  auratus),  jewellike  and  resplendent  in  met- 
aUic  red  and  green  of  incomparable  lustre;  it  is  scarcely 
i  inch  long  (see  Familiar  Features  of  the  Roadside,  p. 
178).  1-4  feet  high.  Common  in  half -shaded  fleld  bor- 
ders, or  in  thickets  throughout  the  north,  and  south  to 
Ga. 

A  far  less  attractive  species  w4th  green- 
Aioc^nmT^  ish  white,  tiny  flowers  erectly  five-pointed. 
cannabinuvi  Similar  to  the  above  in  other  respects,  but 
Greenish  white  less  spreading  and  more  upright.  The 
June-August  leaves  narrower  and  abruptly  acute.  1-3 
feet  high.  On  sandy  river-hanks,  in  fields,  and  in  thick- 
ets everywhere.  Both  species  found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 
The  name  is  Greek  in  origin  — a;ro,  from,  and  hvgov,  a 
dog. 

364 


Spreading  Dogbane.  Indian  Hemp.    ,.    ,.^^ 

Apocynum  andposaemifolium.  Apocvnum  cannabium^. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.     Asclepiadaceae. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.     Asclepiadacece. 


Milky- juiced  plants  with  large  leaves,  and  flowers 
deeply  five-parted,  the  sepallike  corolla  segments  turned 
absolutely  back  at  the  time  of  bloom  ;  the  so-called  co- 
rona within  with  its  five  concave  parts  thus  fully  ex- 
posed ;  the  anthers  and  stigma  remarkably  connected, 
and  the  pollen  cohering  in  waxlike,  granular,  pear- 
shaped  masses  not  unlike  those  of  the  Orchids.  The 
masses  quite  frequently  become  attached  to  the  feet  of 
bees,  and  the  entanglement  causes  tlieir  death.  The 
flowers  are  almost  exclusivel}^  fertilized  b}-  bees  and  the 
beelike  flies  (see  Miiller's  Fertilization  of  Flower's). 

The  handsomest  member  of  the  genus, 
with  brilliant  light  orange  or  orange-yel- 
low flowers,  in  erect  flat-topped  clusters 
at  the  termination  of  the  branches.  Leaves 
light  olive  green,  narrow  oblong,  or  lance- 
shaped,  hairy  beneath,  and  veiny,  nearly 
or  quite  stemless.  The  juice  is  very 
slightly  if  at  all  milky.  The  stem  some- 
The  slender  pods  are  borne  erect  on  a  short 
stalk  with  an  S  curve.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  dry 
fields  everywhere,  especially  south.  Found  on  Cape  Cod. 
A  misnamed  species,  as  its  flowers  are 
pure  crimson  or  else  crimson- magenta;  but 
they  are  never  purple.  The  stem  is  usu- 
ally simple,  green,  and  magenta- tinged  at 
the  leaf  junctures.  Leaves  ovate,  and 
finely  hairy  beneath  ;  smooth  above.  The 
flowers  are  \  inch  long,  with  broad  horns 
abruptly  pointed  inward.  2-3  feet  high.  Common  in 
dry  fields  and  thickets.  Me.,  south  to  Ga. ,* w^est  to  Minn. 
A  similar,  rather  smooth  species,  the 
stem  with  two  downy  lines  above  and  on 
the  branches  of  the  flower-stalks.  The 
leaves  narrow ,  or  lance-shaped  ;  all  short- 
stalked.  The  small  flowers  in  small  termi- 
nal flat-topped  clusters,  dull  light  crimson 
or  dull  crimson-pink.  2-4  feet  high.  Com- 
mon in  swamps  throughout  our  range. 
366 


Butterfly 
Weed  or  Pleu= 
risy  Root 

Asclepias 
tuberosa 
Light  orange 
June- 
September 

what  rough. 


Purple 
Milkweed 

Asclepias 

purpiirascens 

Magenta= 

crimson 

June-August 


Swamp 
Milkweed 

Asclepias 
incarnata 
Dull  light 
crimson 
July- 
September 


Butterfly  Weed       U^         Asclepiastubeposa. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.     Asclepiadaceae, 


The  var.  pulchra  is  more  or  less  hairy,   has  broader, 

shorter-stalked  leaves,  and  dull  crimson  or  pink  or  even 

pink-white  flowers.     Common  north,  south  to  Ga. 

The  commonest  of  all  the  Asclepias,  and 
Common  i     ,  ,      n        •         i       •       , 

Milkweed  remarkable  for  its  cloymgly  sweet,  some- 

Asclepias  what  pendulous  flower-cluster,  which  is 

Cornuti  most  aesthetic  in  color  ;  it  varies  from  pale 

PaIebrown=       brownish    lilac    to  pale   lavender-brown, 

July-August      ^^^  from  dull  crimson-pink  and  pink-lilac 

to  yellowish  (the  horns  particularly)  and 
brownish  lavender.  Gray's  and  Britton  and  Brown's 
"green-purple"  is  a  misleading  color  description; 
the  authors  of  Wild  Flowers  of  the  Northeastern 
States  (p.  434)  are  quite  correct  in  their  description  of 
this  flower-color  and  all  others.  The  broad  oblong 
leaves  and  stem  of  the  plant  are  verj^  finely  hairy,  the 
color  is  light  yellow-green,  and  the  ribs  are  yellowish. 
The  rough-surfaced  seed-pod  is  filled  with  the  silkiest  of 
white  down,  attached  to  flat  yellow-brown  seeds,  over- 
lapping each  other  like  the  scales  of  a  fish.  The  flower- 
clusters  are  borne  at  the  junction  of  leaf-stem  and 
plant-stem.  The  flowers  are  mostlj^  fertilized  by  bees, 
who  not  infrequently  lose  their  lives  by  their  feet  be- 
coming inextricably  entangled  with  the  pollen  masses, 
or  caught  in  the  fissures  of  tlie  corona  (described  fully 
in  William  Hamilton  Gibson's  My  Studio  Neighbors, 
p.  232).  3-5  feet  high.  Common  everywhere. 
Asclepias  Fs\e  magenta-purple-stained  green  flow- 

obtusifolia  ers  in  a  solitary  terminal  cluster.     The  ob- 

Lilac=green  long,  wavy  leaves  with  a  clasping  base 
July-August  somewhat  heart-shaped.  Rather  uncom- 
mon northward,  but  frequent  in  the  south.  Found  in 
sandy  soil  near  Burlington,  Vt. 

A  rather  tall  milkweed  with  large  ivory 
Milkweed  o^'  cream-wdiite  flowers,   whose  reflexed 

Asclepias  corolla-segments  are  green  or  magenta- 

phytolaccoides  tinged  on  the  outer  surface  ;  the  flowers 
Cream  white  looggU.  clustered  and  drooping.  The  rather 
June-August      ,  -i  ^,  .  i        -^    i      .      •., 

large  leaves  are  thin  and  pointed  at  either 

end  ;  the  stem  is  slender  and  3-6  feet  high.  One  of  our 
most  dainty  and  beautiful  w^ld  flowers.     Common  on 

36S 


Common  MilKweed. 


Asclepids  Cornuti. 


CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.     Convolvulaceae. 


the  borders  of  thickets  and  woods  throughout  the  north, 

and  south  to  Ga.     Found  near  Lake  Dun  more,  Vt. 

_        .         ^  An  early-flowering  species  with  deUcate 

Four=leaved  .    ,     r.  , 

Milkweed  magenta-pnik  flowers,  the  reflexed  lobes 

Asclepias  of  which  are  palest  pink.     The  stem  is 

quadrifoiia        slender  and  generally  leafless  below,  bear- 

Magenta=pink    j^^^  about  two  circles  of  four  leaves  about 

the    middle    and    two  pairs   of    opposite 

smaller  leaves  at  the  upper  part  of  the  stem.     The  plant 

is  delicate  and  small,  with  few  flower-clusters.     1-2  feet 

high.     Woods  and  copses,  throughout  the  north,  and 

south  to  N.  Car. 

,    ,     .  An  extremelv  small  narrow-leaved  plant 

Asclepias  •  ,  ,       i      "^  i      ^  , 

verticillata         with  a  slender  stem  leafy  at  the  summit. 

Green=white      The  leaves  smooth  and  very  narrowly  lin- 

J"ly-  ear,  generally  grouped  in  circles  of  4-7. 

September  Flowers  greenish   white.     1-2  feet  high. 

Common  on  dry  hills,  especially  so  south.     Me.,  west  to 

S.  Dak.,  and  south. 


CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.     ConvolvulacecE. 

Herbs,  in  our  range,  with  twining  or  trailing  stems, 
alternate  leaves,  and  regular,  perfect  flowers  with  gen- 
erally a  bell-shaped  or  funnel-formed  corolla,  and  five 
stamens.  Flowers  visited  by  the  honeybee  and  bumble- 
bee. Self-fertilized  as  well  as  cross-fertilized.  The 
name  from  the  Latin  convolvo,  to  roll  together. 

A  small,  erect  or  slightly  twining  plant. 
Bindweed  scarcely   a   foot   long,    with    blunt,    oval. 

Convolvulus  light  green  leaves,  heart-shaped  at  the 
spithariKxxis  base,  short -stemmed,  about  1-2  inches 
White  long.    Funnel-formed  white  flowers  about 

2  inches  long,  borne  singly.  Calyx  in- 
closed in  two  large  leafy  bracts.  In  sandy  or  rocky 
fields.  Me.,  south  and  west. 

A  smooth-stemmed  vine  with  arrow- 
Bindweed  shaped,  triangular,  grayish  green  leaves, 
Convolvulus  slender  -  stemmed  and  acute  -  pointed. 
septum  Handsome  bell-shaped    or  funnel-shaped 

370 


poke  MilKweed 
Asclepia^s  phytoUccoides, 


Foup-leaved  Milkweed. 
Asclepia^s  quadrifolid. 


CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.      Convolvulacese. 


White,  pink=      flowers  ranging  from  pure  white  to  pink- 

tmged  tinged   borne   singly   on   long  stems;  the 

June-August       r,  ,  n  ^i  ,.-i 

nve    stamens    cream     yellow,    the    pistil 

white.  The  five-parted  calyx  is  inclosed  in  two  pale 
green  bracts.  The  flower  generally  closes  before  noon: 
it  is  sometimes  over  2  inches  broad  and  3  long.  Vine 
3-10  feet  long.  Along  moist  roadsides  and  borders  of 
fields,  climbing  over  shrubbery,  from  Me.,  south  to  N. 
Car.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Utah.     Also  in  Europe. 

A  more  or  less  fine-hairy,  trailing  species, 
Trailing  with  simple  or  slightly  branched  stem,  and 

Bindweed  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  arrow-shaped  or 

Jpimn^v&r.  sliglitly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  1-2 
repens '  inches  long.  Flowers  white  or  pink-tinged, 

White  or  pink=  borne  singly  on  long  stalks,  and  about  2 
*'"^^^  inches  long.     Calyx  inclosed  in  two  ovate 

ugus       bj.j^cts.     1-3  feet  long.     Common. 

A  smooth-stemmed,  veiy  slender  species 

^'"^"  with  oblong  and  arrow-shaped  gray-green 

mdwee  leaves,  the  lateral  lobes  of  which  are  acute. 

Convolvulus 
arvensis  Small  flowers  not  over  1  inch  long,  white 

White  or  pink=  or  pink-tinged,   and   generally   borne    in 

tinged  clusters  of  two.     The  calyx  u'ithout  leafy 

i""^'   ^  bracts  at  the  base.      1-2  feet   long.      In 

September  ,  ,  ,  „  n.r  i 

fields  and   waste  places  from  Me.,  south 

to  X.  J.  and  Pa.,  and  west  to  Kan. 

A  miserable  parasite  often  troublesome 
Dodder  "^  gardens,  but  found  in  low,  damp,  shady 

Cuscuta  situations.      It  climbs  high    upon    other 

Gronovii  plants    by    twining    closely    about    their 

Dull  white  stalks  and  exhausting  their  juices  through 

"  ^~  a  thousand  tiny  suckers.     Its  threadlike, 

twisting  stem  varies  in  color  from  dull  yellow  to  dull 
orange,  it  is  crowded  with  bunches  of  tiny  dull  white 
bell-shaped  flowers  having  five  lobes.  The  calyx  is 
greenish  white.  All  the  dodders  start  at  first  from  the 
ground,  but  finally  securing  a  Convenient  plant  upon 
which  to  climb,  the  root  in  the  earth  dies  and  they  be- 
come parasitic.     Common  everywhere. 


372 


Hedge  Bindweed.    *^ 
Convolvulus  sepium. 


Common  Dodder. 
Cu5cuta  Oronovii 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginaceae. 


smooth  stem,  and  dark  green  acute  lance-shaped  or  oblong 
leaves,  has  escaped  from  cultivation  in  some  of  the  east- 
ern States,  and  is  established  permanently  in  many  lo- 
calities, generally  adjoining  old  dwellings.    2-6  feet  high. 

.  ,,  .    .  A  smooth  perennial  with   slender   and 

Greek  Valerian  on  t    •  -, 

Polemonixim       weak  stems  nnaliy   reclining,    and   com- 

reptans  pound  alternately  growing  leaves  formed 

Light  violet  of  5-15  ovate  lance-shaped leaflets  ;  the  up- 
April-May  permost  leaves  generally  simple  ;  all  tooth- 

less. Flowers  about  ^  inch  long,  liglit  blue-violet  oi- 
rarely  white,  in  loose  clusters  and  nodding — bluebell- 
like. 8-13  inches  high.  In  thin  w^oods,  N.  Y.,  south 
to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

^,    .    ^^  A  much  rarer  species,  found  only  bv  the 

Jacob  s  Ladder  ^         ,    .        ,  n 

Polemonium  mountain  Streams  and  in  the  swamps  of 
cceruleum.  the  north.     It  has  a  stout  horizontal  root 

Violet  from    which    spread    numerous    rootlets, 

May-July  ^^,-^j^  erect  stems  smooth  and  leafy  to  the 

top.  Leaves  compound  like  those  of  the  preceding- 
species,  the  lower  ones  consisting  of  15-19  nearly  stem- 
less,  ovate  pointed  leaflets.  Flowers  numerous  in  a 
somewhat  long  cluster,  bright  violet,  and  nearly  1  inch 
broad,  with  conspicuous  stamens  and  style,  the  five  lobes 
of  the  corolla  rounded.  1-2|  feet  high.  From  Vermont 
and  northern  N.  Y.,  south  to  Md.  Common  only  in  the 
far  north.     Found  at  Abby  Pond,  Ripton,  Vt. 

BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginacece 

In  our  range  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  rough- 
hairy  stems  and  generally  alternate,  toothless,  rough 
leaves.  The  blue-violet  flower  perfect  and  regular  with 
a  five-lobed  corolla  {Echiinn  excepted),  and  five  stamens. 
Flowers  mostly  in  one-sided  spikes,  which  at  first  are 
somewhat  rolled  up,  straightening  as  the  blossoms  ex- 
pand.    Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  butterflies  and  bees. 

An  ill-smelling  biennial  with  a  fiiie- 
TyZgioslunr^  ^i^i^T,  stout,  branching  stem,  and  with 
officinale  laiice-shaped  leaves  stemless,  except  the 

Magenta  basal  ones  which   are  oblong   and  long 

J""^~  slender-stemmed.      The    small    magenta 

September  ^^  ^.^^.^^^  ^^,j^.^g  flowers,  five-lobed,  and 

37<J 


w\7 nu 


\ 


Greek  Valerian.  Polemonium  reptans. 


BORAGE  FAMILY.      Boraginaceae. 


loosely  arranged  on  a  fine-hairy  curving  stem.  The 
fruit,  four  nutlets  set  in  a  four-sided  pj^ramidal  shape, 
surmounted  by  the  withering  style.  2  feet  high.  Fields. 
Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Minn.  From  Asia. 
Wild  Comfrey  ^  perennial  species  with  usually  a  sim- 
Cynoglossum  pie  hairy  stem,  without  leaves  above.  The 
Virginicum  basal  leaves  deep  green,  oblong  lance- 
Pale  violet  shaped,  rougli,  and  short  -  stemmed,  the 
pri  -    ay  upper  ones  clasping  the  stem  by  a  heart- 

shaped  base.  The  pale  violet  flowers  on  a  few  long  naked 
stems  ;  the  corolla  divided  into  five  rounded  lobes.  The 
fruit,  four  depressed  nutlets,  convex  on  the  upper  face, 
and  hairy.  1-2|  feet  high.  In  thin  woods  from  Me., 
south,  west  to  Kan.  and  La. 

A  biennial  with  a  fine-hair}",  branching 
seed  ~    ^^^'^^^'  slender  and  spreading.     The  basal 

Ecliinosperinum  leaves  vanishing,  as  a  rule,  at  the  period 
Virginicum  of  bloojn,  rather  broad  ovate  ;  the  stem- 

Lavender=white  ig^y^g  light  green,  ovate  and  lance- 
s""t  mber  shaped,  growing  quite  small  toward  the 

top  of  the  plant,  acute  at  either  end.  The 
flower-spikes  very  slender  and  bearing  tiny  white  flowers 
of  a  lavender  tinge.  The  tiny  burlike  fruit  covered  with 
barbed  prickles.  2—4  feet  high.  The  name  from  exivoS, 
a  hedgehog,  and  dTtspua,  a  seed,  referring  to  the  spiny 
fruit.  Common  on  the  borders  of  dry  woods.  Me., 
south  to  Ala.  and  La.,  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Neb. 
An  annual  species  somewhat  hairy,  with 
Stickseed  many  small  light  gray-green  linear  leaves, 

Echinospennuyn  the  basal  ones  widest  at  the  tip.  The  tiny 
LappuUi  flowers  light  violet,  thinly   scattered   on 

Light  violet       slender  branches.     The  fruit  globose-oval, 

^  *^~    .  burlike,  and  covered  with  minute  slender 

September  ' 

barbed  prickles.     1-2  feet  high.     In  waste 
places  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  westward. 

A  beautiful  species  frequently  cultivated. 
Cowslip  having  ricli  violet-hued  flowers  nearly  1 

Mertensin  inch  long.     The  stem  smooth  and  erect, 

Virginira  sometimes    branched.      The    deep    green 

^'^*®*  leaves  toothless,  ovate  pointed  or  obovate, 

ay       strongly  veined,  and  scarcely  stemmed ; 

378 


Wild  Comfrey.  ^Q/noglossumVirginicum 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginaceae. 


only  the  lowest  with  margined  stems .  The  showy  tio wers 
trumpet-shaped  with  five  lobes  ;  rarely  they  are  white. 
1-2  feet  high.  On  river  meadow^s  and  along  river-banks 
from  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Minn., 
Neb.,  and  Kan. 

Forget=me=not  ^^^^  ^^^^  forget-me-not  of  gardens, 
M>/(>.sofis  escaped   from  cultivation,  and  found  in 

palHstris  wet  ground  or  marshes.     A  perennial  with 

Light  blue         slender,  sprawling,  fine-hairy  steins,  and 
ay-  u  y  gray-green    oblong    lance-shaped    leaves, 

stemless  or  nearly  so.  The  small  light  blue  flowers  with 
a  golden  eye,  in  small  clusters  somewhat  curved.  6-15 
inches  high.  Beside  brooks  and  in  wet  places  from  Me. , 
south  to  Pa.,  and  west.     A  native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

A  species  similar  in  many  respects  to 
Smaller  ^Yiq    foregoing,    with    the    fine-hairiness 

Muosotis  laxa  lending  close  to  stem  and  leaf,  the  leaves 
blunt  and  oblong,  and  the  very  small  and 
pale  light  blue  flowers  on  long  stems,  loosely  clustered. 
The  calyx  lobes  as  long  as  the  flower-tube.  6-19  inches 
high.     Wet  places.     Me.,  south  to  Tenn.,  west  to  Wis. 

^     ,      ^  An  annual  or  biennial  species,  with  very 

Spring  For=         ,     .     ,     ,     .  i   ,  ,       , 

get=me=not        bristly-hany  stems  and  leaves,  the  latter 

Mi/osotis  v^rna  oblong  and  obtuse.      The  white  flowers 

White  small ;    the     calyx     unequally    five-cleft, 

April-June         bristly,  with  some  of  the  bristles  hooked 

at  the  tips.     3-15  inches  high.     On  dry  banks  from  Me., 

south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

^       ^  ..A  rough-hairv  annual  or  biennial,  with 

Corn  Qrom well  ,  ,  .    "  t   /.  ,• 

Lithospermum    ^rect,  branchmg  stems  and  foliage  resem- 

arvense  bling    that  of    MyosoHs,   but  a  brighter 

White  green.     The  small  white  flowers  scattered 

May-August  ^^^  ^^le  spikes  and  stemless  or  nearly  so. 
6-18  inches  high.  Sandy  roadsides  and  fields  from  Me., 
south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Kan. 

A  similar  taller  species  with  a  much- 
Lithospermum  branched  stem,  gray-green,  few-veined. 
Cream  white  I'ough,  and  stemless  leaves  rather  broad 
lance-shaped.  The  cream  white  flowers 
with  corollas  funnel-formed  and  a  little  longer  than  the 
five-pointed  hairy  calyx.  1-3  feet  high.  New  Eng., 
380 


Fopget-me-not. 


Myosotis  palustrii. 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginacex. 


west  to  Minn.     Both  of  tliese  last  species  are  naturalized 
from  Europe.      Litliospermum  is  formed  of  the  Greek 
words  stone  and  seed,  referring  to  the  hard  seed. 
Lithospermum        ^^    indigenous    species,    the    so-called 
conescens  Puccoon   of  the   Indians.      A   perennial, 

Orange=yeIlow  soft-hairy  and  rather  hoary,  with  obtuse 
March-June  linear-oblong  leaves,  stemless  and  hairy. 
The  orange-yellow  flowers  w^ith  a  broad  corolla,  salver- 
formed  and  five-lobed,  about  |  inch  long.  6-18  inches 
high.  Cross-fertilized  by  bees  and  butterflies  ;  some  of 
the  latter  are  Papilio  ajax,  PapiUo  aster ias,  Colias 
philodice,  and  Os)iiia  cobaltina.  In  dry  soil,  Me.,  south 
to  N.  J.  and  Ala.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  Kan.,  and 
Ariz.     Rare  in  New  Eng.     The  roots  yield  a  red  dye. 

A  densely'  harsh-hairy  perennial  herb, 
Qromwell  ^^^®  hairs  of  which  lean  toward  stem  and 

Onosmodium  leaf,  the  stem  slender  and  branching.  The 
Virginionum  light  green  leaves  oblong  lance-shaped. 
Cream  white  Flowers  cylindrical,  cream  white,  with 
five  long  sharp  lobes  ;  the  style  threadlike 
and  extending  far  beyond  the  mouth  of  the  corolla  ;  the 
calyx  with  five  sharp  segments  ;  the  flower-cluster  at 
first  curved,  finally  erect  and  long.  Flowers  i  inch  long. 
The  flower  matures  the  stigma  before  the  anthers  ;  it  is 
mostly  cross-fertilized  by  the  butterflies.  1-2  feet  high. 
Banks  and  hillsides  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Kan. 

A  rough-bristly  annual  species,  natural- 
Small  Bugloss  .  .  .  -c,  VI  u  1 
Luconsis  ^^^^  from  Europe,  with  a  branchmg  stem 
arvensis  and  lance-sliaped  leaves.  The  light  blue- 
Light  violet  violet  flowers  in  crowded  clusters,  the 
*'""^"  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  curved  corolla. 
ep  em  er  ^^  ^^^^  high.  In  fields  and  on  roadsides 
near  dwellings,  from  Me.  to  Pa.  and  Va.  The  name 
Greek,  Xvho<3,  a  wolf,  and  otpi^,  a  face  :  but  the  flower's 
face  scarcely  looks  that  way  ! 

Sometimes  called  blueweed,  and  in  fact 
Bueloss  ^  flower  sufficient!}^  approaching  a  blue 

Echium  vulgare  tone  to  justify  the  name:  but  the  blos- 
Blue=violet  soms  actually  range  between  lilac,  purple, 
June-July  ^^^^  violet  of  a  bluish  cast.     It  is  a  bien- 

exceedingly  bristly-hairy  stem,  and  hairy- 
382 


€^'«^ 


.^ 


^J^  ('WO 


f  , 


Viper's  Bugloss, 


Echium  vulgare 


VERVAIN  FAMILY.      Verbenacese, 


silvery  light  green  leaves,  linear  lance-shai3ed,  tootblesSj 
and  stemless.  The  flowers  are  rather  showy,  tubular  or 
vase-shaped  with  five  rounded  unequal  divisions  ;  the 
four  stamens,  which,  with  the  pistil,  are  pink,  extend 
far  beyond  the  limit  of  the  corolla.  The  flower-spike 
one-sided,  at  first  closely  coiled,  but  finally  long  and  but 
slightly  curved ;  the  blossoms  are  pink,  but  the  mature 
flower  is  light  ultramarine  violet.  1-2^  feet  high.  Road- 
sides and  pastures  from  Me.  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Nev. 
and  S.  Dak.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  The  name 
Greek,  exi^,  meaning  a  viper.     Rare  in  central  N.  H. 

VERVAIN   FAMILY.     Verbenaceo'. 

Generally  herbs  (at  least  in  our  range)  with  opposite 
leaves  and  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular  flowers  in  ter- 
minal clusters.  The  corolla  with  united  petals,  uniform 
in  shape,  or  two-lipped,  the  tube  generally  cylindrical 
and  spreading  into  4-5  lobes.  Four  stamens,  two  long 
and  two  short,  or  very  rarelj^  only  two.  Probablj'  self- 
fertilized,  though  cross-fertilization  may  occur,  assisted 
by  the  honeybee,  bumblebee,  and  the  beelike  flies. 

A  troublesome  annual  weed  with  a  four- 
European  sided,  slender,  nearly  smooth,  brandling 
Verbena  stem,  and  minuteh'  hairy  leaves,  deeply 
ufflcinalis  cleft  and  sharp-toothed  ;  the  upper  ones 
Purplish  lance-shaped  and  toothless,  the  lower 
or  white  ovate  and  sharply  divided;  all  deep  green. 
September  "^^^  small  pale  purple  or  white  flow^ers  in 
branching  spikes  about  5  inches  long,  in- 
conspicuous and  uninteresting.  1-3  feet  high.  In  waste 
places  everywhei-e.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  similar  perennial  species  with  white 
White 
y        .^  flowers;  usually  with  erect  slightly  rough- 

Verbena  hairy  stem  four-sided  and  grooved,  and 

xirticcefolia         coarsely  toothed,  deep  green  leaves,  all  or 

White  nearly  all  with  distinct  stems,  acute,  and 

"  ^~  slightly  hairy.    The  flower-spikes  at  length 

very  long,  the  white  flowers  very  small. 

3-5  feet  high.      In  fields  and  waste  places,  from  Me., 

south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Tex. 

38a 


White  Vervain.       I     Verbena  urticaefolia 


VERVAIN  FAMILY.      Verbenaceae. 


A  small,  rough-hairy  species  with  a  slen- 
Narrow=Ieaved  ^^  •        i       ^  t  t 

Vervain  *^^^''  often  simple  stem.     Leaves  linear  and 

Verbena  lance-shaped,  the  lower  ones  broad  at  the 

angustifolia  tip  and  wxdge-shaped  at  the  base,  all  more 
Pale  violet  ^j.  j^gg  toothed  and  veiny.  Flower-spikes 
few  or  single,  densely  clustered  with  pale 
violet  flowers  about  j  inch  wide.  8-22  inches  high.  Diy 
borders  of  fields.  Mass. ,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 
.  One  of  the  handsomest  3-et  commonest 

Verbena  members  of  the  genus.     The  stem  erect, 

hastata  stout,  four-sided  and  grooved,  roughish^ 

Deep  purple       and  dull  green.   The  short-stemmed  leaves 
**"'^~  dark  green,  lance-shaped  or  oblong  lance- 

shaped,  acutely  incised  with  double  teeth, 
and  with  a  rough  surface  ;  the  lower  leaves  are  more  or 
less  three-lobed.  The  flower-spikes  are  numerous  and 
branch  upward  like  the  arms  of  a  candelabra ;  the 
flowers  bloom  from  the  foot  of  the  cluster  upw^ard, 
a  few  at  a  time,  leaving  behind  a  long  line  of  purple- 
tinged  calyx  ;  the  tiny  blossoms  are  deep  purple  or 
violet  —  either  one  hue  or  the  other.  The  flowers  never 
approach  blue  or  any  hue  allied  to  it,  so  the  common 
name  is  misleading.  Verbena  hastata  is  a  special  fa- 
vorite of  the  bumblebee,  and  it  is  also  closely  attended 
by  the  honej'bee  and  the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus. 
The  smaller  butterflies  are  also  occasional  visitors, 
among  them  the  wdiite  Pieris  protodice.  3-7  feet  high. 
In  fields  everywhere.     Rare  in  central  N.  H. 

A  tall  plant.     The  stalk  is  four-sided, 
Phruma  hollow^  and  strong-fibred,  branching  di- 

leptostachya       vergeiitly  above.     The  deep  green  leaves 
Crimsoned  ^re  thin,  coarsely  toothed,  and  arranged 

magenta  ^^^  pairs,  each  pair  set  at  right  angles  with 

the  next ;  the  upper  leaves  nearly  stemless 
and  ovate  pointed  ;  the  lower  oval.  The  slender  flower- 
i^pike  bears  little  two-lipped  flowers  (the  lower  lip  is 
three-parted)  set  in  pairs  at  right  angles  with  each 
other.  The  flowers  are  crimson-pink  with  a  magenta 
tinge.  The  blackish  seed-receptacle  hook-pointed.  In 
w^oods.     Me.,  soutli,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 


386 


BlueVervd^in. 


Verbena.  hdsta.t2L 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatas. 


MINT  FAMILY.  Labiatce. 
A  large  family  of  aromatic  herbs,  the  foliage  of  which 
is  covered  with  tiny  glands  containing  a  strong-scented 
volatile  oil  of  a  peppei-y  character  ;  the  different  species 
superficially  resemble  one  another.  The  flowers  are 
usually  small,  tubular,  with  an  entire  or  two-lobed  upper 
lip  and  a  three-lobed  lower  Up.  The  stem  is  generally 
square,  and  the  leaves  grow  opposite  each  other.  The 
tin}^  flowers  are  gathered  in  more  or  less  conspicuous 
spikes,  or  are  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  ;  tliey 
are  honey-bearing,  and  are  almost  exclusively  cross-fer- 
tilized by  honeybees,  bumblebees,  and  the  smaller  bees. 
The  name  from  Ldbice,  the  lips. 

This  is  an  annual  species  whose  light  vio- 
let, magenta-pink,  or  rarely  white  flow- 
ers are  generally  in  pairs  at  the  terminating 
branchlets  of  the  somewhat  woolly-sticky 
stiff  stem.  The  leaves  are  narrowly  oblong 
or  lance-shaped,  and  a  trifle  sticky,  with 
an  aromatic  pennyroyallike  odor.  The 
flowers  are  too  scattered  to  form  a  panicle 
or  cluster,  and  they  are  remarkable  for  the 
extraordinary  length  of  the  violet  stamens  which  ex- 
tend in  a  curving  line  far  beyond  the  five-lobed  corolla, 
or  flower-cup — hence  the  name  Blue  Curls.  The  Latin 
name  also  refers  to  the  hairlike  stamens.  After  the  co- 
rolla fades  and  falls,  the  little  nutlets  within  the  calyx 
are  in  plain  view.  6-20  inches  high.  In  dry  sandy 
fields,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Pa,  and  Ky. 

A  very  similar  species  with  a  slender 
woolly  stem,  ascending  branches,  and  very 
narrow  linear  leaves,  stemless  and  smooth. 
In  sandy  fields  and  dry  pine  barrens  near 
the  coast,  from  Long  Island  and  Conn., 
south  to  La. 

A  slender  branching  annual  with  lance- 
shaped,  toothless  or  slightly  toothed, 
conspicuously  three-ribbed  leaves,  and  ex- 
tremely regular-lobed  flowers  (for  one  of 
the  family  Labiatce),  with  five  nearly 
equal,  obovate,  spreading  divisions.  The 
388 


Blue  Curls  or 

Bastard 

Pennyroyal 

Tricftostetna 
dichotomuni 
Pale  violet 
or  magenta 
July 
September 


Trichostema 
linear  e 
Pale  violet, 
etc. 
July-August 


False 
Pennyroyal 

Isanthus 
ccemleus 
Pale  violet 
July- 
September 


Blue  Curls. 


Tpjchostema  dichotomum. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


pistil  greatly  exceeds  the  stamens  in  length,  the  latter 

scarcely  extending  beyond   the  corolla  ;    it  is  evident, 

therefore,  that  the  flower  is  cross-fertilized.     The  most 

frequent  visitors  are    the  bumblebees,  the  honej^bees, 

and    the    smaller  butterflies,   chief  among  which  are 

Pieris  rapce,  w^hite,   and   Colias  x>Mlodice,  yellow. 

American  -A-  downy  perennial  with  a  stiff  perpen- 

Germander         dicular  stem,  and  light  green,  unevenly 

or  Wood  Sage    toothed    leaves,    lance-shaped    and    fine- 

eiu )  lum  hairv ,  particularlv  underneath.  The  rather 

Canadense  '  ^  .^  .  ■,       ,       -, 

Pale  purple        long  flower-spike  with  tlie  large  nearly  |- 

or  magenta  inch-long  flowers  arranged  in  circles,  pur- 
Ju'y-  pie,  deeper  or  paler,  and  sometimes  ma- 

September  genta,  or  a  pinkish  white.  The  lower  lobe 
of  the  flower  broad  and  prominent,  forming  a  convenient 
landing  for  visiting  bees.  1-2  feet  high.  Moist  thicket 
borders,  or  marshes.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S. 
Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Kan. 

A  stout-stemmed,  yellow-flowered  per- 

**R**h  W  d  *^^^^^^1  species,  tall  and  branching,  with 
CoUinsonia  large  ovate  shai'iily  toothed  leaves  and  a 
Canadensis  nearly  smooth  stem.  The  pale  yellow 
Pale  yellow        flowers  with  2  long  divergent  stamens  and 

"  ^~  a  prominent  pistil,  strongly  lemon-scented. 

Flower-cluster    very    loose.      Named    for 

Peter   CoUinson,  an  early  amateur  botanist.     2-4  feet 

high.     In  damp  rich  woodlands,  from  Me.,  south,  west 

to  Wis.  and  Kan. 

A  coarse  and  aromatic  perennial  species 

.,  introduced  into  the  gardens  of  this  coun- 

ocymoides  » 

White  trj'  from  China  and  India,  and  escaped  to 

July-  roadsides  near  dwellings.  The  large,  ovate, 

September  coarsely  toothed  leaves  deep  purple-tinged 

beneath,  and  with  a  bronze  tone  above,  the  green  com- 
pletely suffused  with  the  other  color.  Strongly  scented. 
Plowers  tiny,  in  terminal  clusters,  and  dull  white  or  pale 
magenta.  1-3  feet  high.  In  waste  places,  southern  N. 
Y.  to  111. 


390 


Rich  Weed 


Col  1 1  nson  la  Canadensis. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatas. 


The  genus  Mentha  is  a  tribe  of  odorous  perennial  herbs 
with  httle  tubular  flowers  mostly  in  close  clusters  ;  the 
plant-stems  square.  Almost  all  the  species  are  natural- 
ized from  Europe,  and  there  are  many  hybrids.  Name 
from  MivQr/  (of  Theophrastus),  a  Nymph.  The  mints  are 
commonly  fertilized  by  the  order  Biptera  (the  flies),  and 
particularly  by  the  genera  Syrpliidce  and  Bombylidce. 

u         »/..  -L  Flowers    in    rather    crowded,    slender, 

Horse  Mint  '  ' 

Mentha  leafless  spikes,    sometimes    disconnected. 

syh-estris  Leaves    ovate-oblong    and    ovate    lance- 

Pale  purple  shaped,  almost  stemless,  sharp-pointed 
July-  ugus  ^^^^  sharply  tootlied,  often  smooth  above, 
but  the  whole  plant  generally  finely  white-haired.  Plant- 
stem  square.  18  inches  high.  Roadsides  and  field- 
borders.  Pa.  and  N.  J.  The  var.  alopecuroides  with 
larger  leaves,  stemless,  broadly  oval  and  obtuse,  often 
approaching  heart-shape,  coarsely  toothed  and  more 
veiny.     Southern  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  N.  J.,  west  to  Mo. 

Flowers  variable  in  depth  of  color  ;  clus- 
Speartnint  ^qj.^  crowded    like  those  of    the   preced- 

Mentha  viridis    .  •  i      .  ■    n  i 

p  J  J  mg  species,    but  especialh"   narrow    and 

July-August  pointed.  Plant-stem  green,  square,  and 
nearly  smooth.  Leaves  oblong  or  ovate 
lance-shaped,  unevenly  toothed  and  stemless  or  verj^ 
nearly  so.  12-20  inches  high  or  more.  Wet  places  and 
roadsides  in  cultivated  ground,  everywhere. 
p        rmint  Flowers  in  narrow,  loose,  disconnected, 

Mentha  leafless,  terminal  spikes,  and  often  on  a 

piperita  rather  long  stem  proceeding  from  between 

Pale  purple  ^\^q  plant-stem  and  leaf-stem.  Leaves 
u  y-  ugus  long-ovate,  deep  green,  smooth,  and  regu- 
larly toothed,  slightly  rough  beneath,  and  very  hot- 
tasting.  Plant-stem  purplish,  18-36  inches  high.  Along 
brooks  and  in  cultivated  ground  everywhere. 

„,  ^     ...  The    flowers  in    a  roundish  or  nearly 

Water  Mint  ,  ,  .      ,     ,  „  ,       , 

Mentha  oblong  terminal  cluster  ;  frequently  there 

aqnatira  are  ouc   or   more    clusters    between    the 

Pale  purple  plant-stem  and  the  upper  leaf -stems. 
August-  Leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate.     The  plant 

is  characterized  by  downy  hairs  (rarely  it 
is  smoothish)  which  generally  point  dowmcard.     Wet 

392 


Peppermint. 


Mentha  piperita. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


Corn  Mint 

Mentha 
arvi'ii>iis 
Light  purple 
July-August 


Wild  Mint 

Mentha 

arvensis  vai 

Can((densiii 

White  or 

lilac^white 

July-Sep= 

tember 


places  from  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  Del.,  and  Ga.  Not  com- 
mon. 18-28  inches  high  or  more.  In  the  var.  crispa  the 
plant  is  smooth,  but  the  green  flower-cup  is  hairy;  it  has 
also  torn-toothed  leaves  somewhat  curled.  Swamps  and 
roadside  ditches.     Southern  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa. 

The  tiny  bell-shaped  flowers  clustered  in 
circles  about  the  plant-stem  at  the  junc- 
tion with  leaf-stems.  Leaves  ovate,  blunt- 
toothed,  and  distinctly  stemmed.  Not  a 
common  species.  6-20  inches  long.  Found 
in  moist  fields.     N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and  Pa.,  south. 

The  only  native  mint.  The  lilac-white 
or  white  flowers  oblong  bell-shaped,  with 
a  short-toothed  edge ;  the  clusters  ar- 
ranged as  in  the  preceding  species. 
Leaves  conspicuously  tapering  from  the 
centre  toward  both  ends,  coarsely  toothed, 
ovate-oblong  or  lance-shaped,  and  rough- 
ish,  or  nearly  smooth.  The  plant  is  more 
or  less  hairy  throughout,  and  has  the  odor  of  Penny- 
royal. In  wet  places  south  to  Va.,  and  through  the 
northern  United  States  across  the  continent.  10-28  in- 
ches high.  This  mint,  according  to  Prof.  Charles  Robert- 
son, is  visited  in  Illinois  b}^  the  fly  Jurinia  smaragdina. 
A  mintlike  weed  with  small  white 
flowers  remotely  suggesting  a  bugle 
shape.  Stem  slender,  four-angled,  and 
generally  smooth.  The  light  green  leaves 
ovate  lance-shaped  and  very  coarsely 
toothed.  The  tiny  flowers  clustered  at 
the  bases  of  the  leaves  have  but  two  perfect  stamens  ; 
the  other  two,  if  present,  are  quite  abortive.  Fertilized 
mostly  by  the  beelike  flies,  and  the  small  bees  of  the 
genus  Halictiis.     6-24  inches  high.     Common. 

A  similar  species,  with  some  leaves  so 
deeply  toothed  that  they  appear  incised, 
and  others  incised  to  an  appearance  of 
lobes.  The  stiff  stem  generally  smooth, 
simple  or  branched.  The  flower-cup  tiny 
and  but  little  larger  than  its  green  calyx. 
1-2  feet  high.     Common. 


Bugleweed 

LycopKs 

Virginicus 

White 

July-Sep= 

tember 


Cut^leaved 

Water  More 

hound 

Locoyim 

nnuatns 

White 

June-Sep= 

tember 


')4 


Wild  Mint, 


^  Leafot  'iM.apvensis. 

Mentha  arvensis  var.  Canadensis. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatas. 


A  coarse,  stiff,  aromatic  perennial  natu- 
Hyssopus  ralized  from    Europe.     Slender-stemmed 

officinalis  and   lance-leaved ;    the    leaves    stiff    and 

Pale  violet  pointed  at  either  end.  The  tubular  flowers 
June-Sep-  with  projecting  stamens,  crowded  at  the 

angles  of  the  leaves  at  the  upper  part  of 
the  plant.  1-3  feet  high.  Waste  places  and  roadsides 
near  dwellings,  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west. 

This  is  a  stout  and  stiff-stemmed  species 
Mountain  with  a  slight  fragrance  of  mint ;  but  unlike 

PycLnthemum  ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^  *"^^  ^^'^'^^^  ^^^  ^orne  in 
lanceolatum  a  somewhat  flat-topped  cluster.  Leaves 
White  stemless  or  nearly  so,  lance-shaped,  tooth- 

purple=dotted    iggg^  and  slightly  aromatic  ;  stem  smooth 
"  ^"  or  very  slightly  hairy,   and   very   leafy. 

The  flowers  lilac-white,  purjDle-spotted, 
standing  out  from  the  globular  heads.  1-3  feet  high. 
In  dry  fields,  or  pastures,  or  on  the  borders  of  thickets, 
from  Vt.  and  Mass.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Neb.     The  name  meaning  crowded  flower-clusters. 

A  similar  species,  with  smooth  linear 
Pycnanthemum  leaves,    sharp-pointed    and    light    green. 

White'""  ^^^^ ^^®"^  ^^^  ^^^^'^^ ^^^^-    ^^^^  *^"^^  flowers 

purple^dotted    '^^'hite,  speckled  or  dotted  with  purple.     1- 

2  feet  high.  Dry  fields,  N.  H.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.  Found  in  Campton,  N.  H.,  but 
rare  ;  occasional  in  Vt. 

A  small  annual,  exceedingly  odorous, 
American  usually  found  in  dry  pastures.     The  stem 

He""onm^  erect,  finely  hairy,  with  upward-reaching 
pulegioides  branches ;  the  small  light  olive-green 
Pale  light  leaves  with  few  teeth,  ovate  lance-shaped. 

^'***^*  blunt-pointed,  and  narrowed  at  the  base. 

tember**'"  The  tiny  pale  violet  or  lavender,  tubular 

flowers  with  a  three-lobed  under  lip.  Fer- 
tilized mostly  by  bumblebees,  honeybees,  and  the  smaller 
bees.  6-15  inches  high.  Common  in  dry  fields  every- 
where, but  not  found  in  Campton,  N.  H.,  nor  any-where 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  White  Mts.  The  essential  oil  of 
Pennyroyal  is  said  to  be  efficacious  in  driving  away 
mosquitoes. 

39^ 


Mountain  Mint 


PycnAnthemum   liniyolium. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


A  slightly   rough-hairy,  slender  plant, 
Sage  with    conspicuous     light    violet    flowers 

Salvia  lyrata  nearly  an  inch  long,  which  are  cross-fer- 
Light  violet  tilized  mostly  b}'  the  bumblebees  ;  Bomhus 
June-July  vagans  and  Bomhus pennsylvanicus  being 

frequent  visitors.  The  lower  leaves  are  somewhat  lyre- 
shaped,  the  upper  pair  (sometimes  two  pairs)  mid- way 
up  the  stem,  similar  but  less  cut,  or  lobed  ;  the  tubular 
flowers  with  a  broad  three-lobed  lip  which  furnishes  a 
convenient  landing-platform  for  insect  visitors  ;  1-2  feet 
high.  In  dry  woodlands,  and  beside  thickets.  N.  J., 
south,  and  west  to  111.  and  Ark. 

A  brilliant  and  sliowv  wild  flower  whose 
Oswego  Tea  or  ,  i        i        .  '      i  ^•         i  i       • 

Bee  Balm  scarlet-red  color  is  strongh^  relieved  by  its 

Monarda  usual    background    of    shady    woodland. 

cUdyma  Commonly  found  beside  streams  on  the 

Scarlet=red         border  of  the  woods. 

Seotember  "^^^^  Moncirdas  are  peculiarly  adapted  to 

the  visits  of  butterflies,  although  they  are 
also  commonly  visited  by  bees,  the  bumblebee  in  particu- 
lar. The  two  anther-bearing  stamens  are  prominent,  as 
well  as  the  two-parted  stigma,  and  neither  can  be  passed 
without  friction  by  butterfly  or  bee,  both  of  which  have 
the  long  tongue  necessaiy  to  reach  the  nectar.  The 
bumblebees  mentioned  as  visitors  of  the  foregoing  species 
also  frequent  this  flower,  together  with  the  butterflies 
Colias  jjliiloclice,  yellow,  and  the  large  Danais  archip- 
pus,  black-and-tan.  The  sombre  dark  green  leaves  are 
broad  lance-shaped,  sharply  toothed,  and  stemmed  ;  the 
small  leaves  just  beneath  the  flower  are  often  tinged 
ruddy.  The  stem,  rather  hairy-rough  and  square,  is 
about  2  feet  high,  or  more.  Moist  ground,  N.  Eng., 
south  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Mich. 

A  similar  species  with  a  smooth  or  spar- 
Wild  Bergamot  .      ,      ,  ,      j        ^  ,   i 

Monarda  tif^fu-    ^^^o^Y  dowiiy,  slender  stem,  and  deep  green 

losa  leaves,  the  upper  ones  somewhat  stained 

Magenta-  with  the  pure  pale  lilac  or  whitish   tint 

purple  which  characterizes  the  flower-bracts.  The 

Seotember  flowers  with  a  less  expanded  throat;  paler 

or  deeper  magenta-purple.  2-3  feet  high. 
Dry  ground.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Neb.  and  S.  Dak. 

398 


Oswego  Tea. 


Monarda  didyma. 


"%  rry- 


Wild  Bergamot. 


Monardafistulosai 
vAr.  rubra. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiat3e. 


,    ^  ^  A  rather  smooth  form  with  handsome 

Monarda  fistu-         .  .    ,  ,    ^  „      , 

Zosa  var.  rubra  crmisoii-pmk  or  rose  red  flowers  finely 
Crimson-pink  hairy  over  the  tube  and  upper  lip,  and  thin 
leaves  rather  smooth.  On  the  borders  of 
moist  thickets,  Me.  and  N.  H. ,  south  along  the  mountains 
to  Pa.  and  Va.  The  var.  media,  with  deep  purple  flowers. 
Alleghany  Mts..  and  w^est  to  Minn,  The  var.  rubra  is 
locally  plentiful  in  parts  of  N.  H.,  notably  south  of  New- 
found Lake.  It  is  unfortunately  classified  as  Purple 
Bergamot,  Monardamedia,  in  Britton  and  Brown,  which 
is  manifestly  confusing.  Monarda  mollis  is  a  less  com- 
mon species  ;  flowers  flesh  pink  and  lilac  ;  in  S.  Dak. 

_,  A  woodland   species  rather  similar  in 

Downy  '■ 

Blephiiia  many  respects  to  Monarda.     The   small 

BJephilia  cili-  tubular  flowers  about  ^  inch  long,  with  a 
"^'''  three-lobed    under    lip,    light    purple     or 

Light  purple  ^.-^jg^  ^^^  fine-hairy.  The  lance-shaped 
June-August      ,  '  ,  /  ,       , 

leaves  almost  toothless  (except  the  lower 

ones),  white-dow^ny  beneath,  and  quite  stemless,  or  nearly 
so.     The  stem  downy  and  mostly  simple.     1-2  feet  high. 
Mass.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 
Catnip  -^^  exceedingly  common  weed  to  which 

Nepeta  Cataria  many  of  the  animals  of  the  tribe  Felis  are 
Lilac=white  greatly  attached.  A  favorite  Manx  cat  of 
July-October  j^^jj^^  vvould  walk  a  mile  every  other  day 
or  so,  from  my  Campton  studio  to  a  spot  where  it 
grew  in  plenty,  notwithstanding  the  way  was  through 
the  woods  and  over  a  hill  of  no  small  difficulty  !  The 
stem  is  densely  downy  as  well  as  the  deeply  round-toothed 
leaves,  and  both  are  sage  green  in  color.  The  pale  lilac 
or  lilac-white  and  spotted  flowers  are  also  downy,  and 
gathered  in  small  terminal  clusters,  which  are  rarely  4 
inches  long.  Leaves  strongly  aromatic.  2-3  feet  high. 
Common  everywhere.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  small  creeping  plant,  adventive  from 
Ground  Ivy  or  •       n         •  i_    i,    j        i 

GilI=over=the=    Europe,  common  in  all  moist  shady  places  ; 

Ground  it  takes  the  place  of  our  Trailing  Arbutus 

Nepeta  Gle-  in  the  moist  fields  of  .England  in  April. 
choma  r^hQ   p^^jg   purple  flowers,  spotted  darker 

Am-il-May  ^      "^^^  ^^^^  throat,  and  often  with  the  calyx 
magenta-tinged,  has  two  lips,  the  upper 
400 


1- Catnip. 

Nepet-ACatapiA.'i'.^^i 


^     |/2Gill-overli-the-gpouncL 
NepetalGlechoma. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatx. 


one  two-cleft,  and  the  lower,  three-cleft ;  the  deep  green 
leaves,  scalloped  and  rather  heart-shaped,  are  often 
stained  with  magenta,  as  well  as  the  stem  ;  the  latter 
takes  root  at  the  joints,  and  reaches  out  sometimes  fully 
18  inches.  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  Kan. 

A  bitter  perennial  herb,  not  aromatic. 
Skullcap  with  two-lipped  tubular  flowers,  the  four 

Scufelho-ia  Stamens  located  under  the  upper  lip,  which 

lateriflora  jg  arched.     Name  from  scutella,  a  dish,  in 

Pa  e  purple  allusion  to  the  peculiar  hump  on  the  upper 
July-August 

section  of  the  green  calyx,  w^hich,  how- 
ever, does  not  even  remotely  suggest  the  shape  of  a  dish. 
The  Uttle  flowers,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  light 
or  pale  purple  (rarely  white),  are  borne  in  succession 
along  the  delicate  stems  which  terminate  the  branches 
or  spring  from  between  leaf-stem  and  plant-stem.  The 
flowers  borne  on  one  side  of  the  stem  which  later  is  dec- 
orated with  the  odd  little  hoodlike  green  calyxes  con- 
taining four  white  seeds.  Plant-stem  smooth,  square, 
and  sometimes  slightly  twisted,  upright  and  much 
branched.  Leaves  narrowly  ovate,  veiny ,  coarse-toothed, 
pointed,  rounded  at  the  base,  and  slender-stemmed.  1-2 
feet  high.  Common  in  damp  and  shady  places,  through- 
out the  country  The  Scutellarias  are  fertilized  by  the 
smaller  bees,  Halictus,  and  the  leaf-cutter  bee,  2IegacJiUe. 
Scutellaria  Light  violet  flowers  almost  an  inch  long, 

versicolor  the  whitish  lower  lip  sometimes  purple- 

Light  violet  stained.  Leaves  heart-sliaj  ed,  very  veiny, 
July- August  rough,  round-toothed,  rather  blunt,  and 
long-stemmed.  Plant-stem  soft-hairy.  1-3  feet  higli. 
Banks  of  streams.  Pa.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and 
Ark. 

Scutellaria  Flower  an  inch  long,  narrow,  and  its 

serrata  upper  lip  Only  a  trifle   shorter  than  the 

Light  violet  lower  one.  Leaves  ovate  or  long-ovate, 
May-June  toothed,  tapering  at  both  ends,  andsmooth. 

Green  and  nearly  smooth,  slender  plant-stem,  1-2  feet 
high.  In  woods,  southern  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  south  to  N. 
Car.,  and  west  to  111.     The  most  showy  of  all  the  genus. 


402 


Mad-dog  Skull-cap.  Scutellaria  lateriflora. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiates. 


Scutellaria 
canescens 
Light  violet 
July-August 


Scutellaria 
pilosa 

Light  violet 
May  July 


Scutellaria 
integrifolia 
Light  violet 
June-August 


The  flowers,  stems,  and  under  sides  of 
the  leaves  covered  with  soft  white  down  ; 
flower  nearly  one  inch  long.  Leaves 
ovate  or  narrow-ovate,  stemmed,  and  some 
slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base.    2-4  feet 

high.      River -banks   from   Ontario   to   111.,   and   south 

among  the  mountains  to  N.  Car. 

Flowers  half  an  inch  long  or  a  trifle 
more.  Leaves  distant,  oval  or  long  ovate, 
veiny,  round-toothed,  the  longer-stemmed 
lower  ones  sometimes  slightly  heart- 
shaped,    the   upper    on    short,    margined 

stems.     Plant-stem  with  spreading  hairs.     Dry  or  sandy 

ground,  or  woods.     12-30  inches  high.     Southern  N.  Y. 

and  Pa.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich. 

Flower  bright  light  violet,  and  an  inch 
long,  in  a  striking  terminal  cluster.  Leaves 
oblong  lance-shaped,  or  narrower,  mostly 
toothless,  obtuse,  short-stemmed,  and 
downy  together  with  the  plant-stem.     6- 

20  inches  high.     Dry  ground,  borders  of  fields,  woods. 

The  seaboard  States  from  R.   I.   south.      A  handsome 

species, 

A  low  species  with  flowers  |  inch  long, 
borne  on  very  short  stems  at  the  junction 
of  leaf-stem  with  plant-stem.  Leaves  op- 
posite-growing, toothless,  round  to  lance- 
ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  about  ^  an 
Stem  spreading,  3-10  inches  high.     Sandy 

banks  and  moist  places,  from  N.  Y,  and  N.  J.,  south, 

and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  Tex, 

Flowers  |  inch  long,  growing  in  the 
same  position  as  those  of  the  foregoing 
species.  Leaves  ovate  lance-shaped,  the 
lower  sometimes  with  a  slight  heart-shaped 
base,  toothed,  and  acute.  Stem  smooth 
1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  wet  shad}^  places 

and  along  streams,  especially  in  the  north,  west  to  N. 

Dak. 


Scutellaria 
parvula 
Violet 
May-July 

inch  long. 


Scutellaria 
galericulata 
Blue=-violet 
July-August 

and  slender 


404 


Scutellaria  papvula^ 


Skullcap. 


of 
pilosd>. 


Scutellaria  integnTolia 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiates. 


Scutellaria 
nervosa 
Pale  blue° 
violet 
June-August 


Self-heal  or 
HeaUall 

Prunella  vul- 
garis or  Brii- 
nella  vulgaris 
Purple,  light 
or  deeper 
June- 
September 


Flowers  a  trifle  more  than  ^  inch  long. 
Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  roundish  or 
ovate,  slightly  toothed,  and  the  lower  ones 
shghtl}^  heart-shaped.  The  floral  leaves 
toothless.  Stem  smooth  and  slender,  1-2 
feet  high.  Moist  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J., 
south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  Mo. 

A  very  common  low  perennial  with  gen- 
erally a  single  stem,  and  tubular,  two- 
lipped,  hooded  flowers  proceeding  from  a 
spike  or  head  of  closely  set,  sometimes 
rusty  colored  green,  floral  bractlike  leaves. 
The  name  (of  uncertain  origin)  said  to  be 
from  the  German  hrauney  a  throat  dis- 
ease. Flower  tiny,  purple,  but  sometimes 
flesh  color  or  white,  the  lower  lip  slightly 
fringed.  Generally  fertilized  by  the  bumblebee,  Bomhiis 
perinsylvanicus  being  a  frequent  visitor  ;  the  common 
yellow  butterfly  Colias  jJ^^i^odice  is  also  a  constant 
attendant.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  narrowing  toward  the 
tip,  slightly  or  imperceptibly  toothed,  stemmed,  with 
generally  two  small  bractlike  leaves  at  the  base  of  the 
stems.  Plant-stem  slightly  hairy.  6-13  inches  high. 
Very  common  along  roadsides,  and  on  the  borders  of 
woods  and  fields.     Across  the  continent. 

A  smooth  perennial  with  upright,  slen- 
der stem,  stemless  lance-shaped  leaves 
mostly  toothed,  and  large,  1  inch  long, 
showy  flowers  crowded  in  terminal,  leaf- 
less spikes.  Flower  pinkish  pale  lilac,  often 
variegated  with  white,  and  funnel-shaped, 
the  upper  lip  a  little  hooded,  the  lower 
three-parted  ;  the  throat  inflated.  Plant-stem  smooth, 
1-4  feet  high.  Wet  grounds,  from  northern  Vt.,  west- 
ward and  southward.  Very  variable.  The  var.  denticu- 
lata,  slender  and  generally  low,  with  scallop- toothed,  or 
imperceptibly  toothed  leaves,  and  very  slender  flower- 
spikes.  Moist  situations,  Vt.,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak, 
and  Neb. 


False  Dragon- 
head 

Physostegia 
Virginiana 
Pink-lilac  or 
lighter 
July-August 


406 


^^^it'^'^- 


Self-hea.1. 


Prunella  vulgaiPls. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


Horehound 

Marrubium 
vulgar  e 
White 
August- 
September 


Motherwort 

Leonurus 
Cardiaca 
Pale  lilac 
June-August 


A  white- wooll}^  bitter,  and  aromatic 
perennial,  branched  at  the  base,  with  small 
tubular  dull  white  flowers  circled  about 
the  plant-stem  at  the  leaf  junctions. 
Leaves  round-ov^ate,  stemmed,  and  scal- 
lop-toothed. 1-2  feet  high.  Cultivated, 
and  escaped  into  waste  places.  Naturalized  from  Eu- 
rope. The  name  from  the  Hebrew  marrob,  a  bitter 
juice. 

Perpendicular-growing  decorative  herbs, 
without  any  particular  odor,  with  deeply 
cut  leaves,  and  tiny  flowers  encircling  the 
plant-stem  at  the  point  of  junction  with 
the  leaves.  The  name  from  Xeaov,  a  lion, 
and  ovpd,  tail  —  lion's  tail,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the 
flower-spike,  but  a  poor  simile.  The  upper  lip  of  the 
tiny,  tubular  but  shallow,  pale  lilac  flower  bearded. 
The  green  calyx  characterized  by  five  thornlike  points;  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  when  the  flower  is  gone,  marked  with 
a  cross  upon  examination  with  a  glass.  The  small  leaves 
about  the  flower-clusters  conventionally  arranged  around 
the  tall  stems,  wedge-shaped  toward  the  stem,  and  three- 
pointed  at  the  tip.  The  lower  leaves  rounded,  slashed, 
and  long-stemmed,  2-4  feet  high.  A  familiar  peren- 
nial naturalized  from  Europe,  and  common  everywhere 
in  waste  places  about  dwellings. 

Low  spreading  herbs  found  on  waste 
grounds.  With  tubular,  bell-shaped  flow- 
ers, and  small  long-stemmed  leaves  below, 
heart-shaped  ones  in  the  middle  of  the 
stem,  and  others  above  directly  connected 
with  the  circling  flower-clusters;  all  round- 
toothed.  The  upper  lip  of  the  flower  is 
bearded,  the  lower  one  spotted  ;  all  magenta  or  pale  pur- 
ple. A  honey-bearing  flower,  cross-fertilized  mostly  by 
honeybees  and  bumblebees,  and  frequently  visited  by 
Boiiibus  hifarius,  commonly  called  the  orange-banded 
bumblebee.  The  foliage  of  the  dead  nettle  is  not  sting- 
ing to  the  touch.  6-18  inches  high.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 


Dead  Nettle 

Lamium 
amplexicaule 
Pale  purple= 
magenta 
April- 
September 


408 


Mothepwort. 


Leonurus  Capdiaca. 


NIGHTSHADE  FA/VIILY.     Solanaceae. 


^      .  f.        Like  the  foregoing,  also  naturalized,  the 

purpureum         leaves  more  heart-shaped,  roundish,  or  ob- 

Magenta  long,  and  all  of  them  stemmed.     Flowers 

^^y-  magenta.     Less  common,  from  N.  Eng.  to 

September  p 

An  annual,  with  spreading  branches, 
Hemp  Nettle  ^^^  several  circling  clusters  of  small  pale 
Gdleopsis  n  , 

Xtjirahit  magenta  flowers  (the  lower  lip    purple- 

Magenta=  Striped)  gathered  at  the  stems  of  the  floral 

purp'e  leaves.     Name  from  the  Greek,  iveasellike, 

July-  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower 

to  the  head  of  a  weasel.  The  tiny  flowers 
white-hairy,  the  flower-cup  bristly.  Leaves  ovate, 
toothed,  hairy,  and  pointed.  Plant-stem  square,  very 
hairy,  with  hairs  pointing  downward,  and  conspicuously 
swollen  below  the  joints.  Cross-fertilized  by  the  bum- 
blebees and  smaller  bees,  Bombiis  vagana  a  most  frequent 
visitor.  10-18  inches  high.  Common  in  waste  places 
and  gardens,  everywhere.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Hairy  perennial  herbs,  with  tubular  bell- 
"totrr*"'*  shaped"^  flowers,  clustered  in  circles,  6-10 
pahistris  ^^  each  circle,   and  forming  a  terminal 

Magenta=pur=    spike.     The  upper  part  of  the  light  ma- 
ple, or  paler       genta-purple  flower  and  its  green  cup  (ca- 
y"  lyx)  hairy.     Leaves  stemless,  or  the  lower 

ones  short-stemmed,  ovate  lance-shaped 
or  longer,  scallop-toothed,  downy-hairy,  rather  obtuse, 
and  rounded  at  the  base.  Plant-stem  square,  1-3  feet 
high.     Wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa. ,  and  west. 

Like  the  foregoing,  but  with  mostly 
Maffenta=  smooth  flowers,  leaves  sometimes  smooth, 

purple  and  nearly  all   distinctly  stemmed  ;    the 

July-  plant-stem   taller,   commonly   smooth  on 

September  ^j-^g   g^^jg^^    jj^^  stiff-hairy   at    the   angles. 

The  flower-spike  slender.    Stem  2-4  feet  high.    Common 
on  wet  grounds,  everywhere. 

NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.     Solanacece. 

Mostly  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  regular,  perfect 
flowers  ;  the  five-lobed  corolla  with  generally  five  sta- 
mens and  a  very  small  stigma.    Foliage  strongly  scented. 


*^J«^ 


Bugle-weed. 
Lycopus  Virginicus!^ 

CSeepageSOU) 


Hemp-nett|e. 
Gdleopsis  Tetpahit 


NIGHTSHADH  FAMILY.     Solanaceae. 


The  fruit,  though  often  narcotic  and  extremely  poison 
ous,  is  sometimes  harmless  and  edible  ;  usually  a  many- 
seeded  round  berry  with  the  calyx  generally  adhering  to 
its  base.  The  potato  and  the  tomato  are  the  widest- 
known  members  of  the  family. 

A  tall,  almost  shrublike  plant  with  vari- 

Bifte*r'swe?t°'  ""^^^  "^""^^  ^''^^'^  ^^^^^^  ^''''"'  ^''"^^^  *^  ^"■ 
Solanum  angular  in  outline,  some  lobed  and  others 

Dulcamara         formed  of  three  leaflets,  the  two  lateral 
Violet,  purple    ones  quite  small,  all  without  teeth.     The 
""^"  small  flowers  in  diminutive  loose  clusters, 

with  deeply  five-cleft  corolla,  violet  or 
purple,  or  sometimes  lilac- white,  the  j^ellow  conic  centre 
colored  by  the  five  stamens.  The  fruit  (at  first  green) 
an  oval,  translucent  ruby  red  berry,  hanging  or  droop- 
ing in  small  clusters.  The  flower  is  visited  by  honey- 
bees and  the  beelike  flies.  2-8  feet  high.  In  moist 
thickets  and  by  w^aysides.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Me.,  south  to  Del.,  and  west  to  Kan.  and  Minn. 

A  native  species,  -^vith  an  erect,  smooth, 

P  branching  stem,  and  ovate,  wavy-toothed, 

Nightshade  ,  .  ,    ,  ,     ,    ,  , 

Solanum  tlun-stemmed  leaves  slightly  unequal- 

nigrum  sided.     Flowers  white  in  small  side  clus- 

White  ters,   the    corolla  deeply   five-lobed ;    the 

^^~  calj'x  adhering  to  the  globose  berr}^  which 

is  black  when  fully  ripe,  and  clustered  on 

thin  drooping  stems.     1-24  feet  high.     In  waste  places, 

or  near  dwellings  in  cultivated  ground,  from  Me.,  south, 

and  west  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  Tex. 

A  tall,  and  late  in  its  season  a  reclining 

Clammy  ^^  sprawling  species  resembling  Solanum, 

Ground  Cherry       .  /  ,.  ^  .   i       i     .  \ 

Physalis  with    spreading,   sticky-hairy   stem,    and 

heterophylla  broad  heart-shaped  leaves  coarsely  toothed 
Green=yellow  and  pointed.  Flower  greenish  yellow, 
*'"'^~  brown  in  the  centre,  with  five  triangular 

short  lobes  ;  anthers  and  berry  dull  yellow, 
the  latter  enclosed  within  the  enlarged  calyx.  1-3  feet 
high.  Common  in  rich  soil  from  Me.,  south,  and  west 
to  Col.  and  Tex.  A  variable  species,  not  yet  satisfacto- 
rily defined,  but  including  perhaps  more  than  one  species. 
Found  at  Manchester,  Vt.,  by  Miss  Mary  A.  Day. 

412 


Black  Nightshade.  Solanum  nigrum. 


NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.     Solanaceae. 


A  branching  and  erect-stemmed  species, 
irginia  mostly  smooth.     The  ovate  lance-shaped 

Ground  Cherry  ''  .  ,    ,       ,  -, 

Fhusalis  leaves   tapering   toward    both    ends   very 

Virginiana  slightly  shallow-toothed  and  light  green. 
Pale  yellow  The  flower  dull  pale  yellow  with  five  brown- 
Ju'y-  purple  spots ;   anthers  deep  yellow.     The 

stigma  matures  before  the  anthers,  and 
extends  beyond  them.  Fertilized  by  the  honeybee  and 
the  bees  of  the  genus  Halictus ;  Halictus  pectinatus  is  a 
common  visitor  (Prof.  Robertson).  The  reddish  berry 
enclosed  within  the  enlarged  calyx.  1-3  feet  high. 
Rich  soil,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.,  south  to  La.,  and  west  to  Minn. 
Physalis  pubescens,  the  strawberry  tomato,  is  downy, 
with  angular  leaves.  The  flower  light  green-3'ellow. 
brown-spotted  at  the  throat,  with  violet  anthers.  Fruit 
green-yellow.     Escaped  from  cultivation  eastward, 

A  rank-smelling  annual  weed  with  a 
Thorn  Apple  smooth,  green,  stout  stem,  and  thin  ovate. 
or  Jamestown  ^^^^^^^  angularlv  coarse-toothed  leaves, 
orJimson  ,.  -,     ^-t  ■,  •  ,  , 

■y^ggj  shm-stemmed.    The  white  trumpet-shaped 

Datura  flowers  about  4  inches  long,  with  a  light 

Stramonium  green  cals^x  less  than  half  the  length  of 
^**'*®  the  corolla,  which  has  five  sharp-pointed 

September  lobes.      The   green   fruit -capsule,    ovoid, 

about  2  inches  long,  and  covered  with 
stout  prickles,  the  longest  of  which  are  at  the  tip  of  the 
capsule.  1-5  feet  high.  In  waste  places  and  vacant 
city  lots,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 
Naturalized  from  Asia. 

A  similar  species  with  a  slenderer  stem, 
Purple  Thorn  ^^^  darker  green  leaves  both  more  or  less 
D^atiira  Tatula  stained  with  magenta.  Flowers  like  those 
Magenta=  of  the  preceding  species,  but  the  flaring 

lavender  tips  of  the  corolla  stained  with  magenta  or 

^^y-  lavender,  or  the  tube  nearly  white.     All 

ep  em  er  ^^^^  prickles  of  the  capsule  nearly  equal  in 

length.  1-5  feet  high.  In  waste  places  from  Vt.,  N.  Y., 
and  Minn.,  southward.     Rare  in  Vermont. 


414 


Purple  Thorn  Apple.         Datura  Te^tula 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceas. 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY.     ScroplmlariacecB. 

Commonly  herbs  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and 
perfect,  irregular  flowers  with  two  sets  of  stamens,  2-5, 
longer  and  shorter  ones  ;  corolla  two-lipped  or  nearly 
regular.  Fruit  a  two- celled  and  generally  many-seeded 
capsule.  A  large  family  of  bitter-juiced  plants  ;  some 
are  narcotic-poisonous.  Cross-fertjlized  by  moths,  but- 
terflies, and  bees. 

A  very  common,  picturesque,  velvety- 
T.    ,  leaved  weed  of  rocky  pastures  and  road- 

Thajjsus  sides,  naturalized  from  Europe.    The  basal 

Yellow  leaves  at  first  in  the  form  of  a  rosette, 

June-  large,    ovate,    thick- velvet}",    and    white- 

September  green.  The  stem  stout  and  erect,  with  a 
few  smaller,  acute-pointed  leaves  ;  the  terminal  flower- 
spike  cylindrical,  woolly,  and  dotted  with  scattered  light 
yellow  flowers;  corolla  five-lobed,  and  anthers  golden 
yellow.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  white.  2-6  feet  high. 
In  barren  fields  and  waste  places,  from  Me. .  south,  and 
west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

A  smaller  species  w^ith  smooth  stem  and 
Moth  Mullein     j.,  .       ,.    ,  ^  ,  i  i-i       i 

Verbascum  ^^^^^  ^^^^^^  green,  glossy  leaves,  mostly  ob- 

Blattaria  long  with  deeply  cut,  notched,  and  toothed 

Yellow,  white  margins ;  the  upper  leaves  lance-shaped 
J""^-  and   clasping  at  the  base.     The  flowers, 

Septem  er  similar  in  shape  to  those  of  the  preceding 

species,  are  light  yellow  or  white,  tinged  on  the  back 
with  lavender,  and  set  on  slender  stalks  ;  the  five  sta- 
mens are  fringed  with  ruddy  hairs,  and  the  anthers  are 
deep  orange.  The  slender  flower-spike  is  1-2  feet  long, 
and  a  trifle  wooU}'.  2-5  feet  high.  In  waysides,  waste 
places,  and  pastures.    Me. ,  south,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

An  extremely  slender  and  smooth  an- 
Linaria  nual  or  biennial  species  with  few^  small, 

Canadensis  thickish,  linear,  light  green  leaves,  tooth- 
Lavender  less,  stemless,  smooth,  and  shining.  The 
*^""^"  small  pale  violet  or  lavender  flowers  about 
^™  i  inch  long,  two-lipped,  and  spurred  ;  the 
lower  lip  large  and  three-lobed,  with  a  white,  convex, 
two-ridged  palate  ;  the  upper  lip  with  two  acute  divi 
416 


Moth  Mullein. 
Vepbascu  m  Thapsus.     Verbascum  Blatta^ia 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


Toad=flax  or 

Butter=and= 

Eggs 

Linaria 

vulgaris 

Yellow  and 

orange 

July-October 


sions ;  the  spur  curving  and  threadlike.  5-30  inches 
higli.  Common  in  dr^-,  sandy  soil,  from  Me.,  south,  and 
local  west  to  the  Pacific  coast.  The  name  from  Linuin, 
flax. 

A  very  common  but  beautiful  perennial 
weed  naturalized  from  Europe,  with  erect 
smooth  stem,  and  gray-green  linear,  stem- 
less  and  toothless  leaves  growing  alter- 
nately but  near  together.  The  flowers  are 
about  an  inch  long  including  the  slender 
spur,  and  two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  two- 
lobed,  light  yellow,  the  lower  lip  three- 
lobed  and  pouch-shaped,  tapering  to  the  tip  of  the 
slender  spur,  and  furnished  above  with  a  protruding 
gold-orange  palate  which  nearly  closes  the  throat  of  the 
corolla  ;  the  four  stamens  are  tipped  with  ochre  yellow 
anthers  ;  the  style  is  greenish.  The  flowers  are  assisted 
in  the  process  of  fertilization  by  bumblebees  and  butter- 
flies ;  among  the  latter,  Colias  2^1iilodice  (yellow)  and 
Melitcea  x>haeton,  the  Baltimore  (brown),  are  frequent 
visitors.  1-3  feet  high.  In  fields,  pastures,  and  city 
lots,  everywhere. 

A  smooth  annual  with  erect  stem  and 
light  green  linear  leaves.  The  flowers 
light  purple  or  white,  showy,  solitary,  and 
with  a  sac-shaped,  two-lipped  corolla  ;  the 
upper  lip  two-lobed,  the  lower  three-lobed. 
Al)out  1  foot  high.  In  fields  and  waste 
places  near  dwellings,  New  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  Adventive 
from  Europe. 

A  smooth  perennial  with  a  slender  four- 
sided,  grooved  stem  and  slender-stemmed, 
ovate  lance-shaped,  toothed,  light  green 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  sac-shaped,  and 
clustered  on  long,  nearly  leafless  branch- 
lets;  the  two-lipped  corolla  green  without, 
and  shiny  brown-m^genta  within,  3-7 
feet  high.  In  thin  woods  and  thickets, 
south  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to 


Small  Snap= 
dragon 

Antirrhinum 
Orontinni 
Light  purple 
June-August 


Figwort 

Scrophularia 
nodosa,  var. 
Marilandica 
Green= 
magenta 
July- 
September 


from  N 
Kan. 


418 


Blue  Toad-flax. 
Linapia  Canadensis. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.      Scrophulariaceas. 


A  smooth-stemmed  plant  superficially 
]ZZn^gkLa  resembling  the  Bottle  Gentian,  with 
White,  pink=  smooth,  bright  deep  green,  toothed,  short- 
tinged  stemmed,  lance-shaped  leaves  3-6  inches 
•'"'y"  long.  The  flower  not  unlike  a  turtle's 
ep  em  er  head,  about  an  incklong,  white,  and  deli- 
cately tinged  at  the  tips  with  magenta-pink  or  crimson- 
pink  ;  the  corolla  two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  arched  over 
the  low^er  one.  The  stamens  dark  and  woolly.  1-^  feet 
high.  On  w^et  banks,  in  swamps,  and  beside  brooks, 
from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

A  perennial  with  slender  and  straight 
Pentstemon  or  ^^^^^  woolly  almost  to  the  base.  Leaves 
Beard-tongue     ..    ,  ^  i-    wi  n  ui 

Pentstemon         lig^^*  green,    slightly  woolly,   oblong    to 

puhescens  lance-shaped,  slightly  toothed,  the  upper 

Magenta-  ones     toothless,     the     lower    ovate     and 

^^^^^  stemmed.       The  flowers  whitish,   tinged 

with  dull  magenta,  the  corolla  trumpet- 
shaped,  two-lipped,  two  lobes  on  the  upper,  three  on  the 
lower  lip,  and  the  throat  nearly  closed  by  a  palate  on 
the  lower  lip  covered  with  long  hairs.  There  are  four 
stamens  and  a  sterile  stamen  or  so-called  filament,  which 
is  hairy  or  bearded  a  little  more  than  half  its  length. 
Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  butterflies.  1-3  feet  high. 
Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.  Found  in 
Campton,  N.  H.,  by  Carroll  S.  Mathews. 

A  very  similar  species,  smooth  except 
Pentstemon         ^-^q  somewhat  sticky-hairy  top  of  the  stem 

bearing  the  flowers  ;  the  latter  f  inch  long, 
whitish  wuth  a  magenta-tinged  base,  the  corolla  as  in  the 
foregoing  species,  but  the  throat  wider  open,  and  scarcely 
or  not  at  all  hairy  ;  the  sterile  fllament  liairy  on  the  up- 
per  side  only.  The  stem  ruddy,  and  the  light  green 
leaves  more  or  less  so  at  the  edge.  2-3  feet  high.  In 
thickets  or  moist  fields,  from  Pa,,  south,  and  west  to  Ky. 
and  La. ,  where  according  to  Gray  the  common  form  is 
the  var.  Digitalis,  with  stem-leaves  ovate  lance-shaped, 
the  lower  longer  and  wider.  The  flowers  white,  larger, 
and  the  corolla  abruptly  inflated.  2-5  feet  high.  Me. 
and  N.  Y.,  south  to  Va.  and  Ark.,  and  west  to  111.  Prob- 
ably escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  west.  P.  pubescens 
420 


Tuntle-head. 


Chelone  cjlabra. 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceas. 


and  P.  Icevigatus  have  been  found  in  the  fields  and  rocky 
hills  of  Vermont  by  Wild,  in  Roxbury,  Conn.,  by  C.  K. 
Averill ;  P.  loevigatus  has  been  found  by  H.  G.  Palfrey 
in  Haverhill,  Mass. ;  and  P.  Icevigatus  var.  Digitalis  has 
been  found  in  Middlesex  Co.,  Mass.,  by  Mabel  P.  Cook. 
A  smooth  perennial  with  an  upright 
on  ey=  square  stem  often  considerably  branched, 

f lower  T  ,.   ,  ,     ,  ,        , 

Mimulus  ^^^  light  green,  smooth,  lustreless  leaves 

ringens  with  irregular  obscure  teeth,  lance-shaped 

Purple  or  oblong,  opposite-growing  and  clasping 

^"^~  the  stem.      The  flowers  are  a  rich  clear 

purple  ;  the  corolla  two-lipped,  the  upper 
lip  erect  and  two-lobed,  the  lower  with  three  wide- 
spreading  lobes ;  there  are  two  yellow  spots  near  the 
narrow  throat.  The  pistil  and  four  stamens  are  white  ; 
the  five-pointed,  green  calyx  is  stained  with  dull  purple. 
The  few  flowers  are  long-stalked  and  spring  from  the 
angles  of  the  upper  leaves.  1-3  feet  higli.  In  swamps 
and  beside  brooks,  generally  in  meadows,  from  Me., 
south  to  Va.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Minn., 
Neb.,  and  Tex.  Rarely  the  flowers  are  white.  Found 
near  Langdon  Park,  Plymouth,  N.  H.  The  name  from 
the  Greek  for  ape,  or  buffoon,  in  allusion  to  the  fancied 
grin  on  the  face  of  the  corolla. 

A  branching  and  spreading  little  annual 

^*  .  with  rounded   ovate  or  oblong,   smooth 

Pimpernel  ,  ,      .        ,      ,       , 

liijsanthes  leaves,  scarcely  toothed,  the  upper  ones 

riparia  stemless  and   clasping  the   plant-stem 

Pale  dull  lilac    slightly.     The  pale  dull  lilac  flowers  \  inch 
*'"'^"  long  ;  the  upper  lip  of   the   corolla  two- 

lobed,  the  lower  three-lobed  and  flaring 
not  unlike  Mimulus.  4-9  inches  high.  Common  in  low, 
wet  ground,  everywhere. 

A  very  tall,  smooth,  perennial  species, 
Culver's  Root  ^     ■        ^i  ^  ^i        •        i 

T-    ^^.v.^  commonest    m    the    west,    with    simple, 

Veronica  '  ^     ' 

Virginica  straight  stem,  and  lance-shaped  or  oblong 

White  leaves  growing  in  circles  about  the  plant- 

''"'y"  stem,  sharply  toothed  and  smooth.     Flow- 

ep  em  er  ^^,^  small,  white   or   pale   lavender,   with 

rather  a  long  tube  to  the  corolla,  and  with  prominent 
stamens,  in  dense  terminal  spikes  3-6  inches  long.     2-7 
422 


Monkey  Plowen 


Mimulus    ringens. 


FIQWORT   FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceas. 


feet  high.    In  meadows  and  moist  woods.    Not  recorded 

in  Vermont  by  Brainerd  and  Eggleston.     N.  Y.,  south 

to  Ala.,  and  west  to  Mo.  and  Neb. 

A  perennial   species   with   a   hollow, 

merican  smooth     stem,     which     creeps    over    the 
Brooklime  '■ 

Veronica  ground  and    finally   becomes    erect    and 

Americana  branching.     The   leaves  long-oval  or  ob- 

Lavender=blue  long   lance-shaped,   light    green,   slightly 

^  ^^~    ^  toothed,  with  short,  flat  stems.     The  tiny 

September  ^  .'  ,      ,  '  .   ,  .       ,       . 

flower  IS  lavender-blue  violet-striped,  with 

a  white  centre  ;  the  corolla  four-lobed,  the  lower  lobe 
narrower  than  the  others,  the  two  divergent  stamens 
light  purple.  The  frail,  quickly  fading  flowers  are  set 
on  slender  stems,  in  loose  terminal  spikes.  6-15  inches 
high.  On  banks  of  streams  and  in  damp  places  ;  com- 
mon from  Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  westward.  Found  in 
the  Catskill  Mountains  near  the  Mountain  House. 

A  similar  species.    The  flowers  on  rather 
^^^  zig-zag    stems,   and    with    linear,   acute, 

Veronica  shallow-toothed  leaves,  slightly  clasping 

scutellata  the  Stem.     Fruit  capsule  flat,  notched,  and 

Lavender=blue  broader  than  it  is  long.  6-20  inches  high. 
^*^~  In  swamps,  from  Me.,  south  to  southern 

N.  Y.,  and  west  to  Minn.     Local  in  Cal. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

A  woolly   species    with    prostrate    but 
Common  ^      ,,  -^       i  r 

Speedwell  finally  erect  stem.     Leaves  liglit  green, 

Veronica  oval  or  obovate,  toothed,  and  narrow  at 

officinalis  tiie   basc.      The  flowers    light    lavender, 

J '  ne^A^'^^us?'^  striped  Avith  light  violet ;  corolla  four- 
lobed.  The  flowers  are  set  closely  on  slen- 
der spikes,  rising  from  the  leaf-angles.  8-10  inches  high. 
Common  in  dry  fields  and  wooded  uplands.  Me.,  south 
to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Mich.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

A  small  mountain  species  with  the  same 
Veronica  time  of  blooni  ;  the  slender  stem  generally 

^^^  simple,  the  leaves  indistinctly  toothed  or 

toothless,  elliptical  or  ovate.  Lavender  flowers  in  short 
clusters.  2-12  inches  high.  On  Mt.  Washington  and 
the  high  mountains  of  New  Eng.,  also  in  the  Rockies. 
The  seed-capsules  of  Veronica  are  in  efl^ect  notched. 

424 


American  Brooklime.     VeronicaAmericana. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


lavender 
April-May 


A  small  species,  generally  found  in  the 
S  eeT ^'  iT^^  grass,  with  a  slender  branching  stem  and 
Veronica  small    oval    leaves,    toothless,    short- 

serpyllifolia  Stemmed,  and  opposite-growing.  Flowers 
White,  pale  ji^e  those  of  American  Brooklime  but 
white  or  pale  lavender  with  deeper  stripes: 
they  are  less  frail  than  those  of  the  other 
Veronicas.  2-10  inches  high.  In  fields  and  thickets, 
from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  westward.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     Named  for  St.  Veronica. 

A  handsome  annual  or  biennial  species 
Fern=leaved  ^^,^^^  ^  rather  sticky  fine-hair v,  leafy, 
False  Foxglove  -^  .  '  j» 

Gerardia  branching   stem,  round  in   section.     The 

pedicidaria  light  green  leaves  are  fernlike,  and  deeply 
Pure  yellow  cut  into  many  toothed  lobes  ;  they  are 
August^  stemless  or  nearly  so.     The  showy,  pure 

light  lemon  yellow  flowers  are  bell-shaped 
with  five  broad,  spreading,  rounded  lobes.  The  blos- 
soms measure  a  full  inch  or  more  in  diameter.  The 
outer  surface  and  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  the  stamens, 
and  the  toothed  lobes  of  the  calyx  are  fine-hairy.  Both 
flower  and  fruit  are  very  beautiful,  and  the  plant  would 
be  worthy  of  cultivation  if  its  character  permitted  ;  but 
the  Gerardias  are  more  or  less  parasitic  on  the  roots  of 
other  plants,  1-3  feet  high.  Visited  frequent!}'  by  the 
bumblebee  and  the  light  brown  butterfly,  Junonia  ccenia. 
On  the  borders  of  dry  woodlands  and  thickets,  from  Me., 
south,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

^  ^  .  A  handsome  species  with  a  simple  stem, 

Downy  False  ,  „  ,  , 

Foxglove  ^^^    j^ellow-green    leaves,    ovate    lance- 

Geravdia flava  shaped,  broadest  at  the  base,  slightly 
Pure  yellow  coarse  dull-toothed  or  toothless,  the  edge 
July-August  ^vavy.  Both  stem  and  leaves  are  velvety 
downy  with  soft  hairs,  the  leaves  with  their  stalks  ma- 
genta-tinged. The  showy,  pure  yellow  or  light  lemon 
yellow  flowers  about  H  inch  long,  trumpet-shaped  like 
foxglove,  with  five  lobes,  the  broad  throat  down}'  on  the 
inside.  Stamens  four,  two  short  and  two  long ;  hairy. 
The  flowers  set  in  a  close  terminal  cluster,  rather  one- 
sided. Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  butterflies  and  bumble- 
bees :  the  Peacock  butterfly  {Junonia  cceuia),  light  brown 
420 


Downy  False  Foxglove 


Oepardia   flava. 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceas. 


darker  spotted,  is  one  of  the  frequent  visitors.  2-4  feet 
high.  Thin  woodlands.  Me. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  west  to  Wis. 
Smooth  False  -^  similar  species  with  flowers  a  little 
Foxglove  larger  and  the  same  pure  yellow  ;  but  the 

Gernrdia  whole   plant  smootJi  and  with    a    slight 

quercifoUa  bloom  ;  the  leaves  cut  or  plain-edged,  ob- 
long lance-shaped,  the  lower  ones  cut  quite  deeply,  with 
the  outline  wavy  and  toothed.  3-6  feet  high.  New 
Eng.,  south,  west  to  111.  and  Minn. 

One  of  the  daintiest  of  the  Gerardias  : 
G*^^  d*  ^^  annual  with  a  generally  smooth  stem, 

(ierardia  slim,   straight,   and    rigid,   the    branches 

purpurea  wideh'  spreading.     The  leaves  are  yellow- 

Magenta=  jsh  green,  small,  and  linear,  with  acute 

purple  J.-  rpj_^^  downv,  lighter  or  deeper  ma- 

August-  ^  ,     r. 

September  genta-purple  flowers  are  cup-shaped,  with 

five  wide,  flaring  lobes ;  there  are  four 
stamens  bearing  rather  large  deep  golden  yellow  anthers. 
The  flower  is  commonly  visited  by  various  bees,  the  yel- 
low butterfl}',  C alias  philodice,  and  the  brown  butterfly, 
Junonia  camia.  Seed-capsule  spherical.  12-26  inches 
liigh.  In  moist  soil,  generally  near  the  coast,  or  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Great  Lakes,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west 
to  Minn.  The  \?iV.  pauper cida,  not  quite  as  tall,  has  a 
smooth,  simple  or  branched  stem,  and  the  smaller  flower 
is  about  I  inch  long  ;  seed-capsule  prolate-spheroidal. 
6-17  inches  high.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  west  to  Wis. 
Sea=side  ^  similar  and  even  lower  species  con- 

Gerard  ia  fined  to  the  salt  marshes  of  the  coast.    The 

Geraniid  "  linear  leaves  are  rather  fleshy,  and  obtuse 
maritima  ^^  ^^le  tips  ;  the  upper  ones  are  unusually 

short.     The  light  magenta  flowers,  about  the  same  size 
as  those  of  the  preceding  species,  are  not  down}^  but 
smootli.     4-14  inches  high.     From  Me,,  south. 
Slender  ^  "^'^O'  slender  species  with  linear,  acute- 

Gerard  ia  pointed  leaves.     The  light  magenta  flow- 

Crerardia  ers  have  two  of  the  five  lobes  not  so  fully 

tenuifoiia  expanded  as  the  others  ;    the  calyx-lobes 

are  short  and  acute.     10-20  inches  high.     In  dry  fields 
and  along  roadsides.     Common.     Named  for  John  Ge- 
rarde,  a  celebrated  herbalist. 
428 


Purple  Gepardia 


Gerard i A  purpurea. 


FIQWORT   FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceas. 


A  tiny  annual  with  ovate  or  lance-shaped 

Euphrasia  leaves  slightly  resembling  Castilleja  in  as- 

offlchiah's  pect,  confined  to  the  coast  of  Maine  and 

White,  yelIow=  southern  Canada.     The  pale  olive  green 

ish,  etc.  leaves  are  indistinctly   dull-toothed    and 

small  on  the  lower  part  of  the  plant,  and 

the  upper,  floral  leaves  are  somewhat  jagged  and  bristly 

toothed.     The    inconspicuous    flowers    are    whitish    or 

yellowish  green.     The  corolla  is  two-lipped  and  a  trifle 

notched,  the  lower  lip  three-lobed  and  spreading,  the 

upper  two-lobed  (with  reflexed  sides),  beneath  it  are  the 

four  stamens,     4-10  inches  high.     Possibly  introduced 

from  Europe.     Found  at  Great  Cranberry  Island,  Me., 

by  Mr.  E.  F.  Williams.     Euphrasia  Oakesii  {Euphrasia 

officinalis  var.  Tartarica  of  Gray's  Manual,  Sixth  Ed.) 

is  a  very  dwarf  form  scarcely  attaining  a  height  of  2| 

inches,  with  tiny  yellowish  flowers,  and  more  rounded 

leaves  with  rounded  teeth,  growing  in  the  Alpine  regions 

of  the  White  Mountains  (under  the  crest  of  Mt.  Monroe), 

and  along  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

„  „       ^  ^^.  A  slightly  similar  taller  annual  confined 

Yellow  Rattle     ,     ^,  .^      ^.  ,,    ,  , 

Rhina n  thus        ^^  ^^^®  same  Situations,  with  lance-shaped  or 

Crista-gaUi  oblong,  dull  green  leaves  coarsely  toothed, 
Yellow  and  growing  oppositely,  the  floral  ones 

July-August  deeply  cut  and  with  bristle-tipped  teeth. 
The  flowers  Naples  j^ellow  (straw  color),  and  crowded  on 
a  one-sided  leafy  spike.  The  corolla  two-lipped,  the 
upper  lip  without  lobes  but  slightly  toothed  on  either 
side  part  way  down,  the  lower  three-lobed.  Four 
stamens.  Fruit-capsule  round  but  flattened  ;  the  seeds, 
when  ripe  rattle  in  the  inflated  pod.  6-20  inches  high. 
Rocky  soil,  coast  of  New  Eng.,  and  the  Alpine  regions 
of  the  White  Mountains,  west  to  Lake  Superior. 

Also  known  as  Wood  Betony.     A  very 
Beefsteak  slightly  hairv  species  with  simple  stem. 

Plant  or  %       L  ,      ■  "    i  i    n    i      i 

Louse  wort         ^^^  soft-hairy  leaves,  dull  dark  green,  and 

Pedicular  is  finely  lobed,  growing  on  grassy  slopes  or 
Canadensis  in  cojjses.  The  lower  leaves  are  feather- 
^e^r^eiio""  ^^^^P^*^  ^^^^  ^^^^'^  stained  with  dull  ma- 
May-July  genta,  as  is  also  the  rather  stout  plant-stem ; 

the  upper  leaves  are  sparse  and  grow  al- 

432 


^■3^ 


a 


-M^^: 


^Ji»> 


\\\ 


Wood  Betonv. 


Pedicularis  Canadensis. 


FIGWORT    FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


ternately.  The  flower-cluster  is  terminal  and  dome- 
shaped,  the  flower  two-lipped,  the  prominent  upper  lip 
dull  dark  whitish-opaque  magenta,  and  strongly  curved 
in  a  hook-shape  with  a  two-toothed  tip  ;  the  lower  is 
three-lobed  and  dull  green-yellow.  The  coarse  and 
hairy,  light  green  calj^x  is  tinged  at  the  edge  with  dull 
crimson-magenta.  Bractlike  leaves  are  set  close  in  the 
flower-cluster,  which  lengthens  to  an  oblong  shape  as 
the  flowers  develop.  The  four  stamens  are  under  the 
hooded  upper  lip  admirably  protected  from  rain  or  other 
pollen-destroying  agents  ;  the  flower  is  fertilized  mostly 
by  bees  ;  the  bumblebees  and  the  bees  of  the  genus 
Halictus  are  common  visitors.  5-12  inches  high.  Com- 
mon everywhere.  Me.,  south,  west  to  S.  Dak.  Found 
on  the  Campus  of  Smith's  College,  Northhampton,  Mass. 
Pedicularis  ^  species  with  less  crowded  flowers,  few 

lanceolata  of  which  blooni  together,  and  a  simple, 

Light  Naples  nearly  smooth  light  green  stem.  The  deep 
yellow  green  leaves  are  broad  lance-shaped  and 

finely  cut  in  the  semblance  of  a  fern  ;  they  grow  op- 
positely, or  nearly  so.  The  upper  and  lower  lips  of  the 
corolla  are  pale  dull  Naples  jellow,  and  press  against 
each  other  nearly  closing  the  throat  of  the  flower.  The 
same  bees  are  common  visitors.  12-34  inches  high.  In 
swampy  places,  Conn.,  south  to  Va.,  west  to  S.  Dak. 

A  delicate,  low  annual  commonlj-  found 
Melampyrum  "^  ^^^®  half -shaded  borders  of  woods  espe- 
Americannm  cially  in  the  northeastern  States,  with 
Greenish  white  slender,  wiry,  gray -green,  branching  stem, 
July-Septem=  .^^-^^  yellow-green,  lance-shaped  leaves,  the 
^^  lower  ones  toothless  and  the  upper  with 

generally  2-4  bristlelike  teeth  or  lobes  near  the  base,  all 
set  in  pairs,  and  growing  oppositely.  The  frail  greenish 
white  flowers  are  cylindrical,  opening  into  two  lips,  the 
lower  lip  three-lobed,  and  tinged  straw  yellow.  The  flow- 
ers grow  singly  from  between  the  leaves,  and  are  less  than 
I  inch  long  ;  their  common  visitors  are  the  yellow  butter- 
fly Colias  pliilodice,  che  spotted  brown  one,  Junonia 
ccenia,  and  the  white  cabbage  butterfly,  Pieris  rapoi ; 
they  are  also  visited  by  various  bees.  4-10  inches  high. 
The  name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  black  u'heat. 

434 


^M 


Cow-NA/heat.  Melampypum  lineare. 

Fielampypunn  Americanum.Michaux. 


BROOM=RAPE  FAMILY.     Otobanchaceas. 


BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.     Orohanchaceca. 

Fleshy  parasitic  herbs  having  yellowish  scales  instead 
of  leaves  ;  the  flowers  perfect,  or  pistillate  and  staininate 
on  the  same  plant.  Stamens  four.  The  tiny  seeds  borne 
in  a  capsule.     Visited  by  various  flies  and  bees. 

A  parasitic  plant  which  draws  its  suste- 
Beech=drops  or  ^^^^^^  fj-^^^^  tj^e  roots  of  the  beech  tree. 
E^phlcjiT  ^^^^  st^'^^  i^  tough,  straight,  almost  up- 
Virginiana  right-branched,  stained  with  brown  mad- 
Dull  magenta  der,  and  set  with  -a,  few  small,  dry  scales. 
buff=brown  rj^j^^  curved  tubular,  dull  magenta  and 
October  buff-brown    upper    flowers    are    purple- 

striped  ;  although  generally  sterile  they 
are  complete  in  every  part,  the  style  slightly  protruding 
beyond,  and  the  stamens  just  within  the  throat.  The 
tiny  lower  flowers  are  cleistogamous — closed  to  outward 
agencies  and  self-fertilized.  A  few  of  the  upper  flowers 
are  cross-fertilized  by  bees.  6-20  inches  high.  Beech 
w^oods,  Me.,  south  and  west  to  Wis.  and  Mo.  The  name 
means  on  the  heech. 

A  pale  parasitic  plant,  the  stem  hidden 
cZophou!  ^y  t^i®  overlapping,  light  tan-colored, 
Americana  lance-shaped  or  ovate  pointed  scales  ;  the 
Pale  dull  flowers  perfect,  set  in  a  many -scaled  dense 

yellow  spike,  the  upper  lip   hooded,   the  lower 

May-July  small  and  three-lobed,   the  stamens  pro- 

truding ;  the  lips  are  pale  ochre  yellow  fading  toward 
the  corolla.  3-8  inches  high.  In  rich  woods  over  tree 
roots,  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Mich. 

A  beautiful  little  parasitic  plant  bearing 
Naked  Broom=  ^  ^^^  brownish  ovate  bracts  near  the 
flowe^red"^  root,  and  sending  up  1-4  erect,  slender. 
Cancer  Root  one-flowered  stalks  ;  the  curved  tubular, 
(h-obanche  five-lobed  flower  is  purplish  or  light  violet, 

nniflora  ^^  rarely  cream  white,   f  inch  long,   ex- 

A"ril'june  ternally  fine-hairy,  and  delicately  fragrant. 
Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  the  smaller  bees 
(Halictus)  and  the  bumblebees.  3-6  inches  high.  In 
moist  woods.  Me. ,  south  to  Va. 


436 


Beech- drops. 


EpiphegusVipginiana 


PLANTAIN  FAMILY.     Plantaginacem. 


PLANTAIN  FAMILY.     Plantaginacece. 

Homely  herbs — weeds — generally  with  coarse,  strong- 
ribbed  leaves  springing  from  the  root,  and  insignificant 
flowers  in  long  narrow  spikes,  perfect,  or  polygamous — 
that  is,  staminate  and  pistillate  on  the  same  plant  or 
different  plants — and  even  cleistogamous — that  is,  fer- 
tilizing in  the  bud. 

The  familar  weed  of  unkempt  dooryards 
Plantain  ^^^  grass-plots,   with  ovate,  dark  green, 

Piantago  slightly  hairy  or  smooth  leaves,  the  long 

major  stems  trough-sliaped,  the  ribs  conspicuous, 

Dull  white  g^j^^  ^YiQ  edge  generally  toothless,  or  rarely 

September  coarse-toothed.     The  flowering  spikes  are 

cylindrical,  blunt-tipped,  and  closely  set 
with  the  dull,  greenish  white,  four-lobed,  perfect  florets 
which  mature  the  threadlike  style  before  the  corolla 
\^  fully  open,  the  former  projecting.  The  four  stamens 
mature  much  later  and  thus  insure  cross-fertilization. 
Seed-capsule  ovoid  and  opening  near  the  middle,  the 
seeds  reticulated.  Flowering  stalks  6-18  inches  high. 
Common  everywhere,  indigenous  northwestward  but 
naturalized  from  Europe  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 
Piantago  Similar  to    the  preceding  ;    the  leaves 

Eugelii  thinner,  the   flowering  spikes  less  dense 

June-  and  attenuated  above,  and  the  seed-cap- 

September  sules  cylindrical-oblong  ;   the  latter  open 

below  the  middle  and  quite  within  the  four  lobes  of 
the  calyx.  The  seeds  are  not  reticulated.  Common 
from  Vt.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex.,  west  to  S.  Dak. 

^     ..  ,  ^.  A  similar  more  or  less  fine-hairv  Euro- 

English  PIan=  ,.       ,  ,  ' 

tain.  Ribgrass  P63,n  species,  naturalized  and  very  com- 
Phintago  mon.     The  leaves  are  long  lance-shaped, 

lanceolata  nearly  erect,  generally  three-ribbed,  acute 

Dull  white  j^j^j  toothless  ;  at  the  base  of  tlie  leaves 
April-October       ....  .     ,      ,  ,         mi      n 

the  hairiness  is  dark  rust-color.  1  he  flower- 
spike  is  dense  and  sliort,  bearing  similar  dull  white  flow- 
ers. But  the  conspicuously  grooved  stalk  is  8-23  inches 
high.  Old  fields  and  waste  places  throughout  our 
range. 

438 


English  Plantain 


Plantago  lanceolata. 


MADDER  FAMILY.     Rubiaceas. 


MADDER  FAMILY.     RubiacecB. 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  toothless  leaves  growing  oppo- 
sitely or  in  circles  ;  the  regular  flowers  perfect,  or  stam- 
inate  with  rudimentary  pistils,  or  pistillate  with 
rudimentary  stamens  ;  the  corolla  funnel-formed  with 
4  (sometimes  5)  lobes  and  as  many  stamens.  Cross- 
fertihzed  mostly  bj^  bees  and  butterflies.  A  large  family 
in  the  tropics,  to  which  belong  the  Coffee,  the  Cinchona 
tree  from  which  is  obtained  quinine,  and  the  Madder 
{Ruhia  tinctorum)  whose  roots  furnish  the  red  dye  and 
the  artist's  permanent  pigment  of  that  name. 

.  A  familiar  little   wayside   flower    also 

Bluets  called    Quaker    Ladies     and    Innocence ; 

Houstonia  communistic  in   manner  of  growth  and 

ccerxdea  frequently  covering  large  spaces  with  its 

White  and  white  bloom.     It  is  a  perennial,  and  forms 

lilac   etc. 

April-July         dense  tufts  of  oblong  lance-shaped,  tinj^ 

light  green  root-leaves  and  slender,  thread- 
like stems  sparingly  set  with  minute  opposite  leaflets. 
The  little  four-lobed  corolla  is  about  |  inch  in  diameter, 
white,  or  white  tinged  on  the  lobes  with  lilac,  or  pale 
violet  (the  nearest  approach  to  blue) ;  the  centre  is 
stained  with  golden  yellow.  The  flowers  are  pistillate 
and  staminate  as  above  described.  Cross-fertilized 
mainly  by  the  bees  of  the  genera  Halictus  and  Andrena, 
and  the  smaller  butterflies — the  Clouded  Sulphur  (Colias 
philodice),  the  Meadow  Fritillary  {Brenthis  hellona),  and 
the  Painted  Lady  (Pyrameis  Cardui).  3-6  inches  high. 
In  moist  grassy  places  or  sandy  waysides,  from  Me., 
south  to  Ga.  and  Ala.,  west  to  Mich.  Named  for  William 
Houston  an  early  English  botanist .    ' 

A   taller  southern  species.      The  stem 

h*''^*     .  smooth  or  slightlv  hairy,  the  light  green 

Houstonia  ,  ,      '    ,  /  , 

Houstonia  leaves  pointed  broad  ovate  (the  upper  ones 

purpurea  smaller  and  narrower),  with  3-5  ribs,  the 

Lilac  or  deep      largest  nearly  3  inches  long.      The  deep 

'        .  lilac  or  pale  lilac,  long-tubed  flowers  in 

May-July 

small  clusters  :  the  thin  lobes  of  the  calyx 

longer  than  the  globular  seed-pod.     6-16  inches  high. 

In  thin  or  open  woodlands,  from  Md.,  south  (especially 

440 


Bluets. 


Houstonia  caerulea. 


MADDER  FAMILY.     Rubiacew. 


in  the  mountains)  to  Ga.  and  Ala.,  and  west  to  Ark. 

The  var.  ciliolata  has  thicker  leaves  |  inch  long,  with 

the  edges  conspicuously  hairs- -fringed,  and  flowers  in 

small  clusters.     5-7  inches  high.     On  the  rocky  shores 

of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  south  in  woodlands  to  Pa.,  West 

Va.,  Ky.,  and  Ark.  ;  with  various  intergrading  forms 

passing  to  the  var.  longifolia,  which  has  thinner,  linear 

and  acute  leaves,  often  a  full  inch  long  ;  the  root- leaves 

are  not  hairy-fringed.     5-18  inches  high.      From  Me., 

south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.      Frequent  in 

the  Lake  Champlain  Valley. 

A  little  trailing  vine  with  dark  green 

Twinberrv         evergreen  leaves  green-white-veined  and 

MitcheUa  wide,  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base. 

repens  The   commonly  four-lobed  twin    flowers 

Cream  white      (sometimes  conjoined  with  8-10  lobes)  are 

^'"  '^,  cream   white   and   flne-hairv   inside,   but 

May-June  "  ' 

faint  crimson-pink  and  smooth  outside  ; 
they  terminate  the  short  branches,  and  are  two-formed, 
i.  e.,  staminate  (with  abortive  pistil)  and  pistillate  (with 
abortive  stamens).  Cross-fertilized  by  the  same  insects 
which  visit  the  Mayflower  and  Houstonia.  6-12  inches 
long.  In  w^oods  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn., 
Ark.,  and  Tex.     Named  for  Dr.  John  Mitchell. 

A  slender,  rather  erect,  perennial  herb 
Bedstraw  naturalized  from  Europe,  with  a  smooth, 

Galium  vei-um  squarish  stem  a  trifle  woody  at  the  base. 
Yellow  The  narrow,   linear,   rough,   light  green 

May-August  ig^ves,  in  circles  of  6-8,  are  about  an  inch 
long.  The  tiny,  yellow,  four-lobed  flowers  are  in  small 
terminal  clusters,  or  at  the  leaf-angles.  8-30  inches 
long.  In  dry  waste  places  and  borders  of  fields.  Me., 
occasional  in  Vt.,  south  to  N.  J.,  near  the  coast. 

An  annual  species  with  the  usual  weak 
Qoosegrass  recUning  stem  characteristic  of  the  Gali- 
Galiumnparineums,  which  hangs  upon  shrubbery  by 
White  means  of  the  backward-hooked  prickles  of 

May-August  ^^^^i  leaf  and  stem.  The  blunt  lance- 
shaped,  light  green  leaves  with  roughened  edge  and  rib 
are  nearly  2  inches  long,  and  set  in  a  circle  of  6-8. 
About  two  tiny  white  flowers  are  borne  on  a  stalk.  Fruit 
442 


Paptridgebepry. 


liitchella  repens. 


MADDER  FAMILY.     Rubiaceae. 


burlike,  in  pairs,  and  covered  with  short,  hooked  bristles 

which  facilitate  transportation.     2-5  feet  long.     Shady 

thickets  and  roadsides.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak., 

Kan.,  and  Tex.,     The  following  Galiums  are  perennials. 

„,.....         .  A  smooth  or  slightlv  downy  species  with 

Wild  Liquorice  .     i  *  ^.i  i  i     ^ 

Galium  broad,  ovate  leaves  ni  fours,  three-ribbed, 

circoi.zans  and  about  an  inch  long.      The  greenish 

Greenish  white  white  flowers,  with  four  pointed  lobes 
May-July  hairy  on  the  outside,  are  borne  on  stalks 

usually  forked  but  once.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in 
rich  dry  woods.     Me.,  south,  west  to  Minn.,  and  Tex. 

A    smooth    species  with    acute    lance- 
Northern  shaped  or  narrower  leaves  almost  smooth 
Bedstraw  ,  -,  r^,,  .  ,  . 
Gidiv^i  boreale  ^^  the  edge.      The  numerous  tmy  white 

flowers  set  in  close  clusters.     15-30  inches 
high.     Near  streams,  among  rocks.     Me.,  south  to  N. 
J.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Cal. 
S^gll  A  very  small,  delicate,  variable  species, 

Bedstraw  often  much  entangled  among  bushes.    The 

Galium  minute  stem-prickles  are  scarcely  visible. 

trifidum  jj^^  linear  blunt-tipped  or  wedge-shaped, 

deep  green  leaves,  ^  inch  long,  set  in  fours.  The  minutG 
usually  three-lobed,  white  flowers,  with  three  stamens, 
are  in  tiny  thin  clusters.  6-18  inches  high.  Common 
in  sphagnum  bogs  and  wet  woodlands  everywhere. 

A  very  common,  weak,    and  reclining 
Bedstraw  species,  with  the  usual  square  stem  set 

Galium  with  backward-hooked  prickles.    The  light 

asprellum  green  leaves  slightly  blunt  lance-shaped. 

White  ^j^^  prickly-rough  on  edge  and  rib,  are  set 

June-August  .     .       %   <   T      t-i  f         4--  i    4. 

in  circles  of  4-6.     The  profuse  tmy  white 

flowers  are  in  thin,  aiiy,  terminal  clusters  ;  they  are  pe- 
culiarly, perhaps  unpleasantly,  odorous.     2-6  feet  long. 
In  damp  soil.     Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Neb. 
Sweet=scented       ^  similar  species  with  the  flowers  usu- 
Bedstraw  ally  borne  in  clusters  of  three,  and  with 

Galium  the  same  bristly  rough  stem ;  the  leaves 

triflorum  broad  lance-shaped,  bright  shining  green, 

bristle -pointed,  slightly  rough-edged,  and  set  usually  in 
sixes.  The  foliage  fragrant  after  drying.  1-3  feet  long. 
Rich  woodlands  throughout  our  range;  south  only  to  Ga, 

444 


Bed  straw. 
Galium  asprellum. 


Wild  Liquopice. 
Galium  cipcaezans. 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Capri foliaceae. 


HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.     Caprifoliaceoe. 

Shrubs,  vines,  or  sometimes  herbs  with  opposite  leaves, 
and  perfect  regular  (occasionally  irregular)  flowers,  with 
generally  a  funnel-shaped  corolla,  five-lobed,  or  some- 
times two-lipped.  Cross-fertilized  by  the  larger  long- 
tongued  bees,  moths,  butterflies,  and  the  humming-bird. 

A  common  smooth-stemmed  shrub  with 
Sambucus  ^    compound    deep    green,    smooth    leaf 

Canadensis  of  5-11,  usually  7,  fine-toothed,  acute- 
Cream  white  pointed,  ovate  leaflets.  The  tiny  cream- 
June^uly  white  flowers,  in  broad  flat  clusters  (with 

five  prominent  white  stamens),  are  fertilized  mostly  bj^ 
honeybees  who  come  for  pollen,  the  blossoms  34elding 
little  or  no  nectar.  The  purple-black  berries,  in  broad 
clusters,  ripen  in  August.  4-10  feet  high.  Borders  of 
fields  and  copses,  in  low  ground,  throughout  our  range. 

A  similar  shrub  with  twigs  and  leaves 
EiA^f  slightly  fine-hairy,  and  warty  gray  bark. 

Sambucus  There  are  5-7  fineh'  toothed  ovate  lance- 

racemosa  shaped  leaflets  which  are  a  trifle  downy 

Dull  white  beneath.  The  fine  dull  white  flowers  with 
pri  -  ay  yellowish  stamens  are  borne  in  a  sugar- 
loaf-shaped  cluster.  The  extremely  beautiful  small, 
scarlet-red,  or  rarely  white  berries,  in  a  compact  cluster, 
ripen  in  June.  2-12  feet  high.  In  rocky  woodland  bor- 
ders. Me. ,  south  to  Ga.  (among  the  hills),  and  westward. 
A  shrub  with  coarse,  light  green,  veiny. 
Wayfaring  Tree  sharp-toothed,  heart-shaped  leaves,  rusty- 
Viburnum  wooUy    on    the    ribs    beneath,    together 

alnifoUum  with    the    young    branchlets.     The    flat 

^•^'^^  flower-cluster  is  composed  of  two  kinds 

May-June  ^^  flowers  ;  the  marginal  dull  white  broad- 

petaled  neutral— that  is,  stamenless  and  pistilless — flowers 
(the  petals  are  really  the  five  flaring,  rounded  divisions 
of  the  corolla),  and  the  central,  smaller,  perfect  flowers. 
Fruit  a  coral  red  berry,  set  in  a  scant  cluster.  Stem  3-10 
feet  high,  reclining  ;  the  branches  often  take  root  and 
trip  up  the  "  wayfarer."  The  commonest  visitors  are  the 
bees  of  tbe  genera  Andrena  and  Halictiis.  In  low  or  moist 
woods.  Me.,  in  the  mountains  to  N,  Car.,  west  to  Mich, 
446 


Red-berpied  Elder.         Sambucus  racemosa. 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Caprifoliacese. 


Feverwort 


A  coarse  perennial,  sometimes  called 
HorleOentian  Tinker's-weed  and  often  Wild  Coffee, 
Triosteum  common  in  rich  woodlands.     The  stout, 

perfoliatum  simple  stem  is  rather  sticky-fine-hairy, 
Madder  purple  ^^^^  ^Y\q  opposite-growing,  light  green  or 
medium  green,  ovaljeaves are  acute  at  the 
tip,  and  narrowed  at  the  hase  to  a  flaring  margin  either 
side  of  the  coarse  midrib  ;  the  edge  is  toothless  and 
somewhat  undulating.  Tlie  flowers  are  an  inconspicu- 
ous purplish  brown  or  madder  purple  ;  they  grow  at  the 
junction  of  the  leaves  with  the  plant-stem  ;  the  corolla 
is  five-lobed,  tubular,  and  scarcely  longer  than  the  long- 
lobed  calyx,  which  remains  attached  to  the  mature 
fruit ;  this  is  ^  inch  long  or  less,  orange-scarlet,  densely 
fine-hairy,  and  contains  three  hard  nutlets.  2-4  feet 
high.  In  rich  soil,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ala.  and  Ky..  and 
west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Kan. 

„    .     .,  A  delicate  and  beautiful  trailing  vine 

Twin=flower  ^ 

Linncea  common  in  the  northern  woodlands,  with 

horeah's  a    terra-cotta-colored,    somewhat    rough- 

Crimson-pink  woody  stem,  and  a  rounded,  about  8- 
June-August  gcallop- toothed,  short-stemmed,  light  ever- 
green leaf  with  a  rough  surface.  The  fragrant  little 
bell-shaped  flowers,  in  pairs,  terminate  a  3-4  inches  long- 
stalk,  and  nod  ;  they  are  delicate  crimson-pink,  graded 
to  white  on  the  margins  of  the  five  lobes.  The  tiny 
calyx  divisions  are  threadlike.  Branches  6-20  inches 
long.  Common  in  rich  moist  mossy  woods,  particularly 
in  the  mountains.  Me.,  to  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island. 
N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.,  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Wash.,  and  Col. 

A  shrub  with  erect,  generally  madder 
Indian  Curran*!  ^rown  branches  very  slightly  woolly-hairy 
Symphoricarpos  on  the  younger  growths.  The  dull  gray- 
vulgaris  green  leaves  are  ovate,  toothless  (rarely 

Pink  and  white  gome  of  the  larger  leaves  are  coarsely 
"  ^  toothed),  and  have  distinctly  short  stems. 

The  five-lobed  flowers  are  tiny  bell-shaped,  and  grow  in 
small  clusters  at  the  angles  of  the  leaves,  or  terminally  : 
the  corolla  pink  graded  to  white,  and  somewhat  filled 
by  the  fine  hairiness  of  style  and  stamens.  Tlie  small 
berries  in  small  terminal  clusters  are  first  coral  red  and 
448 


Twin  Flowep. 


Linnaea.  boreal 


IS- 


Indian  Currant.  SymphoHcarpos  vulgaris 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.      Capri foh'aceas. 


finally  dull  crimson -magenta.  The  smaller  bees  and 
honeybees  are  common  visitors.  2-5  feet  high.  Rocky 
slopes.  Mass. ,  banks  of  the  Delaware  River  in  N.  J. ,  and 
Pa.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex.,  west  to  the  Daks. 

^        ^  A  familiar  shrub  of  old-fashioned  gar- 

Snowberry  ,  ,    ,  n         .,,  ,  ,  . 

Syniphoricarpos  dens  and  door-yards  still  commonly  culti- 
racemosus  vated,    with   smooth,   erect,   gray-brown 

Pink  and  white  branches,  and  oval,  dull  gray -green  leaves 
June-August  ligj^ter  beneath,  toothless,  and  a  trifle 
wavy -margined.  The  young  shoots  are  ochre  brown. 
The  tiny,  five-lobed,  bell-shaf)ed  flowers  are  pink  graded 
to  white,  and  are  borne  in  terminal  and  leaf -angle  clus- 
ters. The  corolla  is  conspicuously  tine-hairy  within  ; 
and  the  stamens  and  style  almost  protrude.  The  honey- 
bee is  a  constant  visitor,  and  the  flowers  continue  to 
bloom  even  after  the  large  snow-white  waxy  berries  ap- 
pear ;  the  latter  are  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  bush  in 
early  September.  3-4  feet  high.  On  roadsides,  escaped 
from  cultivation,  and  on  rocky  banks,  from  Me.,  south 
to  Pa.  and  Ky.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Cal. 

A  thin  straggling  bush  with  smooth, 
suckle  brownish  stems.     The  thin  leaves  bright 

Lonicera  light  green  on   both  sides,   ovate  lance- 

ciliata  shaped,    sometimes    very    broad    at    the 

Naples  yellow  ^j^gg^  toothless,  short-stemmed,  and  hair}- 
edged.  The  Naples  yellow  or  honey 
yellow,  five-lobed  flower,  about  f  inch  long,  is  funnel- 
formed  and  borne  in  pairs  at  the  leaf-angles.  Fruit  two 
small  ovoid  red  berries.  3-5  feet  high.  Moist  woods, 
from  Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  Minn. 

A  similar  species  but  with  thickish, 
hon"ys^uckle^~  blunt  ovate  leaves  fine-hairy  beneath. 
Lonicera  The  Naples  yellow  flowers  in  pairs,  al- 

ccerulea  most  united.     The  ovaries  unite  and  form 

one  two-eyed,  gray-black  ovate  berry,     1-3  feet  high 
In  boggy  woods,  the  same  distribution. 


450 


Fly-honeysuckle.  Lonicepa  citiata. 


VALERIAN  FAMILY.      Valerianaceae. 


„  A  scentless,  but  beautiful  species,  com-. 

Trumpeter  i^-      ^-         ^     •    •  i     i-     i  • 

Qjj^g,  mon  in  cultivation,  twining  and  climbing 

Honeysuckle      high,     and    evergreen    southward.      The 
Lonicera  large  deep  green  oblong  leaves  are  whit- 

semjyervtrens      jgj-^  beneath  ;  the  top  ones  are  united,  and 
yellow  seemingly  perforated  by  the  stem,  which 

April-August  terminates  in  a  small  cluster  of  large,  tu- 
bular, deep  Naples  yellow  flowers,  often 
deeply  tinged  outside  with  scarlet.  The  most  frequent 
and  useful  visitor  is  the  humming-bird,  though  many 
bees  and  butterflies  assist  in  the  transfer  of  pollen.  8-15 
feet  high.     Copses,  Mass.  and  Conn.,  south,  west  to  Neb. 

A  very  common  shrubby  species  with 
Bush  Honey-  ^.    \  ,   ,  "^ ,   ^  ,.       , 

suckle  smooth  stem  and  leaves  and  exceedingly 

Diervilla  small  honev-colored  or  Naples  yellow  flow- 

trifida  ers,    with    five    recurving,    rather    equal 

Naples  yellow    ^^^        marked    sHghtlv    with   dull    rusty 
May-June  ^.i  o    "^  ■         ^       ^^ 

orange.     Inere  are  nve  prominent  yellow 

stamens.  The  deep  olive  green  leaves  are  ovate,  sharp- 
pointed,  and  fine-toothed.  The  flowers  grow  in  small  ; 
clusters,  terminally,  and  at  the  junction  of  leaf-  and 
plant-stem.  The  fruit  is  an  oblong  capsule  with  beaked 
tip.  3-4  feet  high.  In  dry  woodlands  or  in  thickets,  from 
Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  and  west  to  Mich,  and  Minn. 
Named  for  Dr.  Dierville  who  carried  the  plant  from 
Canada  to  France. 


VALERIAN  FAMILY.     Valerianacece. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  and  perfect,  or  sometimes 
staminate  and  pistillate,  flowers  ;  the  corolla  tube  nar- 
row and  five-lobed  :  stamens  1-3.  Commonly  visited  by 
bees.  The  genus  Valeriana  is  remarkable  for  its  strong- 
scented  roots. 

An  erect,  smooth  plant,  with  compound 
V  lerian  leaves  of  from  5-11  (rareh^  less)  deep  green, 

Valeriana  lance-shaped,  obtuse  leaflets,  indistinctly 

sylvatica  shallow-toothed or  toothless:  the  root-leaves 

Pale  niagenta=  ^^^  long-stemmed,  ovate,  and  rarely  small- 
j'"     J  .  lobed.     The   dull   magenta-pink   or  paler 

pink  or  white  flowers  are  tiny,  and  clus- 
452 


Swamp  Valepian. 


Valeriana  sylvatica 


QOURD  FAMILY.      Cucurbitaceae. 


tered  in  a  loose  terminal  spike  ;  the  three  stamens  very 
prominent.  10-30  inches  high.  In  wet  or  swampy- 
ground,  from  Me.,  south  to  southern  N.  Y.,  west  to  S. 
Dak.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Ariz. 

A    common    cultivated    species,    often 
.**"  ^Qreat^"      escaping  to  roadsides  and  margins  of  cul- 
Wild  Valerian,  tivated  fields.     A  native  of  Europe.     The 
or  VandaUroot  stein  more  or  less  fine-hairy  especially  at 
Valeriana  ^\^^  joints,  and  the  compound  leaves  with 

officinalis  ^^2^  lance-shaped,  sharply  toothed   leaf- 

lets,  the  upper  ones  toothless.  The  flowers  are  pale  ma- 
genta-crimson or  white,  set  in  compact,  rather  rounded 
clusters  terminating  the  stout  stem.  The  strong-scented 
roots  are  medicinal.  2-5  feet  high.  Mass.  south  to  Del., 
west  to  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  Name  from  valere,  to  be  strong. 
A  smooth  forking-stemmed  annual  with 
VaUrianella  succulent  wedge-shaped  leaves,  and  insig- 
Woodsiana  nificant  dull  white  flowers  funnel-formed 
Dull  white  and  five-lobed,  gathered  in  small  terminal 

May-July  clusters.      18-34  inches  high.      In  moist 

places,  from  N.  Y.,  west  to  Ohio  and  Tex.  ValeriaueUa 
olitoria,  a  species  from  Europe,  naturalized  in  the  Mid- 
dle States  and  south,  has  similar  leaves,  but  pale  violet 
flowers.  6-13  inches  high.  Southern  N.  Y.,  and  south- 
ward. 

GOURD  FAMILY.     CuciirUtacew.. 

Climbing  vines  generally  with  tendrils,  and  with  lobed 
leaves  growing  alternately.  The  flowers  staminate  and 
pistiUate  on  the  same  plant  or  different  plants.  Sta- 
mens mostly  three.  Cross-fertilized  by  bees  and  flies  in 
general,  and  possibly  by  many  beetles  and  butterflies. 

A  beautiful,  rapid-growing,  and  luxu- 
Climbing  Wild  j.j3j^^  annual  cUmber  ;  the  light  green, 
Cucumber  or         ,  .      ,  •,.»,-..  i      ,.      s     , 

Wild  Balsam  ^^^^"  leaves,  with  6-1  (mostly  five)  sharpl}^ 
Apple  angular  lobes,    are   rough  on  both   sides. 

Echinocystis       The  smaU,  sharply  six-petaled  staminate 

J?  "  ^^.  .      .  .     flowers  are  borne  in  many  loose  clusters, 

Greenish  white        ,,..,,  r.  •       i 

july_  and  the  pistillate  flowers  singly  or  in  twos, 

September         at   the   angles  of  the  leaves  ;    the  petals 

and   the   three   prominent  stamens    with 

454 


Climbing  Wild  Cucumber.   Echinocystis  lobata. 


BELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulacese. 


yellowish  anthers  are  greenisli  white.  The  spiral  tend 
rils  are  three-forked.  Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  bees 
and  wasps.  The  cucumberlike  fruit  is  2  inclies  long  or 
less,  green,  ovoid,  and  thickly  covered  with  slender, 
weak  prickles.  15-20  feet  long.  Beside  rivers  and  in 
waste  places.  Me.,  south  to  Pa.  and  west  to  S.  Dak., 
Kan. ,  and  Tex.  Found  in  the  Pemigewasset  Valley  at  Ply- 
mouth and  Campton,  N.  H.  The  name  (Greek),  means 
hedgehog  and  bladder  ;  in  allusion  to  the  armed  fruit. 

Also  an  annual  climber  with  branching 
Burlcucumber  tendrils  and  a  fiVe-lobed,  far  less  deeply 
Sicyos  cut  light  green  leaf ;  the  stem  is  sticky- 

angidatus  hair}^   angular,    and  coarse.      The  small 

Greenish  white  flye-lobed  flowers  are  likewise  staminate 
s  t  ber  ^^^^  pistillate  ;  the  former  are  borne,  five 
or  six,  in  a  cluster  on  a  long  stalk,  the 
latter  are  almost  stalkless  ;  both  are  set  in  the  angles  of 
the  leaves.  The  yellowish  frait,  3-10  together,  is  armed 
with  fine  tough  bristles  ;  a  single  fruit  contains  but  one 
seed.  15-25  feet  long.  In  moist  places  and  along 
rivers,  from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and 
Tex.     The  name  is  Greek,  for  Cucumber. 

BELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulacece. 

Herbs,  in  our  range,  with  alternate  leaves  and  acrid, 
generally  milky,  juice  ;  the  perfect  flowers  in  a  spike  or 
solitar\\  The  corolla  usually  bell-shaped  and  five-lobed. 
Stamens  five,  alternating  with  the  corolla-lobes.  Fruit 
a  many -seeded  capsule.  Cross-fertilized  mostly  by  bees 
and  the  beelike  flies  {Syrphidce).  A  tribe  now  included 
in  Lobeliacece  by  Engler  and  Prantl,  but  one  which,  in 
our  range,  lacks  those  connecting  links  which  make  the 
close  relationship  evident. 

An  annual  with  a  simple,  wandlike  stem, 

,  ,  .  ,  weak  and  disposed  to  recline,  and  small, 
Looking=glass  . 
srtecidaria  curved,  shell-shaped,  light  green,  scallop- 
jKi-foliata  toothed  leaves  clasj^ing  the  rough,  angled 
Magenta=  plant-stem.  The  purple-violet  or  magenta- 
purple  purple  flowers,  set  at  the  hollows  of  the 
June-August  , 

leaves,    have    deeply    five-lobed    corollas 

45^ 


Leaf  of 
Sicyos  angulatus. 


Venus's  Looking-glass.    Specularia  perfo] iata. 


BELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulacese. 

with  five  stamens  and  a  three-lobed  pistil.     There  are 

also  earlier  flowers  which  are  cleistogamous  —  closed  to 

all  outward  agencies    and    self -fertilized.      Stem   5-22 

inches  long.     Common  in  poor  soil  on  hills  and  in  dry 

open  woodlands.     Me.,  south,  west  to  Ore.  and  Utah. 

A  common  garden  perennial,  natural- 
Bellflower  ■      -,    .  t?  ^        * 

Campanula        ^^^^  from  Europe,  and  a  frequent  escape 

rapuncuioich's  from  cultivation.  The  simple,  erect,  and 
Purple  rigid  stem  is  light  green  and  slightly  rough - 

July-August  hairy  ;  the  leaves  are  thin,  fine-hairy,  and 
light  green,  the  uppei;  ones  broad  lance-shaped,  the  lower 
arrow-head-shaped  with  a  heart-shaped  base  ;  all  are  ir- 
regularly scallop-toothed.  The  bell-shaped  purple  flow- 
ers have  five  acute  lobes,  and  hang  downward  mostl}^  on 
one  side  of  the  stem  :  the  pistil  is  white  and  protruding  ; 
the  stigma  three-lobed  and  purple-tinged  ;  the  linear 
lobes  of  the  green  calyx  are  strongly  turned  backward. 
The  common  visitors  of  the  flower  are  the  honeybee  and 
bumblebee.  1-3  feet  high.  In  fields  and  on  roadsides. 
Me.,  to  southern  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  Ohio. 

A  most  dainty  and  delicate  perennial 
Harebell  or  plant,  yet  one  so  remarkably  hardy  that  it 
Bluebell  ^         .  ,  ,  ^         ,     ,  n 

Campanula        survives  the  cold  and  storms  of  mountam- 

rotundifolia       tops  over  5000  feet  above  sea-level.     It  is 

Light  violet       common   in   the   Chasm   of    the   Ausable 

June-  River  and  on  the  summits  of  the  White 

September  _,         ^    .  ^  ,,  ,  ,.     , 

Mountanis.     In  spring  the  plant  displays 

a  tuft  of  round  leaves  (hence  the  name  rotundifolia), 
small  and  sparingly  toothed  ;  these  wither  before  the 
time  of  flowering  (rarely  they  remain  until  that  time), 
and  are  succeeded  by  a  tall  wiry  stem,  with  linear,  pale 
olive  green  leaves  and  a  succession  of  airy  blue- violet 
bells  depending  from  threadlike  pedicels  (flower-stems). 
The  corolla  is  five-lobed,  and  graded  in  color  from  light 
violet  or  pale  lavender  to  white  at  its  base ;  the  promi- 
nent pistil  is  tipped  with  a  three-lobed  stigma,  which  is 
at  first  green  and  finally  white  ;  the  five  anthers  are  a 
delicate  lavender  tint.  The  chief  visitor  is  the  bumble- 
bee, who  must  clasp  the  prominent  stigma  before  he  can 
enter  the  inverted  bell ;  in  the  bustling  endeavor  to  reach 
the  base  of  the  blossom  some  of  the  pollen  obtained  from 
45S 


'-^- 


Cd.inpa.nu  la 
rdpunculoides. 


f^ 


Bellflowep. 


BELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulaceae. 


a  previously  visited  flower  is  brushed  off  and  cross-ferti- 
lization  is  effected.  The  harebell  is  also  visited  by  the 
bees  of  the  genus  Halictus  and  the  beelike  flies.  6-18 
inches  high.  On  rocky  cliffs,  dry  or  moist,  in  barren, 
sandy  fields  or  grassy  places,  and  in  shade  or  sunshine, 
on  mountain-top  or  meadow.  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  west 
to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  south  to 
Ariz  ;  also  in  the  mountains  of  Cal.  A  native  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia  as  w^ell,  and  identical  vrith  the  bluebell  of 
Scotland.  A  degenerate  mountain  form  mistakenly 
thought  to  be  the  var.  arctica  is  a  much  smaller  plant 
bearing  a  single  flower. 

A  species  common  in  grassy  swamps, 
^J?  with  branching,  slender,  weak,  reclining 

Campamda  stems,  bristly  rough  on  the  angles,  like 
uparinoides  Galium  asprellum.  The  light  green,  lin- 
White  or  ear  lance-shaped  leaves  are  rough  on  edge 

lavender  ^^^  midrib  ;  indistinctly  shallow-toothed, 

and  stemless.  The  single  white  or  pale 
lavender  flowers  scarcely  ^  inch  broad,  deeply  cleft  into 
five  acute  lobes  spreading  open  like  a  deep  saucer,  are 
arranged  terminalh* .  6-20  inches  high.  In  wet  grassy 
ground  everyw^here,  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Col. 
TUB  iifi  ^  ^^^^  annual  or  biennial  with  a  slightly 

Campanula        fine-hairy,    erect,    slender,    green     stem, 
Americana         rarely    branched.      The    ovate    or    ovate 
Light  violet       lance-shaped,  stemless,  light  green  leaves 
"  ^'  are  long  and  drooping  ;  the  lower  ones  are 

narrowed  at  the  base  like  a  stem  ;  all  are 
acute-pointed  and  toothed.  The  dull- toned  light  violet 
or  nearly  white  flowers  grow  from  the  angles  of  the 
leaves  and  form  a  slender  terminal  spike  ;  the  one  inch 
wide  corolla  has  five  long,  acute,  spreading  lobes  ;  the 
style  curves  downward  and  then  upward  (as  in  the  Py- 
rola),  extending  far  beyond  the  mouth  of  the  flower. 
The  commonest  visitors  are  the  honeybee,  the  bumble- 
bee, and  the  "  Yellow- Jacket "  hornet.  Flower-stalk 
frequently  18  inches  tall.  In  moist  shady  places,  in- 
land, from  N.  Y.,  south  to  Fla.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak., 
Kan.,  and  Ark.  The  name  is  from  the  Italian  Cam- 
pana,  a  bell,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  corolla. 
4t)U 


Harebell  CajnpaLnula  rotund  ifolia.. 


LOBELIA  FAMILY.     Lobeliaceae. 


LOBELIA  FAMILY.     Lobeliacece. 

A  family  of  perennial  herbs  with  milky  acrid  juice. 
The  perfect  but  irregular  flowers  with  a  five-lobed  tube- 
shaped  corolla  ;  the  five  stamens  united  in  a  tube. 
Cross-fertilized  by  bees,  the  beelike  flies,  and  the  hum- 
ming-bird. Named  for  De  L'Obel,  an  early  Dutch  herb- 
alist :  it  now  includes  the  tribe  Campanulacece. 

A  most  beautiful  species,  remarkable  for 

*^  ^'.  its  rich,  deep  red  which  largely  influences 

cardinalis  the    color    of     stem     and     foliage.     The 

Deep  red  leaves  are  dark  green,  smooth  or  nearly 

August-  gQ^    oblong    lance-shaped,    and    slightly 

ep  em  er  toothed ;    the   upper   ones    are    stemless. 

The  showy  flower-spike  is  loosely  set  with  deep  cardinal 
red  flowers,  the  triple-lobed  lips  of  which  are  a  rich 
velvety  color.  Rarely  the  plant  produces  deep  pink  or 
white  flowers.  Fertilized  by  humming-birds,  and  rarely 
by  bumblebees  ;  but  the  long  tongue  of  the  humming- 
bird is  the  only  practicable  means  of  cross-fertilization. 
The  length  of  the  flower-tube  is  too  great  for  the  tongue, 
and  the  pendant  lip  too  inconvenient  for  the  feet  of  the 
average  insect.  The  plant  multiplies  mostly  by  perennial 
offshoots.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  in  low 
moist  ground.     Found  in  Campton  Bog,  N.  H, 

A  slightlv  hairv  plant  with  a  stout,  leafy, 
Great  Lobelia  .       ^    ,/     .       ",       ^  ^,       ,  ^^    tl 

Lobelia  ^^^  usually  Simple  stem  ;  the  leaves  light 

syphilitica  green,  2-6  inches  long,  pointed   at  both 

Light  blue=        ends,  nearly  if  not  quite  smooth,  irregu- 

Y^^^^  larly  toothed,   and    stemless.     The    light 

September         blue-violet  or  rarely  white  flowers  nearly 

an  inch  long ;  the  cahx  stiff-hairy.     1-3 

feet  high.     Common  in  low   moist  ground,  from    Me., 

south  to  Ga.  and  La. ,  and  west  to  Kan. ,  Neb. ,  and  S.  Dak. 

A  similar  species  with  similarly  colored 

owny  Lobelia  flQ,^ygj.g  in  long  somewhat  one-sided  spikes. 

Lobelia  i       •        o  mi       i      • 

pubenila  ^^^  With  fine  sof  t-hairv  leaves.     The  hairy 

tube  of  the  corolla  is  less  than  |  inch  long, 
and  the  lobes  of  the  lip  are  rather  broad  and  smooth. 
1-3  feet  high.  In  moist  sandy  soil.  Southern  N.  J., 
south,  and  west  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 

462 


Cardinal  Flower. 
Lobelidcardinalis. 


Indian  Tobacco.   Lobelia  inflata. 


LOBELIA  FAMILY.     Lobeliaceae. 


A  still  smaller-flowered  species,  bearing 
Pale  Spi  e  ^^^^^  j^^^^  ^^.^^^  spikes  of  pale  blue-violet 

Lobelia  spicata  flowers  with  a  Usually  smooth  short  calj^x. 
Pale  blue=  The  stem  simple  and  leafy,  the  light  green 

yio\et  leaves  nearly  toothless,  lance-shaped  (ab- 

July-August      j.^jp^i^,   gQ  ^^   ^l^y   Ijj^gg  of   the  plant),  or 

oblong,  obtuse,  but  the  upper  ones  nearly  linear.  1-4 
feet  high.  In  dry  sandy  soil  from  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car., 
and  southwest  to  Ark.  and  La. 

A  small  species  generally  found  beside 
^  ^  J.    T'  /    ■•  brooks,   or  on    wet   banks,    with    slender 

Lobelia  kaliiiu  '  ' 

Light  blue=  branching  stem,  and  narrow,  blunt-tipped 
violet  leaves  sparingly  toothed  or  toothless  ;  the 

J"'y-  upper  ones  linear.     The  light  blue-violet 

ep  em  er  flow^ers  less  than  ^  inch  long  and  scattered 
loosely  over  the  spikes.  The  fruit-capsule  not  inflated 
(as  Lobelia  inflata),  but  small,  and  top-shaped  or  nearly 
globular.  6-18  inches  high.  On  wet  meadows  and  wet 
river-banks.  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Ohio  and 
S.  Dak. 

.   ^.      ^  ^  The  commonest  species ;  growing  every- 

Indian  Tobacco      ,  .      ^  ^      .,        .  ,  .        f  "^ , 

Lobelia  inflata  ^^'li^re  in  dry  or  wet  soil,  within  the  wood 
Light  blue=  or  out  on  the  meadow.  An  annual  with  a 
violet  simple  or  branching  slightly  hairy  stem. 

July-October     ^j^^  ^j^j^^  jj^j^^  ^^,^^^  leaves  oval  pointed, 

and  sparingly  wavy-toothed,  the  uppermost  very  small, 
narrow,  and  acute.  The  tiny  flowers  scarcely  I  inch 
long,  varying  in  color  from  light  blue-violet  to  pale  lilac 
and  even  white.  The  caWx  smooth,  the  inflated,  prolate- 
spheroidal  fruit-capsule  about  ^  inch  long.  Very  acrid 
and  poisonous  to  taste,  and  commonly  used  in  medicine. 
Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  w^est  to  Ark.  and  Neb. 

An  aquatic  species,  smooth,  slender,  and 
Water  Lobelia    yij^-^pi^  stemmed.     Leaves  all  submerged, 

Lobelia  i  •    i       t  o      t  i 

Dortmanna        thick,   linear  hollow,   and  tufted  at  the 
base  of  the  stem.    Flowers  in  a  loose  termi- 
nal spike,  light  violet,  i  inch  long.     6-18  inches  high. 
Borders  of  ponds.     N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  and  northwestward. 


464 


^ale  Spiked  Lobelia; 
-obelia  spicatd. 


Water  Lobelia. 
Lobelia  Dortmanna. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositas. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositoe. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs.  A  great  family  remarkable 
for  its  compound  flower-heads  which  are  often  radiate  in 
character,  with  a  central  disc  composed  of  tiny  tubular 
florets  surrounded  by  brightly  colored  rays  ;  in  some 
cases  the  florets  are  strap-shaped.  They  are  variously 
perfect,  polygamous,  and  staminate  and  pistillate  on  the 
same  or  different  plants  ;  in  chicory  and  dandelion  the 
florets  are  perfect  and  strap-shaped  ;  in  coneflower  and 
sunflower  the  tubular  florets  of  the  central  disc  are  per- 
fect and  the  ray-flowers  neutral  (without  stamens  and 
pistil) ;  in  aster  and  golden-rod  the  inner' tubular  florets 
are  perfect  and  the  outer  ray-florets  are  pistillate  ;  in 
thistle  and  burdock  the  florets  are  all  tubular  and  perfect 
but  lacking  rays  ;  in  Antennaria  the  tubular  florets  are 
staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  plants,  and  in  rag- 
weed the  staminate  and  pistillate  florets  are  on  the  same 
plant.  The  family  is  largely  dependent  upon  insects  for 
cross-fertilization . 

A  tall  smooth-stemmed  plant  found  in 
Tall  Ironweed  p^oigt  situations,  with  lance  -  shaped, 
altissima  toothed,  deep  green  leaves  and  a  terminal 

Madder  purple  cluster  of    brownish    purple    or    madder 
August-  purple  flowers  remotely  resembling  bache- 

September  iQj,'g    buttons   without    petals  ;   the   small 

flower-heads  appear  hairy   or  chaffy.     5-8  feet   high. 
Penn.,  south,  and  west  to  111.  and  La. 

The  common  species  eastward,  differing 
New  York 
Ironweed  from  the  tall  ironweed  in  its  usually  slightly 

Vernonid  rough    stem,    longer    lance-shaped    deep 

Xoveboracensis  green  leaves,  and  acute,  bristle-tipped, 
Madder  purple  brown-purple  scales  of  the  flower-heads. 
Seirtember  "^^^  sesthetic  dull  purple  (rarely  white) 
flowers  resemble  petalless  bachelors  but- 
tons, or  at  a  distance  asters.  3-7  feet  high.  In  moist 
ground,  oftenest  near  the  coast,  from  Mass.,  soutli  to 
Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  eastern  Kan.  Found  near 
Englewood,  N.  J.  Named  for  Wm.  Vernon,  an  early 
English  botanist. 

466 


L    '^i\ 


:wYopk  Ironweed.       VepnoniaNovebopacensis. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositse. 


Climbing 
Hempweed  or 
Boneset 

Mikdiiin 
scan  del  IS 
White 
flesh  pink 
July 
September 

Joe=Pye=Weed 

Enpatoritini 
piirpiiiyinii 
Magenta= 
crimson 
August- 
September 


An  attractive,  twining  vine  generally 
climbing  over  bushes  on  damp  river  banks. 
The  ligiit  green  leaves  triangular  heart- 
shaped,  and  the  bristly,  dull  white  or  flesh- 
colored  floM-ers  resembling  those  of  bone- 
set.  5-15  feet  long.  Mass.,  south,  and 
west  to  Ind.  and  Tex.  Named  for  Prof. 
Mikan  of  Germany. 

A  familiar,  tall  plant  with  a  stout  stem 
on  Wiiicli  the  roughish,  pointed  ovate, 
toothed,  light  green  leaves  are  grouped  in 
circles  at  intervals.  The  dense  terminal 
flower-clusters  with  many  soft-bristly,  tes- 
thetic-toned  dull  magenta-crimson  florets, 
lighter  or  deeper,  or  sometimes  dull  white. 
Frequented  by  the  honeybee.  3-12  feet  high.  Common 
everywhere  on  borders  of  swamps  or  low  damp  ground. 
Named  for  Eupator  Mithridates,  and  for  a  New  England 
Indian  who  used  the  plant  in  some  concoction  for  the 

cure  of  fevers. 

A  similar,  but  small,  rough-hairy  species 

with  white  flowers,  the  scales  of  which  are 

very  long  and  wiiite.  The  light  green,  veiny 

leaves  are  stemless  or  nearly  so.     1-3  feet 

high.      In   sandy   soil   and  pine   barrens, 

from  Long    Island,    N.    Y.,   to   Fla.    and 

La. 

A  hillside  species  with  generally  smooth, 
opposite,  ovate  lance-shaped,  horizontally 
spreading  leaves  tapering  to  a  sharp  point. 
The  white  flowers,  with  long,  slender  but 
blunt  scales,  are  in  flat  clusters.  2-6  feet 
high.  In  woods  or  on  wooded  banks. 
Mass.,  south,  and  west  to  111, 

The  common,  familiar  species  whose 
leaves  have  been  used  in  a  bitter  tonic  de- 
coction or  tea.  Leaves  very  light  green, 
pointed,  opposite,  and  so  closely  joined 
that  two  appear  as  one  perforated  by  the 
plant-stem,  which  with  the  leaves  is  re- 
markably wool-hairy.  Tlie  very  dull  white 
468 


White 
Thoroughwort 

Eupainrinm 
album 
White 
August- 
September 


Upland 
Boneset 

Eupator  ill  m 
sessilifolium 
White 
August- 
October 


Boneset  or 

Thoroughwort 

Eiipatorium 

perfoUatum 

Dull  white 

July 

September 


.-^  ""l 


v^hite 
nakeroot 
upatorium 
yepatoide5  ^'^ 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositse. 


florets,  in  terminal  clusters,  furnish  an  abundance  of 

nectar  for  the  visiting  honeybee  —  the  rule  with  all  Eii- 

patoriums  and   Venionias.      2-5  feet  high.      Common 

everywhere  on  wet  ground. 

The  most  attractive  and  graceful  mem- 

White  Y)QY  of  this  generally  coarse  genus.     The 

Snakeroot  ,  i      i     ,  , 

Eupatorium       large-toothed    leaves    are    deep    green, 

ageratoides         smooth,  thin,  slender-stemmed,  and  nearly 

White  heart-shaped.      Flowers  white   (not  dull) 

V*^^~    .  and    peculiarly   downy,   like   the  garden 

September  ^         ^,  /.    ^     ^  V •    r,       -o-   i  -, 

Ageratiim.     1-4  feet  high.     Rich   woods 

and  copses.     Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak., 

Neb.,  and  La. 

A  very  similar  species  with  short- 
Eupatorium  stemmed  leaves,  dull-toothed  and  blunt- 
pointed  ;  the  flowers  a  trifle  larger.  Near 
the  coast,  from  Mass.  to  Ga.  The  name  is  misleading — 
it  is  not  aromatic. 

A  tall,  stout,  liandsome  species  belong- 
Tall^Blazing  -^^  ^^  ^  beautiful  genus.  The  showy 
Liaf/Ks«ca//osaflo^^er-spike  set  with  magenta-purple  to 
Magenta=  pale  violet,  tubular,  perfect  flowers,  the 

purple  heads  sometimes  |  inch  broad.      Leaves 

ugust-  deep  green,  hoarv,  narrow  lance-shaped, 

September  /     ,  "     .  ^i        /i 

and  alternate- growing.  The  flowers  ex- 
hibit many  aesthetic  and  variable  tints.  2-6  feet  high. 
In  drj'  situations,  by  roadsides  and  in  fields.  Me.,,  south, 
and  west  to  S,  Dak.  and  Tex. 

A  lower  species  (beginning  to  bloom  in 
Liatris  June)  with  smooth  or  often  hairy,  stiff, 

squarrosa  ,,         '•  ,.,,n         n 

linear  leaves,  and  with  the  few  flowers  on 

the  spike  bright  magenta-purple  and  fully  an  inch  long  ; 
the  scales  enveloping  them  are  leaflike  wuth  sharp,  spread- 
ing tips.  6-22  inches  high.  Pa.,  south,  and  west  to  S. 
Dak.  and  Tex. 

A  commoner  species,  smooth  or  nearly 

'^^  *''^  so,  with   linear   leaves  and  a  closelv  set 

spicata 

flower-spike    sometimes    fulh^   14    inches 

long  ;  the  flowers,  about  ^  inch  broad,  range  from  pur- 
ple to  violet  or  rarely  to  white.  2-5  feet  high.  Moist 
low  ground.     Mass. ,  south,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Ark. 

470 


Blazing  Sta.p. 


Liatpis  scapiosa. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositse. 


An  asterlike  but  golden  yellow  flower 
Qrass=leaved     growing  in   dry   soil   generally  near  the 

**^.?"     t^*^     coast.     The  shining  leaves  linear,  soft,  and 
or  Silver  Grass  '^  ' 

Chrijsopsis  grasslike,  but  silvery  green-gray  with  fine- 

(jraminifoUa       hairiness,  the  lower  ones  long.     The  small 

Golden  yellow    flowers  ^  inch  broad,  solitary  at  the  tips  of 

Augus  -  ^^^^   branches,   the  rav-flowers    pistillate. 

October  ^  ^  i  , 

the  disc-flowers  perfect.    The  slender  stem 
1-3  feet  high.     Del. ,  south,  and  southwest  to  Tex. 

A  much  lower  species  with  larger  flow- 
GolXn  iltlr'*  ers,  also  found  in  the  coastwise  States. 
Chrvsopsis  "^^^^  stems  very  woolly,  and  the  small  lin- 

faicata  ear  leaves    gray-green  and    crowded  to- 

Golden  yellow  gether.  The  pretty,  rich  golden  yellow 
Late  July-         flowers  are  an  inch  broad.     4-10    inches 

high.     From  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  to  the  pine 
barrens  of  N.  J.     Found  on  Nantucket. 

A  stout,  showy  species,  the  stem  and 

Chrysopsis  ,  »      i  .    ,  -n  •  ,  n.    ■,     • 

Mariana  leaves  of  which  are  silky  with  soft  hairs 

Golden  yellow  when  young,  but  become  smooth  with 
August-  age.      The  gray-green  leaves   are  lance- 

September  shaped  and  stemless,  and  the  golden  yel- 
low flower-heads  are  nearly  an  inch  across,  the  scales 
below  somewhat  sticky  and  hairy.  The  commoner 
golden  aster  of  New  York  and  the  south,  found  on  dry 
sandy  roadsides  near  the  coast.  1-2  feet  high.  From 
southern  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  south. 

The  genus  Solidago  includes  about  85  species,  of 
which  about  25  are  commonly  found  throughout  the 
northern  United  States.  These  are  readily  distinguished 
by  differences  in  stem,  leaf,  and  flower  ;  the  stem  may 
be  rough,  smooth,  covered  with  hairs,  or  with  bloom,  or 
angular,  or  round  ;  the  leaf  may  be  triple-ribbed,  feather- 
veined,  or  more  or  less  distinctly  ribbed  or  toothed  ;  the 
flowers  may  have  few  or  many  large  or  small  rays.  The 
central  tubular  florets  are  perfect,  and  are  cross-fertil- 
ized by  many  insects  of  many  orders,  chief  among  wliicl: 
are  the  butterflies  and  the  beelike  flies  ;  the  flowers  fur- 
nish an  abundance  of  honey  for  all.  The  Latin  name, 
Solidago,  means  to  make  whole,  alluding  to  some  cura- 
tive quality  of  the  plant.  There  are  some  hybrid  forms. 
472 


Golden  Aster 


Chrysopsis  Mariana. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A.  not  very  common  species,  the  stem 

ou      o    en-    Y^^ij-y  above  and  rarely  branched,   with 

Solidago  large,   broad,   coarsely    toothed,   feather- 

squarrosa  veined    leaves,   and    with    rather   showy 

Golden  yellow    flowers  ;  the  10-16  rays  nearly  i  inch  long, 

ugus  -  J     tubular  florets  15-24  in  a  single  flower- 

October  *= 

head  the  scales  of  which    are    strongly 

curved  outward.  The  flower  plume  generally  straight. 
Plant  2-5  feet  high.  On  rocky  hillsides,  and  the  mar- 
gins of  woods.  Me.,  south  to  the  mountains  of  Va., 
and  west  to  Vt.,  the  Catskills,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  Ohio. 

A  late-blooming,  graceful,  slender,  wood- 
Golden=rod  ^'^^d  golden-rod,  with  a  distinct  bluish  or 
Solidago  purplish,  plumlike  bloom  on  the  bending 

ccesia  stem.     The   leaves    dark    green,   feather- 

Late  August-  veined,  smootli,  sharply  toothed,  lance- 
shaped,  and  sharp-pointed.  The  flowers  in 
small  oblong  clusters  at  the  junction  of  leaf-stem  witli 
plant-stem,  and  not  in  a  distinct  terminal  cluster ;  3-5 
rays  in  a  single  flower-head,  ^^  inch  broad,  quite  long, 
and  very  light  golden  yellow.  1-3  feet  high,  tommon 
on  shaded  banks,  and  margins  of  woods,  everywhere. 

^  .         ^         A  similar  species,  but  with  broad,  olive 

Broad=leaved  „       ,  .       ■.    ,  ■         -, 

Golden=rod        green,   feather-vemed  leaves    pomted    at 

Solidago  both  ends;  the  stem  lighter  green,  zig-zag, 

latifolia  angled   in   section,  and   rarely  branched. 

August-  rpj^g  j.gj^^  golden  yellow  flowers  in  small 

clusters  (like  S.  ccpsia),  with  but  3-4  rays. 
1-3  feet  high.  Rich,  moist,  wooded  banks.  Me.,  south 
to  Ga. ,  west  to  S.  Dak.     Found  in  the  Catskill  Mountains. 

«,.-.^   ^  ..  -^  very  common  species;  the  onlv  one 

White  Golden=        .,  ,  ..        r,  -r  ,,\.      , 

rod  or  Silver=  ^^^^^'^^  white  flowers.  Leaves  elliptical, 
rod  feather-veined,  rough-hairy,  very  lightly 

Solidago  bicoior  tootlicd,  and  dark  olive  green  above,  the 
s"^"**h  ^^^^     beneath     hairy.      Stem     simple    or 

branched,  upright,  and  gray-hair}'.  Tubu- 
lar florets  cream  yellow,  surrounded  by  3-12  white  rays  ; 
flower-clusters  mignonettelike,  small,  and  at  the  leaf- 
junctions  or  crowded  in  a  cylindrical  terminal  spike. 
10-30  inches  high.  On  diy  barren  ground.  Me.,  south 
to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     A  yellow-flowered 

474 


Fea^ther- veined  leaf 
as  in  S.rugosa. 


Three -veined  leaf, 
as  m  S  sePotinA 


Solidago  caesia 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


form,  var.  concolor,  has  yellow  rays,  and  densely  woolly 
stem  and  leaves.  Commoner  far  north,  south  to  Ga., 
Wis.,  and  Minn. 

A  northern  species  mostly  confined  to 
Golden-?o7''  ^^"^P'  ^^^^^  woods.  The  deep  green 
Solidago  leaves  are   ovate,  thin,   sharply   toothed, 

macrophylla  feather- veined,  and  very  long-stemmed. 
July-  Leaf-  and  plant-stem  usually  smooth,  but 

September  ^^^^  latter  sometimes  fine-hairy  at  the  top. 

Flower-heads  nearly  ^  inch  long,  with  8-10  long  golden 
yellow  rays.  1-4  feet  high.  Wooded  hillsides.  Me. 
(Aroostook  Co.),  to  northern  N.  H.  and  N.  Y.,  south  to 
the  Catskill  Mountains,  and  west  to  Lake  Superior. 

A  dwarf  alpine  form  confined  to  moun- 

pine    o    en-  ^g^j^_^Qpg  ^^^^\  about  8  inches  high.     The 

Solidago  Vir-      large  flowers,  thickly  clustered  at  the  sum- 

srawreovar.         mit  of  the  stout  simple  stem,  with  about 

alpina  12  rays.     Leaves  usually  obovate  and  finely 

August-  toothed.     Mountain  summits  of   Me.,  N. 

September 

H.    (Mt.    Washington),    and    N.    \.,    and 

shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

A  species  frequenting  salt-marshes  and 
Seaside  i  c^ 

Golden=rod  sea-beaches.  Stem  stout  and  smooth  ; 
Solidago  flower-cluster     large,     leafy,    short,    and 

sempervirens  straight,  with  large  showy  flowers  having 
August-  i^_iQ    deep    golden   yellow    rays.     Leaves 

ovem  er  lance-shaped,  smooth,  toothless,  and  with 

3-5  obscure  nerves.     2-8  feet  high.     Me.  to  Fla. 

The  stem  stout  and  smooth  ;  leaves 
BogGolden=rod  .,        ,  ,  i         i  i 

Solidago  smooth,    lance-shaped,    obscurely    seven- 

uliginosa  veined,  slightly  toothed  or  toothless  ;  those 

August-  at  the  root  very  long.     The  flowers  are 

September         ^j^j-^^  golden  yellow,  with  5-6  small  rays, 

and  are  crowded  on  the  wandlike  or  straight  stem      2-4 

feet  high.     Me.  to  northern  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  west  to  Minn. 

A  handsome,  stocky  plant  with  a  ruddy. 
Snowv  '^    ^ 

Golden-rod  stout,  smooth,  round  (in  section)  stem,  and 
Solidago  large,  smooth,  firm,  feather-veined,  olive 

speciosu  green  leaves,    rough-edged    or    obscurely 

August-  toothed ;    the    upper   ones  oblong    lance- 

shaped,   the   lower    ovate.     Flower-heads 
476 


Seaside  Qolden-pod.      Solidago  sempervirena 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


with  about  5  large  golden  yellow  rays  and  prominent 
stamens  ;  the  show}^  flower-cluster  is  dense,  branched, 
and  somewhat  pyramidal  in  outline.  3-6  feet  high. 
Rich  ground  and  copses.  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Ky., 
and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

An  anise-scented  species,  very  odorous 
G^ld^n-rod  when  crushed.  Leaves  bright  green, 
Soiidago  adorn  smooth,  indLstinctly  three-ribbed,  shining, 
August-  and  dotted.     The  slender  stem,  often  re- 

September  clining,  is  usually  smooth,  and  nearly 
cylindrical  in  section.  Flower-heads  small,  with  3-4 
golden  rays  nearly  i  inch  long.  The  flower-cluster  one- 
sided. 2-3  feet  high.  In  dry  sandy  soil.  Me. .  south,  and 
west  to  N.  Y.,  Ky.,  and  Tex. 

Very  common  in  swamps  :  with  stout 
q\^  l"od  stem  (angled  in  section)  and  spreading 
Solidago  patula^rsinches.  The  large,  rough,  fine-toothed, 
August-  feather-veined    leaves    smooth    beneath. 

October  Flower-clusters  small ;    the   rather   large 

flowers  with  obtuse  green  scales  and  small  rays.  Me. , 
south  to  Ga..  and  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

An  exceedingly  hairy  or  rough  golden- 
*  "^  "  rod,  very  common  on  wooded   roadsides 

Golden=rod  ^^^  margins  of  fields.  Leaves  dark  green , 
Solidago  feather-veined,   very  hairy,    and    deeply 

rugoaa  toothed.     Stem  hairy,  straight,  cylindri- 

^"^^  cal,   and  thickly   set  with   leaves.      The 

flower-clusters  small,  weak  in  color,  and 
terminating  several  branches  also  thickly  set  with  leaf- 
lets ;  the  flower-heads  light  golden  yellow  ;  6-9  rays  and 
4-7  tubular  florets.  The  plant  often  branched  like  an 
elm  at  the  top,  but  presenting  a  variety  of  forms.  1-7 
feet  high.  Dry  ground  everywhere. 
Eltn^leaved  ^  ^^^®  species  with  but  few  differences, 

Golden=rod  viz.:  Stem  slender,  smooth  or  woolly  at 
Solidago  the  summit,  leaves  thin,  pointed,  and  ta- 

ulmifoUa  pering  toward  the   base.      Flowers  with 

about  four  deep  yellow  rays,  the  scales  long  lance- 
shaped.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  in  low  moist  copses 
or  woods,  from  Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn..  Mo., 
and  Tex. 

4/8 


Solidd^go    pugosa^. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositas. 


A^mooth  species  common  in  swamps  in 
Qolde'n-rod  *^^®  north.  The  upper  leaves  long  lance- 
Solidago  shaped,  few-veined,  and  nearly  toothless, 

neglecta  the  lower  ones  sharply  toothed,  broader, 

August-  and  tapering  to  a  stem.     The  flower  elus- 

ep  em  er  ^^^^  rather  thick  and  short,  with  crowded 
flowers  of  3-8  small  rays.  2-4  feet  high.  Me.,  south  to 
Md..  and  west  to  Wis.  and  111. 

A  common  and  very  graceful  species  : 
Go?den=rod  *^"®  ^^  ^^^^  earliest  golden-rods,  with  very 
SoUdago  light  golden  yellow  flowers  having  5-7 

arguta  •  large  rays  and  small,  light  green,  obtuse 

J"'y-  scales.     The  flower-cluster  plumelike  and 

ep  em  er  reclining.  The  stem  angled,  smooth,  and 
angular  in  section,  sometimes  ruddy  brown.  Leaves 
deep  green,  indistinctly  feather-veined,  large,  thin,  and 
sharply  coarse-toothed,  generally  elliptical  lance-shaped, 
the  upper  ones  nearly  if  not  quite  toothless.  2-4  feet 
high.  Copses  and  rich  thin  woods,  from  N.  H.,  south 
to  Va. ,  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 

Another  very  common,  slender  species 
Golden=rod  often  found  in  companj^  with  tlie  forego- 
Solidagojnnrea  ing  and  blooming  a  little  later.  Leaves 
July-  smooth,  yellow  olive  green,  and  slightly 

September  three-ribbed,  the  upper  ones  toothless,  the 
lower  broad  lance-shaped,  with  sharp  and  spreading 
teeth  ;  a  tiny  leaf- wing  grows  at  either  side  of  each  leaf- 
stem.  The  flower-clusters  are  spread  somewhat  like  an 
elm  in  larger  plants  ;  but  in  the  smaller  ones  they  are 
one-sided.  The  golden  yellow  flowers  about  ^  inch  long, 
with  8-12  small  rays.  2-4  feet  high.  On  dry  rocky 
banks  and  roadsides.  Me.,  south  toN.  Car.,  west  to  Mo. 
A  common  but  by  no  means  a  late-flow- 
Qolden=rod  ®""S  golden-rod,  generally  distinguished 
SoUdago  for  the  plumlike  lilac  bloom  (but  some- 

nerotina  times  light  green)  of  its  straight,  smooth, 

August-  dignified  stem,  which  is  perfectly  cylindri- 

October  ° .  ^.        '  -.  -^  -  ,    •    , 

cat  in  section.    Leaves  dark  green,  plainly 

three-ribbed,  smooth,  and  toothed  only  along  the  upper 

half  of  the  edge,  narrow  and  sharp-pointed.     The  stems 

of  the  flower-heads  are  covered  with  tiny  white  hairs ; 

480 


•<r 


4  . 

it 


:    t 


Eanly  Golden-rod 


Solidago  juncea. 


»^& 


White  Golden-pod. 
SolidAso  bicolon 


L^te  Golden-rod. 
5olida.go  scroti n 3.. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


the  flowers  small,  light  golden  yellow,  7-15  long  raj^s. 
The  flower-cluster  is  generally  cylindrical,  but  bending 
at  the  top  of  the  unbranched  stem.  3-7  feet  high,  but 
seldom  tall.     Copses  and  dry  roadsides,  everywhere. 

A  tall,  stout,  coarse  species  with  lance- 
Q^l  ^=  d  shaped,  dull  olive  green,  sharply  toothed, 
SoUdago  triple-ribbed  leaves,  rough  above,  a  trifle 

Canadensis  woolly  beneath,  and  tapering  to  a  point  at 
Golden  yellow    either  end,  the  uppermost  leaves  nearly 

iigus  -  toothless.  The  flower-heads  are  small,  with 

October 

5-15  short  rays  ;  the  greenish  golden  yel- 
low clusters  plumelike  and  large,  but  not  striking.  3-7 
feet  high.  Common  everywhere  (except  at  the  seaside) 
in  copse  borders  and  on  roadsides  in  dry  situations. 
Quite  variable  ;  the  var.  j^rocera  with  slightly  toothed  or 
toothless  leaves  rather  gray- woolly  beneath,  and  the  var. 
scobi'ci  (N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  south)  also  with  leaves  sparingly 
toothed  or  toothless,  very  rough  above  and  hairj-veined 
beneath,  the  flower-heads  somewhat  larger. 

„  One  of    the  most    brilliant  of   all  the 

Gray 

Golden-rod  golden-rods.     A  rather  low,  late-flowering 

Solidago  species  remarkable  for  its  rich  deep  golden 

nemoralis  yellow  flowers  and  its  simple,  unbranched, 

ugust-  green-gray  stem,  winch  with  the  leaves  is 

October  ^  *',.,.  .  ,    ,     .  ..., 

covered  with  minute  grayish  hairs.     The 

leaves  are  three-ribbed,  dull  olive  green,  rough,  thick, 
dull-toothed,  and  generally  broad  lance-shaped,  some- 
what wider  at  the  farther  end,  the  lower  ones  tapering 
to  a  stem  ;  little  leaflets  are  on  either  side  of  the  bases  of 
the  larger  leaves.  Flowers  with  5-9  rays,  the  cluster 
generally  forming  a  thickly  set  one-sided  plume.  6-25 
inches  high.  Common  everywhere,  beside  sandy  roads 
and  in  dry  pastures,  except  at  the  seaside. 
H    d=l        d  "^  ^^^^  common  species  distinguished  for 

Golden=rod  i^s  spreading,  ftat-topped  cluster,  which  is 
Solidago  usually    quite    thick.      The    stout,    leafy 

rigida  stem  is  covered  with  dense  fine  hairs  ;  the 

o"t^  b*  ~  rough,  thick,  narrowly  oval  leaves,  feath- 

er-veined and  extremelj^  I'igid,  the  upper 
ones  broad  at  the  base  and  clasping  at  the  stem,  tooth- 
less or  nearly  so.     The  large  flower-heads  with  about  80 
482 


I 


'T^jf% 


^?^2 


Canada  Golden-Pod.  \ISolidagoCanadensi 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


tubular  florets  and  6-10  large  rays.  2-5  feet  high.  Dry- 
soil,  Mass.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mmn.  and  S.  Dak. 

A  slightly  fragrant  species,  distinctly  dif- 
Go"den=rod  ferent  from  all  the  foregoing.  The  very 
SoUdago  small  flowers  in  a.  flat-topped  cluster,  and 

lanceolata  the  verij small,  toothless,  lance-shaped,  nar- 

ortobeV^^*^'^  row  wiUowhke,  light  green  leaves  with  3-5 
ribs  and  very  rough  edges.  The  stem  is 
straight,  angular  in  section,  with  the  ridges  minutely 
rough,  and  terminates  in  a  thin,  wiry-branched  flower- 
cluster  not  at  all  showy  in  color  ;  the  tiny  flower-heads 
in  small  crowded  groups  ;  12-20  minute  rays.  2-4  feet 
high.  On  river-banks,  borders  of  damp  woods,  or  in 
moist  situations,  everywhere. 

Slender  -^  Somewhat  similar,  resinously  fragrant 

Goiden=rod  species  ;  the  difference  apparent  in  the 
Soiidago  slenderer,   smoother    stem  and  tlie  very 

tenuifoha  narrow,  linear,  dotted  leaves,  commonly 

one-ribbed.  The  tiny  flower-heads,  with  6-12  rays,  in 
numerous  groups  of  2-3,  forming  a  flat-topped  cluster 
15-18  inches  high.  In  dry  sandy  soil  mostly  near  the 
coast.     Mass.,  south,  and  west  to  111, 

The  genus  Aster,  named  from  ddrr'/p,  a  star,  is  a  varied 
and  beautiful,  late-flowering  tribe  which,  with  SoUdago, 
monopolizes  the  roadsides  and  bj'ways  in  autumn.  The 
species  are  distinguished  apart  in  much  the  same  way  as 
in  SoUdago.  The  ray-florets  are  pistillate,  the  tubular 
florets  (upon  the  disc)  perfect,  with  a  flve-parted  yellow 
corolla,  which  with  age  turns  dull  magenta.  Fertilized 
mostly  by  honeybees,  bumblebees,  and  the  beelike  flies. 
All  the  asters  yield  an  abundance  of  nectar. 

A  small  white  aster,  not  showy  but  com- 

•     \^^  ^^^  ^     mon  in  thin  woods.     The  stem  is  rather 

land  Aster 

Aster  smooth,  a  trifle  zig-zagged,  and  quite  slen- 

(leraricatns        der ;  the  olive  green  leaves  are  coarsely 

White  toothed,    slender-stemmed,   heart-shaped, 

OctobTr*'^'^         sharp-pointed,   and  smooth.     The    white 

flowers,  as  broad  as  a  "  nickel,"'  have  only 

6-9  rays  :  the  disc-flowers  tarn  madder  purple  with  age. 

1-2  feet  high.     Me..  soiUh  to  Ga.,  and  west. 

J 

484 


La.nce-le&ved  Golden-rod. 


Soli  dago  UnceoUtd.. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


Large=Ieaved 
Aster 

Aster 

macrophyllus 
Lilac 
August- 
September 


A  stout,  stiff,  purplish-stemmed  species 
with  few,  rough,  large,  4-8  inches  long, 
closely  toothed,  basal  leaves,  the  upper 
ones  ovate,  almost  stemless,  and  sharp, 
pointed.  Flowers  about  an  inch  broad, 
with  10-16  bluish  lilac,  or  rarel}'  lilac- white, 
rays  ;  disc-fiowers  turning  madder  brown 
with  age.  2-3  feet  high.  Common  in  damp  thin  woods 
or  on  dry  banks.  Me.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  west  to  Minn. 
Show  Aster  ^  ^^^^  handsome  species  found  only 
Aster spectahilis''^^^^  ^^1®  coast,  with  but  few  showy,  deep 
Violet  blue- violet  flowers  about  as  broad  as  a  fifty- 

August-  cent  piece,  with  15-25  rays  often  |  inch 

October  long.      The    olive    green    leaves,    mostly 

toothless,  are  oblong  lance-shaped  and  rough.  The  stiff, 
generally  simple  stem,  1-2  feet  high,  is  slightly  rough 
below.      Sandy  soil.     Mass.  to  Del. 

A  low  slender  species  with  few  large, 
violet-blue  flowers  and  a  rough  stem  and 
leaf,  the  latter  dark  green,  stemless,  sharply 
toothed,  strongly  veined,  and  oblong  lance- 
shaped.  The  upper  leaves  closely  clasp  the 
stem.  The  flowers  with  about  22  rays 
nearly  |  inch  long.  1-2  feet  high.  In  wet  situations 
and  moist  shady  copse  borders.  Me.,  south  to  Del.  and 
the  Pocono  Mts.,  Pa. ,  generally  near  the  coast.  A  dwarf 
form,  var.  striciii^,  has  nearly  entire  leaves  and-usually 
solitary  flowers  ;  White  Mountains,  N.  K. 

A  familiar  and  common  species  with 
numerous  handsome  flowers  about  an  inch 
broad,  which  vary  from  light  violet  to 
light  purple  or  white,  and  in  the  var. 
roseus  to  magenta.  The  stem  stout, 
branched,  and  rough ;  the  olive  green, 
soft- hairy  leaves  lance-shaped,  toothless, 
thin,  and  clasping  the  stem  by  a  broad 
base  rounded  at  either  side.  The  flowers,  rarely  larger 
than  a  silver  quarter,  have  usually  30-40  narrow  rays, 
and  terminate  the  branches  in  large  clusters.  2-6  feet 
high  or  higher.  Frequently  cultivated  ;  common  north- 
ward, and  south  to  S.  Car. 

486 


Rough=Ieaved 
Aster 

Aster  radula 
Violet 
August- 
September 


New  England 
Aster 

Aster 

Novce-Angliai 
Purple  or 
magenta 
August- 
October 


MewEngldndAsten         Aster  Novae  Angliae. 


Astep  spectabilis  Astep  raduU. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositae, 


Spreading 
Aster 

Aster  pat  ena 
Light  violet 
purple 
August- 
October 


Wavy=leaved 
Aster 

Aster 
undulatus 
Light  violet 
September- 
October 


A  common  species  on  dry  ground,  with 
ovate-oblong,  stemless  leaves,  heart-shaped 
at  the  base  and  clasping  the  main  stem, 
toothless  or  nearly  so,  but  rough  on  the 
edge  and  on  tlie  upper  surface.  Stem 
rough-hairy,  slender,  and  widely  branched. 
Flowers  with  20-30  light  violet-purple  rays 
nearly  \  inch  long,  and  spreading,  pointed,  green  tips 
beneath.  1-3  feet  high.  In  dry  open  places,  from  Mass., 
south,  and  west  to  northern  N.  Y.  and  Minn. 

An  aster  easily  recognized  by  its  remark- 
able broad-stemmed  leaf,  which  is  heart- 
shaped  where  it  clasps  the  plant-stem  ; 
some  leaves  are  pointed  heart-shaped,  and 
the  upper  ones  have  an  undulating  mar- 
gin. Stems  stiff  and  very  rough.  Flow- 
ers light  blue-violet,  with  9-15  rays.  1-3 
feet  high.  In  dry  places  and  on  shaded  roadsides.  Com- 
mon everywhere. 

A   familiar,   smcdl-floicered    aster    with 

ear  =  eave       variable   leaves.      Stem   slender,   smooth. 
Aster  '  ' 

Aster  ^^'^  much  branched  ;  the  light  green  leaves 

cordifolius  rough  or  fine-hairy,  and  usually  pointed 

Lilac  or  lighter  heart-shaped  with  large  sharp  teeth;  the 
upper  ones  short-stemmed  or  stejnless, 
ovate  or  lance-shaped.  The  lilac  or  blue- 
lavender  flowers,  about  f  inch  broad,  with  10-20  rays, 
are  crowded  in  dense  clusters  like  those  of  the  lilac  ;  the 
disc-florets  turn  magenta  or  madder  purple  with  age. 
This  aster  presents  a  great  variety  of  forms  ;  there  is  one 
among  the  foothills  of  the  White  Mountains,  Campton 
and  Plymouth,  scarcely  8  inches  high,  with  white  flow- 
ers and  smooth,  narrow,  lance-shaped  leaves  ;  the  estab- 
lished var.  Furbishice  (Fern aid)  is  distinguished  for  its 
long  soft-hairy  stem  and  leaf -stalks,  the  leaves  somewhat 
so  beneath  ;  northern  Maine.  Also  Dr.  Britton  recog- 
nizes several  other  varieties.  1-4  feet  high.  Common 
everywhere. 


September- 
October 


48S 


I 


Heart-leaved  Aster. 


Aster  cordifolius. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositas. 


Arrow-leaved 
Aster 

Aster 

sagittifoUus 
Light  violet 
August- 
October 


Smooth  Aster 

Aster  loevis 
Light  violet 
September- 
October 


A  rather  northern  species.  The  stem 
stiff,  erect,  and  with  nearly  upright 
branches.  The  light  olive  green  leaves 
thin,  broad  lance-shaped,  and  sparingly 
toothed  toward  the  top  of  the  stem,  but 
somewhat  arrow-shaped  lower  down.  The 
small,  light  violet  flowers  are  not  showy  ; 
there  are  10-14  rays  about  \  inch  long.  2-4  feet  high. 
In  dry  soil.  Me.,  south  to  K}-.,  west  to  Pa.,  and  N.  Dak. 
Variable  but  handsome,  with  light  violet 
or  paler  blue- violet  flowers  about  an  inch 
broad,  and  nearly  if  not  entirely  toothless, 
smooth,  light  green  leaves,  lance-shaped, 
stemless,  and  clasping  the  plant-stem  with 
a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base.  The  flowers  with  15-30 
rays.  Stem  2-4  feet  high,  smooth,  and  sometimes  cov- 
ered with  a  light  bloom.  Dry  soil,  roadsides,  and  bor- 
ders of  woods  ;  common  everywhere. 

A  tiny  white  aster  common  in  southern 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania. 
Stem  generally  smooth  and  closely  set 
above  with  tiny,  heathlike,  linear,  light 
green  leaves,  the  few  basal  ones  blunt 
lance-shaped  and  slightly  toothed  ;  all  are 
rather  rigid.  The  tiny  white  flowers  with 
yellow  discs  are  like  miniature  daisies  ;  there  are  16-24 
narrow  rays  sometimes  lightly  tinted  with  magenta. 
This  aster  has  spread  beyond  its  original  limits  through 
cultivation  by  bee-keepers  :  its  yield  of  nectar  is  large, 
and  it  is  an  especial  favorite  of  the  honeybee.  1-3  feet 
high.  Common  in  dry  fields  and  on  roadsides,  from  Me. , 
south,  and  west  from  south  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Ky. 

Another  tiny-flowered  aster,  with  hairy. 
Many =f lowered  Qfj-gj^  brownish  stems.  The  tiny,  linear, 
light  green  leaves  are  fine-hairy  or  rough. 
The  dense  flower-clusters  are  crowded 
with  white  or  lilac-white  flowers  scarcely 
I  inch  broad,  with  12-20  rays.  Stems 
bushy.  1-4  feet  high.  Common  in  dry 
open  places,  from  southern  N.  Eng.,  soutli 
and  west.     Rare  in  Me.,  and  absent  in  northern  N.  H= 


Michaelmas 
Daisy  or 
Heath  Aster 

Aster  ericoides 
White 
September 
November 


Aster 
Aster 

multiflorus 
White  or 
lilac=white 
September- 
November 


490 


Aster    enicoides. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositas. 


Bushy  Aster 

Aster  dumosjis 
White  or 
lilac=white 
August- 
October 


Small  White 

Aster 

Aster  lu'iniiiex 
White 
August- 
September 


A  similar  species  with  fine  linear  leaves, 
and  loose-flowering  branches,  the  stem 
slightly  fine-h.airy,  and  sometimes  brown- 
ish, or  the  wiiole  plant  quite  smooth. 
The  little  flowers,  with  15-25  white  or  pale 
lilac  rays,  are  rather  larger  than  those  of 
the  next  species.  1-3  feet  high.  Dry  sandy  soil.  Mass., 
and  Conn.,  south  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Mo. 

A  white-flowered  species  with  larger 
linear,  or  narrow  lance-shaped  leaves,  the 
largest  ones  slightly  sharp-toothed.  Stem 
and  leaves  nearly  if  not  quite  smooth,  the 
stem  often  reddish,  its  branches  almost 
horizontal.  The  tiny  flowers  with  numer- 
ous white  rays.  The  flowering  branches  very  short,  and 
minutely  leafy.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  in  moist  places 
and  on  river-banks,  from  southern  N.  Eng.,  south,  and 
west  to  Minn. ,  and  Ark.  The  var.  foliolosus  is  very  leafy 
and  the  branches  turn  upward;  the  linear  leaves  are 
toothless,  and  nearly  2  inches  long.  The  flowers  in  a 
very  loose  cluster.  2-5  feet  high.  From  Jaffrey,  N.  H., 
south  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Mo. 

An  exceedingly  common  and  variable 
species,  with  a  smooth,  slender,  sometimes 
magenta-stained  stem,  witli  stragglijig 
branches.  The  light  green,  lance-shaped 
leaves  sparingly  toothed,  and  larger  than 
any  of  those  of  the  species  immediately  pre- 
ceding. The  little  flowers  scarcely  ^  inch  across,  with 
numerous  light  purple  or  lilac  or  white  raj^s  :  the  disc- 
florets a  deeper  purple.  1-5  feet  high.  In  dry  fields,  and 
copses.  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  La. 
A  slender-stemmed,  much-branched 
white  aster,  w4th  numerous  flowers  about 
I  inch  broad,  and  with  long  lance-shaped 
leaves,  the  lower  ones  slightly'  toothed, 
smooth  on  both  sides,  thin,  and  tapering 
to  a  sharp  point.  The  small  flowers  with 
white  or  lilac-white  rays  clustered  about 
the  short  upwai'd-turned  branches.  2-4  feet  high.  In 
wet  fields  and  swamps.  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Minn. 

4-02 


Calico  Aster 

Aster  diffnsm 
Light  purple 
or  white 
August- 
October 


Tradescant's 
Aster 

Aster 

Tradescduti 
White 
August- 
October 


New  York  Aster. 
Aster  Novi-Bclaii. 


Tradescants  Aster. 
Astep  Tradescanti. 


COMPOSiTE  FAMILY.     Compositas. 


A  very  tall  species  with  white  or  lilac- 
white  flowers  a  trifle  larger  than  a '  'nickel,' 
borne   in   somewhat  flat- topped,  loose  or 
scattered  clusters  ;  the  leaves  dark  green, 
very   nearly   if    not    quite   smooth,   long 
lance-shaped,  and  obscureh^  toothed  ;  the 
upper  ones  toothless.     The  stout,  much- 
branched  stem  is  3-8  feet  high.     Common  on  low  moist 
ground  and  borders  of  copses,  in  half  shade,  everywhere. 
A  northern  species  with  remarkably  nar- 
row,   toothless  (or  nearly  so)   leaves  3-8 
inches  long,  and  pale  violet  or  light  purple 
flowers  as  large  as  a  silver  quarter.     The 
flower-envelop  is  encircled  with  many  lit- 
tle acute  scales  strongly  curled  backward. 
1-3  feet  high.    In  swamps  and  low  ground. 
Northern  N.  Eng.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mont. 

Flowers  large  pale  violet,  lilac  or  blue- 
violet,  with  15-24  rays,  nearly  ^  inch 
long.  The  stemless,  usually  toothless  light 
green  leaves  are  thin,  long,  and  smooth,  or 
the  small  upper  ones  clasping  the  stem, 
the  lower  very  slightly  toothed.  10-35 
inches  high.  Gray  calls  this  the  "com- 
monest late-flowered  aster  of  the  Atlantic 
border,  and  very  variable  "  ;  but  through- 
out New  Hampshire  ^4.  puniceus  is  far  commoner.  The 
variations  of  .4.  JSovi-Belgii  are— var.  Icevigatus,  smooth 
throughout,  with  the  upper  leaves  clasping  the  stem  by 
an  abrupt  base  ;  N.  Eng.  and  east. :  var.  litoreus,  rigid, 
low,  with  thick,  smooth  leaves,  the  upper  ones  clasping  the 
stem  by  a  heart-shaped  base  ;  salt  marshes  south  to  Ga. 
A  northern  species.  The  upper  part  of 
the  stem  is  hairy  in  lines,  and  occasionall}' 
brownish  ;  the  rough  (but  smooth  beneath), 
ovate  lance-shaped  leaves  are  contracted  at 
the  base  to  a  long  wide-stemlike  figure 
finally  heart-shaped  at  the  plant-stem.  The  flowers, 
about  as  large  as  a  silver  quarter,  are  pale  violet  or 
nearly  lilac-white.  1-3  feet  high.  Margins  of  woods  and 
banks  of  streams.    Newfane,  Vt.  to  Pa.,  Iowa,  and  Wis. 


Panicled 
White  Aster 

Aster 

paniculatus 
White 
August- 
October 


Long^^leaved 
Aster 

Aster 
longifoUus 
Light  violet 
August- 
October 


New  York  Aster 
or  Willow= 
leaved  Blue 
Aster 

Aster  Novi- 
Belgii 
Lilac  or 
blue=violet 
August- 
October 


Aster 

prenanthoides 
Pale  violet 
September- 
October 


494 


Purple-stemmed  Aster. 


Astep  puniceus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


A  common  species  with  usually  madder 
stemmed  Aster i^"''-^^^  ^^^"^'  I'ough-hairy  and  stout.  The 
Aster puniceus  light  green  leaves,  lance-shaped  or  nar- 
Light  purple  rower,  sparingly  and  coarsely  toothed, 
August-  clasp  the  upper  branches.      Flowers  about 

the  size  of  a  silver  quarter  or  larger, 
light  violet  or  light  lilac-purple  with  20-24  rays,  the 
tubular  florets  yellow.  3-7  feet  high.  In  moist  places 
and  swamps  everywhere,  and  quite  variable  ;  var.  com- 
pactus  (Fernald)  is  stout,  hairy,  the  thick  leaves  a  trifle 
diamond- shaped  but  very  narrow,  coarsely  toothed.  The 
flowers  compactly  clustered;  West  Somerville,  Mass., 
also  New  Haven,  Conn.  Ysir.firmus,  with  smooth,  green 
stem,  slightly  rough  above.  Var.  lucididus  smooth,  with 
lance-sliaped  toothless  (nearly  so),  shining  leaves, 

A  common  aster  in  moist  thickets,  and 
^  ,  \,  ,  the  borders  of  damp  woods.     With  few 

umbel  la  tus  i  •   i 

Y^jjj^g  narrow  white   rays  which   are  generally 

curved  backward.  The  flowers  are  borne 
in  flat-topped  clusters.  The  small  flowers  numerous  but 
not  showy,  the  tubular  florets  purpling  with  age.  The 
veiny  leaves,  long  lance-shaped  and  sparingly  toothed, 
extend  to  the  top  of  the  plant.  2-7  feet  high.  Com- 
mon northward  in  shaded  and  moist  places. 

A  small  species  with  linear  leaves,  one- 
linariifolius  "bbed,  rough-edged,  without  teeth,  and 
Light  violet  rigid.  The  rather  large  solitary  flowers 
September-  light  violet  or  rarely  lilac-white.  1-2  feet 
October  high.     Common  ever}^ where  in  dry  situ- 

ations. 

A  low  u'oodland  species  with  large, 
w  rt  A^t^^  scrawny  flowers  having  10-16  narrow 
Aster  white  or  lilac-white  rays,  and  generally 

acniniriafus  magenta  tubular  florets.  The  large,  sharp- 
White  or  pointed,  coarse-toothed  dark  green  leaves, 
I  ac=w  1  e  thin,  and  broad  lance-shaped,  tapering  to 
September         both  ends,  often  arranged  nearly  in  a  circle 

beneath  the  few  long-stemmed  flowers. 
10-16  inches  high.  In  cool  rich  woods.  Me.  and  N.  Y., 
south  in  the  mountains  to  Ga.    In  the  White  Mountains. 


496 


^\L;^'-",    (\ 


Aster  Acuminatus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositse. 


Aster 

tenuifoUus 
Lilac=purple 
September- 
October 


A  species  confined  to  tlie  salt  marshes  of 
the  coast  from  Massachusetts  southward. 
Stem  very  smooth  and  generally  zig- 
zagged. The  few  leaves  long  linear,  taper- 
ing to  both  ends,  toothless,  and  thick  or 
fleshy.  The  rather  large  flowers  an  inch  broad  or  more, 
lilac-purple  or  paler,  borne  on  a  generally  simple  or 
slightly  branched  stem.     8-25  inches  high. 

,    ,  ,  A  species  similarly  confined.    The  leaves 

Aster  subiilaf us  ,.  ,  ,  ,  ,  .  ,     ^ 

Pale  purple        linear   lance-shaped,   toothless,   and   flat, 

August-  those  on  the  branches  very  small  and  awl- 

October  shaped.     The   numerous,  very  small  pale 

purple  flowers  with  very  short  rays  scarcely  extending 
beyond  the  disc  ;  the  disc-florets  purplish.  6-24  inches 
high.     N.  H.  and  Mass.  to  Va. 

A  very  common  annual  iveed,  and  the 
most  unattractive  member  of  the  genus. 
The  white  and  green  flower-heads  are  ex- 
tremely small,  \  inch  long ;  the  rays  do 
not  spread,  but  connect  in  the  form  of  a 
cylinder.  The  dark  green  leaves  are  lin- 
ear, remotely  toothed  or  toothless,  and  the  upper  ones 
are  often  cut-lobed.  The  bristly  hairy  stem  is  1-7  feet 
high.     In  barnyards  and  waste  places  everywhere. 

An  annual  and  asterlike  species  with 
a  spreading  -  haired  stem  and  coarsely 
toothed,  lance-shaped  leaves,  the  lower 
ones  broader.  The  white  or  pale  lilac 
flower-heads  are  about  |  inch  broad,  with 
a  green-yellow  disc.  1-4  feet  high.  A 
common  weed  northward  in  waste  places. 
Me.,  west  to  S»  Dak.,  and  south  to  Va, 

A  singular  common  species  ;  the  hairs  not 
spreading  but  close  to  the  stem.  The  light 
green  leaves  are  linear  and  toothless  or 
nearly  so,  the  lower  ones  broad  at  the  tip. 
The  little  daisy  like  flowers  are  ^  inch 
broad,  with  a  large  green  yellow  disc  ;  oc 
casionally  the  white  rays  are  lilac-tinged,  and  sometimes 
they  are  extremely  short  or  altogether  absent.  1-2  feet 
high.     Common  in  fields  and  on  roadsides  everywhere 

498 


Horseweed  or 
Butterweed 

Erigeron 
Co'iadensis 
White=green 
June-October 


Sweet  Scabius 
or  Daisy 
Fleabane 

Erigeron 
annuus 
White  or  lilac 
June- 
September 


Daisy  Fleabane 

Erigeron 
strigosus 
White 
May- 
September 


orseweed. 


Erigepon  Ca^nadensis. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


Robin's 
Plantain 

Krigeron 
bellidtfulhi. 
Lilac  or 
pale  violet 
May-June 


A  rather  large-flowered  plant  which  is 
frequently  coaimunistic,  tinting  the  road- 
side or  tield  with  its  delicate  lilac.  The 
light  olive  green  stem  and  leaves  are  very 
soft-hairy,  the  basal  leaves  broad  at  the 
tip  and  indistinctly  toothed.  The  showy 
flowers,  1  inch  broad,  vary  from  lilac  or 
magenta  to  a  violet-purple  ;  the  somewhat  green-yellow 
disc  is  broader  than  the  fine  rays  are  long.  Fertilized 
by  bumblebees  and  honeybees  (the  most  frequent  visitors) 
and  butterflies.  10-22  inches  high.  Common  every- 
where. 

Common  ^  similar  but  taller  plant  with  light  ma- 

Fleabane  genta  or  pale  pink  flowers  and  a  soft-hairy 

Erigerun  (rarely  smooth)  stem  ;  1-2  feet  high.    Com- 

Philadelphicus    ^^^j^  throughout  our  range,  but  less  fre- 
quent than  E.  beUidifolius,  and  blooming  to  August. 

A  small  plant  with  short  white  hairs ; 
the  three-ribbed  basal  leaves  broad  near 
the  tip,  the  stalks  nearly  as  long  as  the 
leaf.  Upper  stem  leaves  lance-shaped. 
The  linear  scales  of  the  small,  J  inch  long 
flower-head  are  green  or  tawny  at  the 
base,  and  white  or  purplish  at  the  tip.  The  outer  bracts 
blunt  and  the  inner  ones  acute.  4-18  inches  high. 
Mass.,  south  to  La.,  and  west.  The  var.  petiolata  is 
lower  and  slenderer,  with  ovate,  blunt-pointed  basal 
leaves  on  slender,  long  stalks.  The  calyx  is  more  pur- 
ple-tinged, with  the  bracts  shorter  and  narrower.  A 
familiar  type  of  southern  N.  Eng.,  very  common  in  east- 
ern Mass.  on  dry  slopes  and  open  woods  ;  also  in  dry 
fields  of  southern  N.  H. 

A  species  with  larger  flower-heads.    The 
basal  leaves  gray  soft-hairy  above,  and  the 
greenish  or  tawny  scales  of  the  calyx  have 
rather  dry  petallike    tips.     Northern  N. 
Eng.,  south  to  La.,  and  west. 


Everlasting 
or  Pussy=toes 

Antennaria 
plcditaginea 
White 
May-June 


Antennaria 

fallax 

May-June 


500 


#%^#^-'% 


lobins  Pl&ntd-in  Erigepon    bellidifoliu 


Common  Fleabane 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositas. 


A  slender  -  stenimed  and  exceedingly 
neodwica  woollij  plant  With  very  leafy  basal  shoots. 

May-middle  The  basal  leaves  about  1  inch  long,  blunt 
July  at  the  tip  but  with  an  abrupt  sharp  point, 

one-ribbed  or  indistinctly  three  -  ribbed  ;  stem  -  leaves 
small  and  narrow.  The  flower-bracts  with  green  or 
tawny  bases  and  dry  tips,  the  outer  ones  short  and  ob- 
tuse, the  inner  acutish  or  blunt.  6-16  inches  high.  On 
wooded  slopes  and  dry  shady  places.  Me.  to  Va. ,  and  Wis. 
Antennaria  ^'^®  commonest  species  of  southern  New 

neglecta  England  (also  in  Franconia,   N.  H.,  and 

April-  Farmington,   Me.).     A  small   plant  with 

early  May  slender  stem  and  runners.    The  one-ribbed 

basal  leaves  (at  first  silky-hairy  above,  but  soon  smooth) 
wedge-shaped  or  blunt  lance-shajied,  and  indistinctly 
stalked  ;  the  few  stem-leaves  linear.  The  head  of  the 
pistillate  plant  |  inch  long,  with  linear  bracts  greenish, 
brownish,  or  purplish  below,  and  white  at  the  tip.  8-12 
inches  high.  Dry  barren  fields  and  sunny  hillsides.  N. 
Eng.,  south  to  Wash.,  D.  C,  and  west. 

A  common  species  with  small  linear 
Antennaria        j^^^^  _  gj^aped    leaves  ;     the    clear    green, 

Canadensis  ii*,,  i  ii-i         ,  » 

May-July  smooth  basal  leaves,  shaped  like  those  or 

^4.   iieodioica,   a  trifle    hairy   when  very 

young.     The  white  flower-bracts  with  dry  tips.     6-23 

inches  high.    Hillsides  and  pastures.    Northern  N.  Eng., 

south  to  Mass.,  and  west.    (Vide Rhodor a,  vol.  i.,  p.  150, 

article  by  M.  L.  Fernald.) 

The  most  beautiful  of  the  everlastings ; 

F^^^  ^  the  linear  leaves  are  sage  green  above  and 

Anaphaiis  white  beneath  ;  the  flowers  are  globular, 

marqaritacea     with  miniature  petallike  white  scales  sur- 

^hite  rounding    the    central    j'ellow   staminate 

^"  ^"  flowers,  arranged  not  unlike  the  petals  of 

September  ,.,        ^^  ,.       -i.       ,  ,      i 

a  water-Ill}'.      Cross-fertilized  mostly  by 

moths  and  butterflies,  tliough  many  other  insects  are 
common  visitors.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flo^vers  grow 
on  separate  plants.  The  stem  is  wliite  and  woolly,  ter- 
minated by  a  flat  cluster,  sometimes  6  inches  broad,  of 
close-set  flowers.  1-3  feet  high.  Common  from  Me., 
south  to  S.  Car.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak. 
502 


See  page  498. 

Daisy  Fleabane 


^     Pussy-toes, 
^^w^ntennana  neodioica, 

^Figemn  strigosus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositas. 


A  much  less  beautiful  species,  but  one 
possessing  an  aromatic  odor  resembling 
that  of  slippery  elm.  The  flowers  cream 
white  and  ovoid,  not  expanding  to  the 
water-lily  shape  until  the  seed  is  ripe.  The 
stem  (much  branched  at  the  top)  together 
with  the  linear  leaves  is  velvety-hairy  and 
delicate  sage  green.  12-25  inches  high.  Very  common 
in  dry  open  places  and  stony  pastures  everywhere.  The 
name,  from  the  Greek,  means  a  tuft  of  wool. 

A  similar  fragrant  species,  but  with  a 
leafy,  glandular-sticky  stem,  woolly  and 
nearly  white :  the  leaves  are  a  little 
broader— linear  lance-shaped,  with  a  dense 
woolliness  beneath  ;  they  j^artly  clasp  the 
stem.  Flower-scales  a  yellowish  cream 
white.  2-3  feet  high.  On  dry  or  moist 
open  hillsides  or  banks,  from  Me.  to  Pa.  and  Minn. 

An  insignificant  low  annual  with  white- 
woolly  stem  and  linear,  sharp-pointed 
leaves,  rather  broader  at  the  tip.  Flowers 
tiny,  ovate,  with  brownish  scales.  The 
many-branched  stems  are  3-7  inches  high. 
Common  on  low  ground.  Me.,  south  to 
Va.,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  111. 


Sweet 
Everlasting 

GnaphaUum 
pnlycephahnn 
Cream  'white 
August- 
September 


Clammy 
Everlasting 

Gndphaliuni 
decurrens 
Cream  white 
July- 
September 


Low  or  Marsh 
Cudweed 
GnaphaUum 
uliginosuni 
Brownish 
white 
July- 
September 


One  of  the  tall  picturesque  weeds  char- 
Inula  Heienium  ^cteristic  of  the  Composite  Family.  Leaves 
Deep  yellow  olive  yellow-green,  white-veined,  rough 
July-  above,   fine-hairy   beneath,   toothed,    the 

September  lower  ones  stemmed,  the  upper  ones  part- 
ly clasping  the  plant-stem,  which  is  woolly  and  often 
toned  with  purple-gray.  The  snowy  but  somewhat  dis- 
hevelled flower,  set  amid  flattish  leaflets,  has  many  nar- 
row, curving,  deep  lemon  yellow  ray  florets,  which  are 
pistillate,  and  a  broad  disc  of  central,  tubular,  perfect 
florets,  at  first  yellow,  and  finally  tan  color.  Cross-fer- 
tilized mostly  by  bumblebees,  moths,  and  butterflies. 
Two  or  three  flower-heads  are  grouped  together  at  the 
termination  of  the  stalk.  2-6  feet  high.  Naturalized 
from  Europe  ;  common  northward,  and  south  to  Ga 

504 


\i/^yr^ 


Elecampaine. 


Inula  Helenium. 


Pearly  Everiasting.  Sweet  Everlasting 

Anaphalis  mai^ariUeea.    Qnaphalium  polycephalum. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositas. 


Perhaps  the  tallest  member  of  the  Com 
Great  Ragweed  '  .  r      +  c. 

Ambrosia  posite  group,  not  excepting  Lactuca.  Stem 

trifida  stout,  hah'y  or  nearly  smooth,  and  fiilt d 

Green  with  a  frostlike  pith  ;  leaves  deeply  threc- 

^"'f~    h  lobed  and  sharp- pointed,  the  teeth  irregu- 

lar and  acute.  The  insignificant  small 
flowers  form  a  terminal,  pointed  cluster  (these  are  stami- 
nate),  or  spring  from  between  the  opposite-growing 
leaves  and  the  stem  (these  are  usually  pistillate).  Wil- 
liam Hamilton  Gibson  records  a  ragweed  18  feet  4  inches 
long.  Common  in  moist  soil,  occasional  in  Vt.  and  N.  H. 
A  common  weed  with  remarkably  orna- 
Roman  Worni=  ^^ental,  cut  leaves  resembling  those  of 
wood  or  ,.(•//-.  -^      T-        1    ^        A 

Hogweed  Artemisia   (Composite   Family).     An   an- 

Ambrosia  arte-  nual    with   a   mucli-branched,    fine-hairy 
r?;  isicefolia  stem  and  thin ,  lifeless  light  green ,  dissected 

^''^^"  leaves.     The  slender  spikes  of  the  green 

September         staminate  flowers  are  numerous  and  some- 
what decorative.     The  tiny  fruit  is  fur- 
nished   with    6    short    acute    spines.      1-5    feet    high. 
Troublesome  in  door-yards  and  gardens,  eveiy  where. 
Q^  Like  the  sunflower,   with  perfect  ray- 

Heliojjsis  icevis    ^^^    disc-flow^ers,    the   10    straplike    rays 
Yellow  rather  showj^  ;  the  stem  and  leaves  smooth, 

August-  the  latter  deep  green,  broad  lance-shaped, 

ep  em  er  three-ribbed,  and  toothed,  growing  oppo- 
sitely. 3-5  feet  high.  In  copses.  N.  Y. ,  south,  west  to  111. 
Heliopsis  ^  similar  species,  but  distinguished  by 

scabra  its  rougli  stem  and  leaves,  which  are  less 

June-  narrowly  pointed,  and  its  somewhat  larger 

September  flowers."^   2-4  feet  high.     Me.,  N.  J.  to  111. 

A  showy  western  species  with  handsome 
Black  Sampson  flo^vers  whose  light  or  deep  magenta  petals 
Cone=flower  gi'acefully  droop  and  are  two-toothed  at 
Echinacea  the   tip.     The   disc   is   madder  purple,  its 

purpurea  florets  are  perfect ;  the  ray-flowers  are  pis- 

Magenta  tj^^i-g  b^j^  sterile.     The  five-ribbed,  deep 

September  green    lower    leaves  are   rough,   sharply 

toothed,  and  pointed  ovate:  the  upper  ones 
are  stemless  and  toothless.  Stem  smooth  or  slightly  hairy. 
3-3  feet  high.     Rich  soil,  N.  Y. ,  111. ,  Mich. ,  south  to  Tex. 
506 


Koman  Wormwood. 
Ambrosia  Artemisiaefolia. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositae. 


A  similar  species  with  the  same  magenta 
Echinacea  flowers  and  long  lance-shaped  leaves,  very 

^^  *  *  rough,   without  teeth,   and   three-ribbed. 

The  flowers  are  a  deeper  color  when  they  at  first  expand. 
Rare  on  roadsides  and  fields  in  N.  Eng.,  where  it  has 
come  from  the  west ;  111.  and  Ala.,  west  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  Tex.     The  name  from  £;i;^^o?»  hedgehog. 

A  closelv  allied  species  with  golden  yel- 
Ta!ICone=  ^         r.  ^        .  .  Zi  l     ^ 

flower  ^^^  flowers  whose  rays  droop  ;  the  central 

Rudbeckia  green-j^ellow  cone,  at  first  hemispherical, 

laciniata  is  finally  elongated  and  brown.     Nearly 

Golden  yellow  gmooth,  deep  green  leaves,  the  lowest  com- 
pound, the  intermediate  irregularly  3-5-parted,  the  up- 
permost small  and  elliptical.  Fertilized  mostly  by  the 
bees ;  among  the  bumblebees,  Bombus  separaius  and 
Bombus  americanorimi  are  frequent  visitors.  The  branch- 
ing stems  3-10  feet  high.  In  moist  thickets,  Vt.  and  N. 
Y.,  south  and  west.  Named  for  Professors  Rudbeck. 
Rudbeckia  Flower-disc  purple-brown,  at  first  hemi- 

triloba  spherical,    and    afterward    oblong-ovoid ; 

Golden  yellow  about  8-10  golden  yellow  rays,  deeper  at 
August  ^|-^g  base,  and  somewhat  long-oval.    Upper 

leaves  rough,  thin,  bright  green,  ovate  lance-shaped, 
lower  ones  three-lobed,  tapering  at  the  base,  and  coarsely 
toothed.  Stem  hairy,  much  branched,  and  many-flow- 
ered ;  the  flowers  small,  about  2  inches  broad.  2-5  feet 
high.  On  dry  or  moist  ground.  N.  J.,  south  to  Ga., 
west  to  Mich.,  S.  Dak.,  and  La. 

A  biennial.  The  commonest  eastern  spe- 
Black=Eyed  ^^^^^  although  its  seed  originally  came 
c"ne=f lower  fi'om  the  west  mixed  with  clover  seed. 
Rudbeckia  Both  stem  and  leaves  are  very  rough  and 

hirta  hvistly  ;  the  former  exceedingly  tough,  the 

Deep  golden  latter  dull  olive  green,  lance-shaped,  tooth- 
ye  ow  j^^^  ^^,  nearly  so,  and  scattered  along  the 

rigid  stem  ;  the  lower  leaves  broader  at 
the  tip  and  three-ribbed.  The  deep  gold  yellow  ray- 
flowers  are  neutral  without  stamens  or  pistils  ;  tliey  curl 
backward  ;  the  disc  is  madder  purple,  and  the  tiny  florets 
encircle  it  in  successive  bloom,  creating  a  zone  of  yellow 
when  the  pollen  is  ripe  ;  later  the  stigmas  are  matured. 
508 


lf*i*..      cw         j?*/^ 


Cone-flowen 


Rudbeckia^hiptd. 


Pupple  Cone-flowep/  ^  '^  •        Echinacea,  paillida. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Comoositae. 


annuus 


and  cross-fertilization  takes  place  by  the  agency  of  in- 
sects or  the  wind.  The  smaller  bees  {Halictus),  the 
bumblebee  (Bombus  vagans),  and  the  smaller  butterflies 
are  constant  visitors.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  in  dry 
or  sandy  meadows.  Me. ,  west  to  S.  Dak. ,  and  southward. 
The  common  garden  sunflower  ;  an  an- 
Helianthus  ^^^^  ^i,.j^  generally  three-ribbed  and  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  golden  yellow  flowers, 
1-10  inches  broad.     2-12  feet  high.     Everywhere. 

^  „        ^.  A  tall  species  with  a  rough  dull  magenta 

Tall  Sunflower  ^         lui*.  i  ^  -, 

Helionthus         ^^^"^  ^"^  rough,  bright  green,  lance-shaped 
giganteus  leaves,  i3ointed  and  finely  toothed,  nearly 

Yellow  stemless,  the  upper  ones  quite  stemless, 

August-  ^jj(j  ^Y\  growing  alternatelv,   but  rarely 

September  ^    .  ^         .^  ,         l,'.       ,.    .  ^       ; 

some  growing  oppositeh'.  The  light  yel- 
low flowers  about  2  inches  broad,  with  10-20  rays  ;  the 
disc  dull  yellow,  with  perfect  florets,  and  the  rays  neu- 
tral, that  is,  without  stamens  or  pistil.  3-12  feet  high. 
Common  in  swamps  and  on  the  borders  of  wet  meadows, 
from  Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Neb. 

A  southerly  species  with    many    very 

c    ^.,  small  flowers  1-1  inch  broad.     The  stem 

Sunflower  ~ 

Helianthus         slender  and  generally  branched  ;    leaves 

parviflorus         mostly    Opposite,    broad    lance-shaped. 

Yellow  toothed,  rough,  and  short-stemmed.    Flow- 

l"'r    .-  ers  with  5-10  yellow  rays.     3-6  feet  high. 

September  ^  .       /.   ,  ,  ,      ,        ,  . 

Common  in  thickets  and  on  the  borders  of 

woods.     Pa. ,  south  to  Ga. ,  and  west  to  Mo. 

Woodland  ^  slender,  smooth-stemmed  species  (a 

Sunflower         trifle  fine-hairy  above)  w4th  opposite  lance- 

HeUanthus         shaped,   toothed,   roughish,    three-ribbed, 

drvaricatus        ^^^  nearly  or  quite  stemless  leaves  3-7 

inches  long.    The  yellow  flowers,  2  inches  broad,  are  few 

or  solitar3^     2-5  feet  high.     Common  in  thickets  and  on 

borders  of  woods.     Me.,  south,  and  west  to  Neb. 

A  species  similar  in  aspect,  color,  situa- 

ftflZoms^         tion,  and  time  of  bloom  ;   but  the  stem 

very  smooth  below,  and  often  with  a  bloom ; 

the  leaves  rough  above,  and  pale  (sometimes  minuteh' 

hairy)  beneath.     Flowers  with  5-15  rays.     3-6  feet  high. 

Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  but  mostl}^  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 


™  p\      Ten-petdled  Sunflower. 
II      Helianthus  decapeta^lus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY       Composite, 


A  rather  showy  species  having  10-12 
rays,  with  many  pure  yellow  or  deeper 
yellow  flowers  2-3  inches  broad.  The 
slender  tall  stem  is  rough  abov^e  and 
smooth  below  ;  the  deep  green  leaves  are 
broad  lance-shaped,  a  trifle  rough,  thin, 
and  short-stemmed  ;  they  grow  oppositely. 
2-5  feet  high.  Borders  of  copses  and  low 
Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Mich, 
Found  in  Campton,  N.  H. 

A  species  extensively  grown  for  its  edi- 
ble roots,  now  running  wild  in  fence  rows 
and  roadsides,  Tlie  name  Jerusalem  is  a 
corruption  of  the  Italian  Girasole,  sun- 
flower. Stem  stout  and  rough-hairy  ;  the 
ovate  lance-shaped,  three-ribbed,  rough 
leaves  grow  oppositely  (a  few  upper  ones 
The  golden  yellow  flowers,  sometimes  3 
inches  broad,  have  12-20  rays.  5-12  feet  high.  Damp 
soil.     Me.,  south  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  S.  Dak.  and  Ark. 

An  uninteresting  weed  with  ray  less, 
bristly  flower -heads,  indeterminate  in 
color,  approaching  rusty  green,  surround- 
ed by  little  leaflets  ;  the  branching  stem 
purplish.  Leaves  of  3-5  divisions,  toothed 
and  lance  -  shaped.  Seed-vessels  two- 
pronged  (the  prongs  toothed),  less  than  \  inch  long,  and 
sepia  brown  ;  attaching  readily  to  woolly  animals  or 
clothing.  1-8  feet  high.  Common  everywhere  in  moist 
soil.  The  name,  from  bis  and  dens,  means  two-toothed, 
or  a  kind  of  hoe  with  two  prongs. — Virgil.  The  specific 
name,  from,  frondosiis,  means  ftdl  of  leaves. 

A  species  with  very  narrow  lance-shaped 
smooth  leaves,  coarsely  and  sharply 
toothed.  The  similar,  bristly,  half  globu- 
lar, rusty  flowers  generally  nod  ;  the  rays, 
if  any,  are  short  and  small.  The  seed- 
vessels  are  narrower  and  four-pronged.  6-36  inches 
high.  In  wet  soil.  Me.,  south  to  Va.,  west  to  Mo.  and 
S.  Dak. 


Ten^petaled  or 

Thin=Ieaved 

Sunflower 

Heliiuithus 
decapetaius 
Yellow 
August- 
September 

damp   woods. 


Jerusalem 
Artichoke 

Helianthus 
tuberosus 
Golden  yellow 
September- 
October 

alternatelj). 


Beggar=ticks 
or  Stick=tlght 

Bidens 
fro7idosa 
Rusty  green 
July-October 


Smaller  Bur 
Marigold 

Bidens  cernua 

Yellow 

July-October 


512 


-.J-' 


rusalem  artichoke.         IS  Helianthus  tuberosus 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositas. 


A  more  attractive  species  with  light 
golden  yellow  rays,  which,  Vfhen  perfect, 
are  rather  showy.  The  flowers  sometimes 
over  3  inches  broad.  Leaves  narrow  lance- 
shaped  and  coarsely  toothed.  Seed-ves- 
sels with  2-4  prongs.  10-24  inches  high. 
In  swamps  and  wet  places.  N.  Eng. ,  south , 
and  west  to  Minn.     All  three  species  are  annuals. 

A  nearly  smooth  plant  with  toothed, 
lance-shaped,  alternate  leaves  and  decora- 
tively  handsome  flowers,  1-2  inches  broad, 
with  the  toothed,  golden  yellow  rays 
turned  considerably  backward  ;  the  globu- 
lar disc  is  yellow  and  chaffy,  the  drooping 
petals  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  cross-fertilized  mostly  by 
bees.  2-6  feet  high.  Common  in  wet  meadows  and  on 
river-banks  everywhere. 

A  daisy  like  flower  about  an  inch  broad, 
with  white,  tliree-toothed,  neutral  rays  (i. 
e.,  without  stamens  or  pistils)  and  a  yel- 
low disc,  which  becomes  elongated  with 
age.  The  small  leaves,  cut  and  slashed  to 
absolute  formlessness,  are  remarkable  for 
their  disagreeable  odor  and  acrid  taste  ;  used  in  making 
a  horrible  concoction  called  "chamomile  tea."  8-20 
inches  high.  Common  about  dwellings  and  on  road- 
sides everywhere  ;  a  native  of  Europe. 

A  very  familiar  roadside  weed  adventive 
from  Europe,  with  remarkable  gray  olive 
green,  feathery,  dissected,  stemless  leaves 
of  a  rather  long-oval  outline,  and  pleas- 
antly aromatic,  minute,  grayish  white 
flowers  in  flat-topped  clusters.  The  gray- 
green,  stout,  and  tough  stem  is  fine-hairy.  The  perfect 
disc -florets  are  at  first  yellowish,  but  finally  graj'- 
brown  ;  the  4-6  pistillate  rays  are  white,  or  rarely  crim- 
son-pink. Fertilized  mostly  by  bees  and  the  smaller 
butterflies  ;  chief  among  the  latter  is  the  yellow  Colias 
phiJodice.  1-2  feet  high.  Common  everywhere,  by  the 
wayside  and  in  fields  •  probably  native  in  the  w^est, 
where  it  is  more  fine-hairy  and  less  green. 

514 


Larger  Bur 
Marigold 

Bidens  Chrys- 
anthemoides 
Yellow 
August- 
October 


Sneezeweed 

Helenium 
antnrnnale 
Yellow 
August- 
September 


Mayweed  or 

Chamomile 

Anthemis 

Cotida 

White 

June-October 


Yarrow  or 
Milfoil 

Achillea 
Millefolium 
Gray=white 
June-October 


/ 


m 


Beggap  Ticks. 


Bid ens /rondos A. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositw. 


Oxeye  Daisy 

Chri/santhe- 
muin  Leucan 
them  um 
White 
June- 
September 


Feverfew 

Chrysanthe- 
mum Par- 
thenium 
White 
June- 
September 

from  gardens. 

Tansy 

Tanacetum 
vulgare 


The  commonest  of  all  common  weeds  of 
the  field  and  wayside,  often  called  Farm- 
er's Curse,  yet  a  prime  favorite  with  chil- 
dren and  artists!  The  flower's  form  is  a 
summum  bonum  of  simplicity  and  decora- 
tive beauty.  The  orange-yellow  disc,  de- 
pressed in  the  centre,  is  formed  of  perfect 
flowers ;  the  white  rays  are  pistillate.  The  dark  green 
leaves  are  ornamentally  lobed,  15-25  inches  high.  The 
name,  from  the  Greek,  means  golden  flower. 

A  tall,  branching  species  commonly  cul- 
tivated,  with   small  daisy  like  flowers  in 
generous  clusters  ;  the  stem  smooth,  the 
ornamental  leaves  broad  and  deeply  lobed. 
Flowers  small,  with  large  yellow  discs  of 
perfect  florets.     1-2  feet  high.     Natural- 
ized from  Europe,  and  mostly  an  escape 
Mass.  to  N.  J.,  and  west  to  Wis. 
A  common  weed  naturalized  from  Eu- 
rope, generally  an  escape  from  gardens 
belonging   to   old  dwellings.      The  flatly 
Orange=yellow  clustered  dull  orange-yellow^  flower-heads 

^"  ^"    ,  resemble   those  of    the   daisy   minus  the 

September  ,  .  ,  ^  „      ,         ■■ 

white  rays  ;  inner  florets  perfect  and  mar- 
ginal ones  pistillate.  The  compound,  deep  green  leaves, 
ornamentally  toothed  and  cut,  are  strongly  aromatic. 
18-30  inches  high.  Me.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  S.  Dak. 
A  seaside  weed  with  inconspicuous,  tiny, 
green-yellow  flowers  in  long  slender  clus- 
ters, the  little  flower-heads  mostly  nod- 
ding ;  the  marginal  florets  pistillate,  the 
central  ones  perfect.  The  bitter-tasting, 
long,  linear,  deeply  cut  leaves  with  thread- 
2-5  feet  high.  Me.,  south,  west  to  Neb. 
A  familiar,  uninteresting  weed  natural- 
ized from  Europe,  found  in  all  waste  places 
or  near  old  houses.  The  smr)oth  green 
leaves  deeply  cut,  and  with  lobes  coarsely 
toothed  at  the  tips.  The  inconspicuous  green-yellow 
flowers  erect,  not  nodding,  in  a  simple,  leafy  spike.  1-3 
feet  high.  Me.,  south  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  west  to  Mich. 
516 


Tall 
Wormwood 

Artemisia 
Cauda  t  a 
Green=yellow 
July-August 

like  divisions. 

Mugwort 

Artemisia 
vulgaris 


Feverfew. 


Chrylanthemumleucanthemum.  Chi^santhemum  Pa...henium. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


W  ood  ^  similar  species  with  a  similar  environ- 

or  Absinth  merit.  Leaves  small  and  often  deeply 
Artemisia  subdivided,  covered  with  fine  hairs  so  the 

Absinthium  color  is  a  somewhat  silvery  green.  The 
insignificant  light  yellow-green  flowers  are  gathered  in 
a  scattering  cluster.  The  long  terminal  spikes  are  rather 
dishevelled  and  picturesque.     2-4  feet  high. 

A  delicate,  pure  yellow,  daisy  like  flower 

^•■"i*^*  with  10-14  three-toothed  rays,  found  only 
Armca  .  \, 

Chamissonis  upon  mountain  summits  of  N.   Eng.  and 

Pure  yellow  N.    Y.,   in   moist    situations.      The^  deep 

June-  green   leaves  long  lance-shaped,  slightly 

Septem  er  toothed,  and  stemless  —  at  least  the  upper 

ones.     The  hairy  stem  1-2  feet  high.     Also  in  the  Rocky 

Mountains.  Found  in  Oakes's  Gulf,  Mt.  Washington. 

^  .^  An  earlv  blooming  perennial  with  hand- 

Golden  " 

Ragwort  some  deep  golden  jellow,  daisylike  flow- 

Senecio  aureus  ers  (8-12  rays)  nearly  an  inch  broad,  in 
Deep  gold  terminal  clusters  on  the  grooved,  brown- 

yellow  streaked  stem  ;  the  disc-florets  perfect,  the 

May-July 

rays  pistillate.     The  thick  root-leaves  in 

early  April  resemble  violet  leaves  ;  they  are  small,  heart- 
shaped,  scallop-toothed,  dark  green  above  and  magenta- 
red  beneath  ;  later  tliej"  become  elongated.  The  long 
stem-leaves  more  or  less  deeply  lobed,  the  uppermost 
small  and  clasping  the  plant-stem.  The  plant  is  woolly- 
hairy  when  3'oung.  12-32  inches  high.  Common  in  wet 
meadows  everywhere.  Found  at  Clarendon  Hills,  Mass. 
Senecio  Balsamitce  is  lower,  has  fewer  flowers,  and  the 
basal  leaves  are  oblong,  with  the  ruddy  lower  surfaces 
sometimes  persistently  woollj'.  , 

A  tall,  uninteresting,  annual  weed  with 
Erechtites  generally  smooth,  rank-odored  stem  and 

hieracifoila  leaves.  The  latter  are  thin,  lance-shaped 
White  or  broader,   and    irregularly   toothed    or 

s"  t      h  deeply  incised.     The  stem  is  full  of  sap, 

heavy,  and  grooved ;  the  insignificant 
flowers  are  brush-shaped,  mostly  green  by  reason  of  the 
superior  flower-envelop,  and  tipped  with  the  white  of 
the  tubular,  fertile  florets.  1-7  feet  high.  Common  in 
burned-over  glearings  or  waste  places  eveiy where. 

5i« 


Golden  Ra^wopl 


Senecio    aureus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositas. 


Burdock  ^  familiar,  rank-odored  weed,  common 

Arctium  Lappa  in  all  waste  places,  with  large,  dull  green. 
Light  magenta  veiny  leaves,  the  lower  heart-shaped,  the 
July-October  ^pper  ovate;  woolly  beneath.  The 
globular  flosver-head  a  hooked-bristled  green  bur  with 
magenta  or  often  nearly  white,  perfect,  tubular  florets 
with  a  five-cleft  tip.  The  depth  of  color  can  only  be  ap- 
preciated with  the  aid  of  a  magnifying  glass.  The  stem 
is  generally  much  branched.  4-8  feet  high.  About  ru- 
ins of  old  dwellings  or  in  waste  places.  Me.  to  southern 
N.  Y.,  and  west.  Not  so  common  as  the  next  species  in 
the  more  eastern  States. 

A  smaller  species,  with  smaller,  gener- 
Burdock  ^^^^  narrower  leaves,  the  lower  ones  deeply 

Arctium  minus  heart  -  shaped,  their  stems  hollow  and 
Light  magenta  hardly  furrowed;  flower -heads  almost 
July-October  gtemless  on  the  branches,  about  f  inch 
broad.  The  inner  spines  erect  and  shorter  than  the  lilac 
pink  or  light  magenta  or  white  florets.  2-5  feet  high. 
Common.     Both  species  are  naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  biennial  species  naturalized  from  Eu- 
Th"t?*^"  rope,  generally  found  in   pastures.     The 

Cirsium  narrow,    white-spiny,   dark  green    leaves 

lanceolatum  liug  the  plant-stem  for  an  inch  or  so  with 
Magenta  prickly  wings,  the  upper  surface  prickly- 

July-October     j^^.j.^^.^  ^j^g  j^^^^gj,  webby-woolly  with  hght 

brownish  fine  hairs.  The  green  flower-envelop  is  armed 
with  spreading  spines ;  the  perfect,  tubular  florets, 
densely  clustered,  vary  from  (rarely  white)  crimson- 
magenta  to  light  magenta  ;  the  pollen  is  white.  Flowers 
remarkably  sweet-scented,  rich  in  honey,  and  fertilized 
mostly  by  the  bumblebees  (often  becoming  intoxicated) 
and  butterflies.  Heads  sometimes  3  inches  broad,  gener- 
ally solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  2-4  feet  high. 
Common,  but  south  only  to  Ga. 

Y  A  species  with  light  corn  yellow  (rarely 

Thistle  magenta),  flattisli   flower-heads   nearly  3 

Cirsium  inclies  broad  ;  it  is  exceedingly  plentiful 

horriditlum  in  ^he  salt  marshes  of  Long  Island  and 
Corn  yellow  ^^^^^  Jersey.  The  oblong  lance-shaped, 
May-August  -^  .u        ,         •  1 

light  green  leaves  smooth,  clasping,  and 


Common  ThistI 


Cipsium  lanceolatui 


Sma^il-leaved  Burdock 


m  minus. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composite. 


•very  yellow-spiny  ;  the  flower-heads  set  in  the  smaller 
encircling  upper  leaflets,  with  very  narrosv,  rough,  spine- 
less scales.  2-4  feet  high.  Common  in  wet  or  dry  sandy 
soil  along  the  seacoast,  from  Me.  to  Tex. 

A  rather  common  species  with  magenta 
C^rshunluis-  (rarely  white)  flowers  about  U  inches 
simum,  var.  broad  and  weak -bristled,  rough-hairj', 
discolor  stemless    leaves,   deeply    cut    into   linear 

Magenta  j^i^^g    white-woolly  beneath.     The  outer 

"  ^~  scales  of    the    flower-heads    are    slightly 

woolly  and  weak-bristled.  Stem  downy,  3-6  feet  high. 
Common  on  roadsides  and  in  flelds  ;  south  to  Ga. 

A  species  with  similar  leaves  and  flow- 
Th'^tle  ^^^-  ^^^^  *^^®  blunt,  prickleless  scales  of  the 

Cirsium  heads  glutinous,  woolly,  and   close-press- 

muticum  ing.      The  flower  with  a  naked  stem,  or 

Magenta  ^^^j-^  ^  few  tiny  leaflets  at  its  base.     3-8 

u  y-  c  o  er  ^^^^  high.  Common  in  swamps  and  moist 
low  woodlands  everywhere. 

The  largest-flowered  thistle  of  all,  with 

asture  solitarv  heads  2-3  inches  broad,  the  florets 

Thistle  T    ,        '^  T,  ,         ,  . 

Cirshim  light  magenta-lilac  or  nearly  white  ;  they 

pumilum  are  exceedingly  fragrant,  rich  in  honey, 

Light  magenta  and  are  frequented  by  the  bumblebee,  who 

"  ^~    ,  imbibes  to  the  point  of  abiect  intoxica- 

September  ,      mi  i-    ,     i  i      • 

tion  !     Ihe  slightly  glutinous  scales  are 

nearly  smooth  and  tipped  with  slender  prickles  ;  and  at 
the  base  are  tiny  leaflets.  The  light  green  leaves  nar- 
row and  frequently  cut  into  three-prickled  lobes,  the 
prickles  shorter  than  those  of  the  common  thistle  and 
very  numerous.  Stem  only  12-30  inches  high.  In  dry 
pastures  and  fields,  Me.  to  Del.  and  Pa.,  near  the  coast. 
A  pernicious  weed,  naturalized  from 
*"f  *  '*  ^  Europe,  with  small  lilac,  pale  magenta,  or 
arvense  rarely  white  heads  about  |  inch  broad. 

Lilac  or  pale  The  dull  gra%--green,  whitish-ribbed  leaves 
magenta  are  deeply  slashed  into  many  veiy  prickly, 

"  ^^    ^  ruflied  lobes.     Flowers  staminate  and  pis- 

September  • ,  1  , 

tillate;   also    fragrant.     1-3   feet  high. 

Common  in  pastures,  fields,  and  on  roadsides ;  south 

only  to  Va. 

522 


Canada  Thistle 


Cipsium  apvense 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  small  annual    species  of    dandelion 
Dandelion  ^yit'^  many  long,  slender  flower-stalks  ris- 

Krigia  ing   from   a  circle    of    small,   irregularly 

Virginica  lobed  leaves,  each  stalk  bearing  a  single 

Ma'^^Au^isT    golden    yellow  flower  scarcely   f  inch 

broad  ;  later  it  becomes  branched  and 
bears  a  few  leaves.  The  hairj^  down  of  the  seeds  is  short. 
2-12  inches  high.  Common  in  dry  soil  or  on  sandy 
banks  everywhere. 

A  similar  but  tall  perennial  species  with 
Krigia  smooth  stem  covered  with  a  slight  bloom, 

and  smooth  basal  leaves  distinctly  stalked, 
scarcely  toothed,  but  with  a  wavy  outline.  A  small 
leaflet  clasps  the  flowering  stem  about  half-way  up  ; 
from  this  proceed  2-5  branches  bearing  deep  golden  yel- 
low flowers  \\  inches  broad.  1-2  feet  high.  Moist  pas- 
tures and  flelds.     Mass.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Kan. 

A  small    dandelion,    naturalized  from 

iea/itodo^^"*'"  ^^''OP^'  ^'i^*^  ^  ^0"g'  branching  flower- 
autumnalis  stalk,  which  is  set  with  tiny  bracts  or 
Light  golden  scales  about  ^  inch  apart.  The  blunt- 
yellow  lobed,  narrow,  small  basal  leaves  are  dull 

^"  ^~  ^  green  and  smooth.      The  light  golden  vel- 

November  f        r,  •       i      i      f    ,  .*     , 

low  flower  erect  m  the  bud  about  an  mch 

broad,  in  twos  or  threes,  or  rarely  solitary.  Tlie  slender 
stalks  of  these  dandelions  above  described  are  somewhat 
wiry,  not  tubular  like  those  of  the  common  spring  dan- 
delion. 7-18  inches  high.  In  flelds  and  along  road- 
sides. Me.  to  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Mich.,  and  northward. 
Common  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.  Name  from  the 
Greek  for  lion  and  tooth.  The  var.  pratensis  is  similar, 
but  the  flower-envelop  and  the  tip  of  the  flower-stalk 
immediately  below  it  are  very  flne-hairy.  Me.  to  Conn., 
and  Nantucket,  Mass. 

_.  .  A  verv    common   but    beautiful    weed 

Chicory  or 

Succory  naturalized  from  Europe,  found  on  road- 

Cichorium  sides    and  in    waste    places    particularly 

Intybus  about  the  seaboard  towns.     Stem  stout, 

yiolet=bIue         tough,  and    stiff,    with    generally    lance- 
July-October       ,         -,      ,     ,  ,     , 
shaped,   dark  gray-green,   coarse- toothed 

leaves.     Thf  violet-blue  flower,  similar  in  form  to  the 


Chicory     ff'^^i'  Fall  Dandelion 

CichopTum  intybus.        Leontodon  aulumnal.s. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Composlttc. 


dandelion,  closes  in  rainy  or  cloudy  weather  and  opens 
only  in  sunshine.  There  are  few  florets  in  a  single  head 
but  these  are  highly  developed  M'ith  gracefully  curved, 
branching  styles  ;  the  exposure  of  the  double  stigmatic 
surface  thus,  in  a  measure,  insures  self-fertilization  in 
the  absence  of  insects.  The  most  frequent  visitors  are 
the  bees — the  honeybee,  the  leaf -cutter  bee  (.l/egoc/iz7e), 
and  various  species  of  Halictus  and  Andrena,  ground 
bees.     1-3  feet  high. 

An  odd  but  attractive  j^lant,  naturalized 
Tawny  from  Europe,  with  a  stout  stem,  and  a 

Homy  levy  ccd 

Hieracium  flower-cup    closely    covered     with    sepia 

aurantiaciwi  brown  hairs,  the  rusty  character  of  which 
Tawny  orange  gave  it  the  common  name  in  England  of 
July-  Grim  the  Collier.    The  coarse,  blunt,  lance- 

shaped  leaves  covered  Avith  short  gray 
hairs  are  nearly  all  at  the  base  of  the  plant.  The  tawny 
orange  flowers  (with  light  golden  pistils),  strap-rayed  and 
finely  fringed  at  the  edge,  are  grouped  in  a  small  ter- 
minal cluster,  and  are  quite  delicately  fragrant.  Visited 
by  the  bees  Halictus  and  Andrena,  and  the  smaller 
butterflies — Pieris  rapoe,  white,  and  Colias  philodice, 
yellow.  7-16  inches  high.  In  fields,  woodlands,  and 
along  roads,  from  Me.,  south  to  Pa.,  and  west  to  N.  Y. 
Growing  to  be  a  troublesome  weed  in  fields  and  pastures 
of  northern  Vermont. 

A  generally  smooth  species ;  the  light 

Canada  green,  lance-shaped  leaves  with  coarse  and 

Hawkweed  .  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,        ,       i   ,.      i-i 

Hieracium  wide-spread  teeth,  and  the  dandelionlike, 

Canadense  Very    small    yellow    flowers    in    a    loose 

Pure  yellow       branching  cluster  terminating  the  leafy 

^"'^"  stem.     In  October  the  plant  is  decorated 

with  tiny  brown  globes  of  down.     1-4  feet 

high.     In  dry  woods  northward,  south  only  to  N.  J. 

A  similar  northern  plant  with  a  droop- 

leracium  ing-branched   loose  flower-cluster,  gener- 

paniculatum  ^  ,  i  i 

ally  smooth  stem  and  lance-shaped  leaves, 

and  smaller  yellow  flowers.      The   thin   leaves  almost 

stemless,  and  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  toothed.     1-3  feet 

high.     South  as  far  as  Ga. 


526 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


An  early  flowering  species,  with  deeper 
Rattlesnake=  yellow^  flowers  closelv  resembling  small  dan- 
"Hieracium  delions,  and  generally  leafless  (or  with  1-3 

venosum  tiny  leaflets),  few-haired  stems,  branching 

Light  gold  to  a  few-flowered  cluster.     The  light  green 

y^"**^  leaves  are  dull  magenta  on  the  ribs,  edges, 

September  ^"*^  under  side  ;  they  are  hairy,  scarcely 

toothed,  and  clustered  at  the  root.  12-30 
inches  high.  Common  in  woodlands  and  thickets  north- 
ward, and  south  to  Ga.  Only  occasional  in  Vermont 
and  rare  or  absent  in  northern  New  Hampshire. 

The  simple  stem  stout,  and  remarkable 
Hieracium  ^^^  .^^  j^^.       character.     The  obovate  or 

scabrum  ■,-,■, 

very  blunt  obovate,  almost  toothless  leaves 

are  rough-hairy  and  light  dull  green.  The  small  ter- 
minal flower-cluster  with  several  small  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  (the  floral  envelop  a  hairy  green)  is  conspicu- 
ously irregular  and  angular  in  its  branching.  1-3  feet 
high.     Common  in  dry  woods  north  ;  south  to  Ga. 

A  similar  plant  with  a  slenderer  stem, 
Hierachmi  ^  md^aw ,    rough -hairy    (slightly    so 

above),  and  very  leafy  and  hair}^  heloiv. 
The  leaves  like  H.  scabnun.  The  seed-vessels  very  tap- 
ering at  the  summit.  The  blossoms  open  only  in  sun- 
shine, and  very  quickly  wither.  1-3  feet  high.  Dry 
soil;  commoner  in  the  south.  North  only  as  far  as 
Mass.  and  111.     The  name  from  iepaz,  a  hawk. 

A  tall  weed  with  inconspicuous,  narrow 

Smooth=  flowers  of  a  dull  lilac  tint,  clustered  in  a 

stemmed  White        .  ,,.,  .,  „, 

Lettuce  rather  narrow  wandhke  spike.    The  some- 

Prenanthes  what  thickish  light  green  leaves  smooth 
racemosa  and  with  a  slight  bloom,  scarcely  toothed. 

Dull  lilac  ^j-^^  blunt  lance-shaped.     The  green  floral 

Se"p^ember  envelop  and  its  stalk  are  hairy.     2-5  feet 

high.  In  moist  flelds.  Me.,  south  to  N.  J., 
west  to  S.  Dak.,  Mo.,  and  Col. 

A  commoner  and  more  interesting 
Rattlesnake^  species  with  drooping,  dull  cream-colored 
Lettuce^'''*^  flowers,  occasionally  touched  with  pale 
Prenanthes  hlac;  the  green  floral  envelop  has  about  8 
alba  magenta-tinged  sections;  the  stamens  are 

528 


Hawkweed. 
Hiepacium  scabrum.      Hieracium  paniculatum. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composiias. 


Dull  cream         quite  prominent  and  cream-colored.     The 

color  smooth,  deep  green  leaves  are  varied  in 

ugus  --  form,  the  lower  ones  broad,  three-sided, 

September  ^       '  ,      ,        , 

and  remotely    toothed,    the    upper    ones 

deeply  cut,  and  the  uppermost  lance-shaped  with  two 

small  lateral  lobes  or  none  at  all.     The  smooth  stem  is 

stiff,  round,  and  generally  dull,  deep   magenta-tinted. 

with  a  bloom.     2-4  feet  high.     Common  in  thin  woods 

northward,  and  south  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 

A  similar  smooth  species,  the  stem  of 
Lion's=foot  or  ^yhich  is  green  and  without  a  bloom.  The 
Gall  of  the  leaves  also  very  variable,  a  trifle  roughish, 

Prenanthes  ^^^  shaped  (but  more  angularly)  like  those 
serpeiitaria  of  P.  ciWa.  The  flower-cluster  is  inclined 
Dull  cream  to  be  somewhat  flat-topped,  and  the  pen- 
^*''**''  dulous,    bell-shaped,    dull    cream-colored 

September  flowers  are  enclosed  in  a  somewhat  bristlj', 

hairy,  green  envelop,  v^'hich  is  sometimes 
a  trifle  magenta-tinted.  The  curled  branches  of  the 
style  are  slender  and  prominent,  as  in  all  the  Prenanthes. 
1-3  feet  higli,  usually  2  feet.  In  thickets,  or  dry  sandy 
ground,  Mass.  (rare)  and  N.  Y.,  south  to  Ala.  and  Fla. 
P.  trifoliolata,  var.  nana  (Fernald),  confined  to  alpine 
summits  of  N.  Eng.  (Mt.  Katahdin)  and  N.  Y.,  has  deep 
madder  brown  flowers  and  variously  shaped  leaves. 
4-12  inches  high. 

A  tall,  generally  smooth  species,  with  a 
Tall  White  green  or  magenta-tinged  stem.  The  leaves 
Lettuce  ,  .    xi  \.  ■        ^        ^  ^ 

Prenanthes         (except  the  uppermost)  variously  shaped 

altissima  but  long-stalked.     The  numerous  narrow, 

Dull  cream  pendulous,  dull  cream-colored  flowers  with 
*^*''**''  a  smooth  green  envelop,   are  borne  in  a 

Seotember  narrow  terminal  spike,  or  in  small  clusters 

at  the  leaf-angles.  3-7  feet  high.  In 
woodlands  and  thickets,  northward,  and  south  to  Ga. 

A  dwarf  species  with  stout,  ruddy  stem, 
^J^^^!"*''""^         large  flower-heads,   and    thick,    narrow, 

variously  shaped  leaves.  Flowers  whitish 
and  fragrant,  enclosed  within  a  dull  magenta-tinged  en- 
velop. 4-12  inches  high.  Alpine  summits  of  N.  Y.  and 
N.  Eng.     Found  on  Mt.  Washington,  Oakes's  Gulf. 

530 


Lion*s-foot. 


Prenanthes  seppentapia. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.      Compositse. 


The  familiar  grass-plot,  jellow  flower  of 

ominon  j^     country   and   city,   naturalized   from 

Dandelion  -^  ^  ' 

Taraxacum  Europe.  The  heads  are  sometimes  3  inches 
officinale  broad,  and  are  supported  on  a  pale  green, 

Golden  yellow    iioUow    stem ;    the    perfect    flowers    are 

ay-  une  orange-gold  in  the  centre  of  the  head,  and 

light  golden  yellow  on  the  straps  of  the  margin.  The 
seeds  are  neutral  brown,  and  spiny  at  the  upper  part. 
The  deep  green  leaves  are  irregularly  and  angularly 
broad-toothed,  the  jagged  edge  bearing  a  remote  re- 
semblance to  the  row  of  teeth  in  a  lion's  jaw,  hence  the 
common  name,  a  corruption  of  the  French  dent-de-Uon. 
3-14  inches  high.  The  silky  down  forms  a  beautiful 
globe  when  the  seeds  ripen  and  the  acute  divisions  of  the 
flower-envelop  are  reflexed.  Common  everywhere. 
Red=seeded  ^    similar    but   smaller    species    with 

Dandelion  flower-heads  scarcely  over  an  inch  broad. 

Taraxacum  pure  yellow,  but  deeper  in  the  centre ;  the 

erythrospermnm  two-pointed  straps  or  bracts  of  the  floral 
envelop  usually  have  a  thickened  point  or  knob  near  the 
tip.  The  outermost  straps  are  magenta-tinged  ;  the 
smooth  leaves  are  very  deepl}"  cut  into  thin,  irregular, 
sharp,  backward-tending  lobes  or  narrow  angular  divi- 
sions. The  seeds  are  bright  terra-cotta  red,  and  spiny 
over  the  upper  half  of  the  surface.  Distribution  un- 
known beyond  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and  Pa. 

A  tall  biennial  species  often  6  feet  high. 
Wild  Lettuce  .  .  ,       /    ^    ,      i.       .         i  i 

Lactnca  With  a  smooth,  stout,  leafy  stem  branch- 

Canadensis  ing  at  the  top  in  a  thin,  scattered  flower- 
Pale  yellow  spike  with  insignificant  pale  yellow 
*'""^~  ray-flowers    mostly   enclosed  within    the 

green  floral  envelop.  Both  stem  and 
leaves  with  a  slight  bloom  ;  the  leaves  slightly  like  those 
of  the  dandelion,  but  the  upper  ones  lance-shaped,  and 
the  lower  sometimes  12  inches  long.  4-10  feet  high. 
Common  in  wet  soil,  northward,  south  to  Ga.  and  La. 

A  similar  species  with  a  broader  flower- 
integrifoUa         cluster,  and  oblong  lance-shaped,  smooth, 

acute  leaves,  toothless  or  nearlj^  so.  The 
flower-raj^s  pale  yellow  or  magenta-tinted.  2-6  feet 
high.     In  damp  places.     Me.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Neb. 

532 


Red-seeded 

Dandelion 
Taraxicum  erythrospermum 


Corrunon 
Dandelion. 
TdPaxicum  otTicinale. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.     Composite. 


A  less  leafy  and  lower  species,  found  in 
hirsuta  similar  situations.     The  leaves  like  those 

of  L.  Canadensis,  but  fine-hairy  ;  the  red- 
dish stem  hairy  at  the  base  ;  the  scattered  flower-cluster 
with  insignificant  dull  lilac,  or  dingy  pink- white  flowers. 
2-4  feet  high.     Me.,  west  to  Minn. ,  south  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

The  tallest  member  of  the  genus,  with  a 
Lettuce  stout,  straight,  smooth  stem,  leafy  up  to 

Lacttica  the  straggling,  large  flower-cluster  of  in- 

leucophcea  significant  flowers  which  are  never  fully 

Dull  purple  or  expanded.  The  green  flower-heads  tipped 
white  .,,    .  -in  1-   1  1  •. 

jy,  with  inconspicuous  dull  purplisli  or  whit- 

September  ish  rays.    The  deeply  lobed  leaves  are  large 

and  irregularly   wavy-toothed.     3-15  feet 

high.     Damp  shady  places  northward,  south  to  S.  Car. 

_.      .  A  tall  annual,  naturalized  from  Europe, 

Sow  Thistle  •  ,     ,  •     ,    i-,  •   ,  ,        i       ,  ,  \ 

Sonchus  ^^'^^^^  thistlelike  prickle-edged  leaves,  and  a 

oleraceu.s  stout,  lioUow,  succuleiit,  siiiooth,  grooved 

Light  yellow      stem.   The  large,  decorative,  usually  lobed 

^^y-  leaves  are  irregularly  toothed  and  armed 

September  .^.         .^       ■  ^.  i         ^i 

with  soft  spines  :  the  upper  ones  clasp  the 

plant-stem,  the  lower  are  stalked.  The  light  yellow, 
thistle-shaped  flower-heads  are  grouped  in  a  somewhat 
loosely  spreading  flat  cluster.  The  stem  is  sometimes 
reddish  at  the  base.  1-6  feet  or  more  high.  Common 
everywhere  in  waste  places  or  manured  soil. 

Similar,  but  with  less  divided  leaves,  the 
Lieht  yellow  lower  ones  blunt  lance-shaped,  the  upper 
May-  clasping  the  plant-stem  by  rounded  lobes, 

September  all  irregularly  toothed  and  spiny.  The  light 
yellow  downy,  flat-headed  flowers  are  set  in  a  loose 
cluster  ;  they  are  succeeded  by  a  copious  white  down. 
The  seeds  have  long  ribs,  smooth  between,  while  those 
of  the  preceding  species  are  laterally  rough  between. 
The  flowers  are  assisted  in  the  process  of  fertilization  by 
the  Syrphid,  beelike  flies,  and  those  of  the  genus 
Eristalis.  The  honeybee  (Ajns  mellifica)  is  always  a 
common  visitor.  Formerly  the  milk-juiced,  succulent 
leaves  were  used  as  a  pot  herb.  Waste  places  every- 
where. The  Greek  name  Su7ic1ms  (Sow  Thistle)  is  a  de- 
grading title  for  such  a  decorative-leaved  plant ! 

53+ 


Wild  Lettuce. 
Ldctuca  hirsuta 


Sow  Thistle. 
Sonchusolepaceus. 


INDEX. 


Abby  Pond,  Ripton,  Vt.,  376. 

Absinth,  518. 

Achillea  Millefolium,  514. 

Aconitum  uncinaium,  148. 

A  cor  us  Calamus,  16. 

Actcca  alba,  150. 

Actcca  spicata,  var.  riibra,  150. 

Adder  s  Tongue,  White,  54. 

Adder's  Tongue,  Yellow,  54. 

Adlumia  cirrhosa,  160. 

ALiwthera  biennis,  296. 

.^notJicra  fritiicosa,  300. 

.^nothcra  Oakesiana,  298. 

.^notliera  pumila,  2g8. 

Aiuothera  sinuata,  208. 

Ageratum,  470. 

Agrimonia  Eupatoria,   var.   hir- 

stita,  202. 
Agrimony,  202. 
Agrostemma  Githago,  120. 
Ague-weed,  358. 
Alfalfa,  214. 
Alismace^,  6. 
.4//5ma  Plant  ago,  6. 
Allium  Canadense,  56. 
Allium  tricoccuin,  56. 
Alstead  Centre,  N.'  H.,  144. 
Althcea  officinalis,  262. 
Alumroot,   i8t) 

AiMARANTACE,-E,    112. 

Amaranth  Family,  112. 
Amarantiis  albus,  112 
.4  marantus  chlorostachys,  112. 
Amarantus  rciroflexus,  112. 

AMARVLLIDACE.^:,   6o. 

Amaryllis  Family.  60. 
Ambrosia  artcmiscefolia,  506. 
Ambrosia  trifida,  506. 
Amherst,  Mass.,  348. 
Ammonoosuc  Lake,  Crawford 

Notch,  N    H.,   1 38 
Ampclopsis  quinquciolia,  260. 
Amphicarpcra  monoica,  226. 

ANACARDIACE-^i,    250. 

Anagallis  arvensis,  350 
Anaphalis  margantacca,  502. 
Androscoggin  Valley,  Me.,   130 
Anemone,  Canada,   132 
Anem-one  Canadensis,  132 
Anemone  cylindrica,   130. 
/i.nemone.  Large  White-fiowercd, 

132. 
Anemone,  Long-fruited,  130. 
Anemone  quinquefolia,  134,  130. 
Anemone  riparia,  132. 


Anemone,  Rue,  136. 
Anemone,  Tall,  130. 
Ammone  Virginiana,  130,  132, 
Anemone,  Wood,  134. 
Anemonclla  thalictroidcs,  136. 
Antmnaria,  466. 
,4H/t■»^nar^■a  Canadoisis,  502. 
Au/fwnarja  jallax,  500. 
Antennaria  ncglccta,  502. 
.4);/t')nzarm  ncodioica,  500,  502. 
Antoinaria  plantaginea,  500. 
Antennaria  plantaginea,  var.  pc* 

tiolata,  500. 
Anthemis  Cotula,  514. 
Antirrhinum  Orontium,  418. 
.4/?z'o5  tuberosa,  224. 
ApocvnacE/E,  364. 
.4  pocynum     androsccmifolium, 

364- 
Apocynum   cannabinum,    364. 
AgMzVi'^/a  Canadensis,  146. 
,4ra6!'5  hirsuta,  168. 
.4ra6z5  Iccvigata,  168. 

ArALIACE.-E,    302. 

/4ra/ia  hispida,  302. 

Aralia  tiudicaulis,  304. 

Aralia  racemosa,  302. 

Arbutus,  Trailing,  330. 

Arctium  Lappa,  520. 

Arctium  minus,  520. 

Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  328. 

.4rc)!ar/a  Gra-nlandica,   122. 

.4rr;uir;<j  scrphyllifolia,   122. 
I    Arcthusa,  78. 
I    Arethusa  bulbosa,  78. 
j    .4rij(7)W0JU-  .l/tw/rana,  158. 

.4rz5frwa  Dra.ontium,  10. 
1    .4rz5(rwa  tnphyllum,  10. 
I    Aristolochiace^e,  08. 

Aristolochia  Scrpcntaria,  100. 
I    .4r/5<<    ;c/i/a  Sipho,  100. 
I   Aristo"^chia  tomcntosa,  100. 
i    Arnica    .>i8. 

,4rnica  Charnissonis,  518. 

Aroostook  Co..  Me.,  78. 

Arrowhead.  6. 

.4r/t'»u/i-/a,  ioO. 

Artemisia  Absinthium,  518. 

.Ir^;)n5;a  caudata.  516. 

Artemisia  vulgaris.  51O. 

Artichoke.  Jerusalem.  512. 

Arum.  Arrow.  12. 

Arum,  Dragon,  10. 

Arum  Family,  10. 

Arum.  Water,  i  2. 


537 


INDEX. 


Asarum  arifolium,  98. 
Asarum  Canadense,  98. 

ASCLEPIADACE^,    366. 

Asclepias  Cormiti,  368. 
Asclepias  incarnata,  366. 
Asclepias    incarnata,    var.    pul- 

chra,  368. 
Asclepias  obtusifolia,  368. 
Asclepias  Phytolacca  ides,  36S. 
Asclepias  purpurascens,  366. 
Asclepias  quadrifolia,  370. 
Asclepias  tuberosa,  366. 
Asclepias  verticillata,  370. 
.45r_vTz<m  (Trw-V  Andre cc,  268. 
Ascyrum  stans,  268. 
Asparagus,  30. 
.45para^M5  officinalis,  30. 
yl5/er,  484. 

^45/^"^  acuminatus,  496. 
Aster,  Arrow-leaved,  490. 
Aster,  Bushy,  492. 
Aster,  Calico,  492. 
Aster  cordifolius,  488. 
Aster  cordifolius,  var.  Furbishicc, 

488. 
^5/rr  devaricatus,  484. 
yliter  diffusus,  492. 
Aster  dumosus,  492. 
Aster  ericoides,  490. 
Aster,  Heart-leaved,  488. 
Aster,  Heath,  490. 
.45/er  /frxi/5,  490. 
Aster,  Large-leaved,  486. 
-45/^r  linariifolius,  496. 
.4s/£'r  longijolius,  494. 
Aster,  Long-leaved,  494. 
/45/er  macrophyllus,  486. 
Aster,  Many-flowered,  490. 
-45/cr  multijiorus.  490. 
Aster,  New  England,  486. 
Aster,  New  York,  494. 
Aster  Nov<r-Angli(B,  486. 
Aster  Novcc-Anglicc,  var.    roscus, 

486. 
yls/^T  Novi-Belgii,  494. 
/l5^«?r  Novi-Belgii,  var.  Icevigatus, 

494. 
/Is/t-r   Novi-Belgii,  var.  litoreus, 

494. 
Aster,  Panicled  White,  494. 
>l5/<7r  paniciilatus,  494. 
^5/t'r  patens,  488. 
As/er  prenanthoides,  494. 
Aster  puniceus,  494,  496. 
.45/(?r  puniceus,   var.  compactus, 

496. 
Aster  puniceus,  var.  firmus,  496. 
Aster  puniceus, var .  l-Hcidulus  ,4g6 . 
Aster,  Purple-stemmed,  496. 
yl5ter  radula,  486. 
Ulster  radula,  var.  str ictus,  486. 
Aster,  Rough-leaved,  486. 
/Ister  sagittif alius,  490. 
Aster,  Sharp-leaved  Wood,  496. 
Aster,  Showy,  486. 
Aster,  Small  White,  492. 


Aster,  Smooth,  490. 
Aster  spectabilis,  486. 
Aster,  Spreading,  488. 
Aster  subulatus,  498. 
.45ter  tenuijolius,  498. 
,4ster  Tradescanti,  492. 
Aster,  Tradescant's,  492. 
.4ster  umbellatus,  496. 
.45ter  undulatus,  488. 
.4ster  vimineus,  492. 
j    Aster  vimineus,    var.    foliolosus. 
492. 
Aster,  Wavv-leaved,  488. 
Aster,  White  Woodland.  484. 
Aster,  Willow-leaved  Blue,  494 
Astragalus  Canadensis,  214. 
Avens,  Long-plumed,  194. 
Avens,  Purple,  194. 
Avens,  Rough,  194. 
Avens,  White,  192. 
Azalea,  Flame,  336. 

Balm,  Horse,  390. 

Balsaminace/e,  256. 

Baneberry,  Red,  150. 

Baneberry,  White,  150. 

Bangor,  Me.,  240. 

Baptisia  australis,  208. 

Baptisia  tinctoria,  208. 

Barbarea  vulgaris,  172. 

Barberry  Family,  152. 

Barton  ia  tenella,  362. 

Bartonia,  Yellow,  362. 

Bath,  Me.,  122. 

Bean,  Wild.  226. 

Bearberry,  328. 

Beard-tongue,  420. 

Bedford,  Mass.,  288. 

Bedstraw,  Northern,  444. 

Bedstraw,  Rough,  444. 

Bedstraw,  Small,  444. 

Bedstraw,  Sweet-scented,  444= 

Bedstraw,  Yellow,  442. 

Bee  Balm,  398. 

Beech-drops,  326,  436. 

Beefsteak  Plant,  432. 

Beggar-ticks,  512. 

Belamcanda  Chinoisis,  64. 

Bellflower,  458. 

Bellflower  Family,  456. 
I    Bellflower,  Marsh,  460. 

Bellflower,  Tall,  460. 
I     Bellwort,  38. 

Bellwort,  Large-flowered,  38. 
!    Berberidace.'E,  152. 

Bergamot,  Purple,  400. 
j     Bergamot,  Wild,  398. 
I    Berula  angustifolia,  310. 
I     Bethlehem,  N.  H.,  70. 

Betony,  Wood,  432. 

Bidens  cernua,  512. 

Bidens  Chrysanthemoides,  514. 

Bidens  frondosa,  512. 

Bindweed,  Hedge,  370. 

Bindweed,  Small,  372. 

Bindweed,  Trailing,  372. 


538 


INDEX. 


Bindweed,  Upright,  370. 
Bird's  Nest,  306. 
Birthroot,  40. 
Birthwort  Family,  98. 
Bishop's  Cap,  184. 
Bittersweet,  412. 
Black-eved  Susan,  ^oS. 
Black  Medick,  216/ 
Black  Sampson,  506. 
Bladder  Ketmia,  266. 
Blazing  Star,  46. 
Blazing  Star,  Tall,  470. 
Blcphilia  ciliata,  400. 
Blephilia,  Downy,  400. 
Bloodroot,  156. 
Bluebell.  458,  460. 
Blueberries,  328. 
Blue  Curls,  388. 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  6(). 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  Eastern,  66. 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  Stout,  66. 
Blue  Flag,  Larger,  62. 
Blue  Flag,  Slender,  64. 
Blue  Lupine,  210. 
Bluets,  440. 
Boneset,  468. 
Boneset,  Upland,  468. 
Borage  Family,  376. 

BORAGINACE^E,    376. 

Boston,  Mass.,  154,  286,  524. 
Bottle  Gentian,  420. 
Bouncing  Bet,  116. 
Boxberry,  330. 
Brass ica  alba,  174. 
Brassica  nigra,  172. 
Brassica  Sinapistrum,  172. 
Brattleboro,  Vt.,  272. 
Brooklime,  American,  424,  426. 
Broom-rape  Family,  ^36. 
Broom-rape,  Naked,  436. 
Brtmclla  vulgaris,  406. 
Buckthorn,  Common,  258. 
Buckthorn  Family,  258. 
Buckwheat,  108. 
Buckwheat,  Climbing  False,  108. 
Buckwheat  Family,  102. 
Buda  rubra  D.,  126. 
Bugleweed,  394. 
Bugloss,  Small,  382. 
Bugloss,  Viper's,  382. 
Bunchberry,  318. 
Bunch  Flower,  46. 
Bur-cucumber,  One-seeded,  456. 
Burdock,  520. 
Burdock,  Smaller,  520. 
But  Marigold,  Larger,  514. 
Bur  Marigold,  Smaller,  512. 
Bur  Reed,  Branching,  4. 
Bur  Reed  Family,  4. 
Bur  Reed,  Great,  4. 
Bur  Reed,  Smaller,  4. 
Butter-and-Eggs,  418. 
Buttercup,  Bulbous,  142. 
Buttercup,  Creeping,  142. 
Buttercup,  Early,  140. 
Buttercvip,  Swamp,  140. 


Buttercup.  Tall.  144. 
Butterfly  Weed.  ^06. 
Butterweed,  4().S. 

Calamus,   lO. 

Calla  palustris,   1  i . 

Callirrhtv  i)ivoliit:rata,  264. 

Calopofion  ptikhi-llns,  80. 

Caltha  palustris,  144. 

Cambridge,  Ma.ss..  i.s8. 

C.\Mi'.\Nri.AiK.-i';,  45(). 

Cam  pan  11  Uuecc,  40  2 . 

Campanula  Americana.  460. 

Campanula  aparinoides,  460. 

Campanula  rapunculoides.  4.S8. 

Campanula  rolundifolia,  4%^. 

Campion,  Bladiler.  iiS. 

Cami)ion,  Starry.  iiS. 

Campion,  White,   120. 

Cami)ton.  N.  H  ,  54.  70,  .S4.  1  i^ 
120,  132,  224,  230,  272.  2.S2, 
300,  302,  312,  328,  34.S,  3()4, 
306,  420,  4.i;6,  488.  512 

Campton  Bog,  N.  H  ,  462. 

Canada  Mayflower,  34 

Cancer  Root,  436- 

Cancer  Root,  One-flowered.  436. 

Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  472. 

Caprifoliace.-k,  446. 

Capsella  Bursa-pastoris,  174. 

Caraway,  312. 

Cardamine  hirsuta,  i()8. 

Cardaminc  rhomboidi-a,  i<)<>. 

Cardamine  rhomboidea,  var.  pur- 
purea, 166. 

Cardinal  Flower,  462. 

Carlinville.  111.,  S4- 

Carrion  Flower,  24. 

Carrot,  Wild,  30O,  312. 

Carum  Carui,  312. 

Cakyophyllace.-k,   1  K). 

Cashew  Family,  250. 

Cassia  Chamcccrisla.  2  2i'>. 

Cassia  Marilandica,  228. 

Cassia  tiictitans,  22S. 

Castilleja,  432. 

Caslilleia  coccinea,  430. 

Castilleja  pallida,  var.  seplen- 
trionalis,  430. 

Catchflv,   Night-flowenng,    1  20. 

Catchfly,  Sleepy,  118. 

Catnip.  400. 

Catskill  Mountains,  424. 

Cat-tail,  3- 

Cat-tail  Family,  3- 

Cat-tail,  Xarnnv-leaved,  3- 

Caulophyllum  thaliclroides,  152. 

Ceanothus  Aniericanus,  258. 

Celandine,  158- 

Cei.astrace/i:,  234. 

Celastrus  scandeus,  254. 

Centaury,  Lesser,  3.S2. 

Centaury,  Spiked,  3.S2. 

Cerastnim  arvcnsc,  124. 

Cerastiur.i  vulgatum,   124. 

Chamiclirium  Carohniavum,  40 


539 


INDEX. 


Chamomile,  514. 
Charlock,  172. 
Charlotte.  Vt.,  286. 
Checkerberry,  330. 
Cheeses,  262. 
Chelidonium  majus,  158. 
Chelone  glabra.  420. 
Chenopodiace.«,  1 10. 
Che  no  podium  album,  no. 
Chenopodium  album,  var.  viride, 

1 10 
Chenopodium  ambrosioides,   no. 
Chenopodium  Botrys,  no. 
Chickweed,  124. 
Chickweed,  Field,  124. 
Chickweed,     Larger    Mouse-ear, 

124. 
Chicory,  524. 

Chintaphila  maculata,  320. 
Chimaphila  umbellata,  320. 
Chiogenes  serpyllifolia,  328. 
Chrysanthemum   Leucanthemiim, 

Chrysanthemum  Parthcninm,  516. 

Chrysopsis  falcata,  472. 

Chrysopsis  graminifolia,   472. 

Chrysopsis  Mariana,  472. 

Chrysosplenium    Amerieanum, 
186. 

Cicliorium  Intybus,  524. 

Cicuta  maculata,  312. 

Cimicifiiga  racemosa,  150. 

Cinchona,  440. 

Cinquefoil.  202. 

Cinquefoil,     Marsh    Five-finger, 
200. 

Cinquefoil,  Norway,  198. 

Cinquefoil,  Purple,  200. 

Cinquefoil,  Rough-fruited,  198. 

Cinquefoil,  vShrubby,  200. 

Cinquefoil,  Silvery,  198. 

Circcea  alpina,  300. 

Circcea  Lutetiana,  300. 

Cirsium    altissimum,     var.     dis- 
color, 522. 

Cirsium  arvense,  522. 

Cirsium  lanceolatum,  520. 

Cirsium  muticum,  522. 

Cirsium  pumilum,  522. 

CiSTACE.-E,  274. 

Clarendon  Hills,  Mass.,   14,  518. 

Claytonia  Caroliniana,  ii6. 

Claytonia  Virginica,  114. 

Cleavers,  442. 

Clematis  verticillaris,  130. 

Clematis  Viorna,  130. 

Clematis  Virginiana,  128,  130. 

Climbing  Bittersweet  Waxwork, 

^,-    ^54- 
Chntoma,  26. 
Clintonia  borealis,  26. 
Clinton ia  umbellata,  26. 
Cloudberry,  192. 
Clover,  Alsatian,  212. 
Clover,  Alsike,  212. 
Clover,  Hop,  212. 


Clover,  Low  Hop,  214. 
Clover,  Red,  210. 
Clover,  Stone,  210. 
Clover,  Trailing  Bush,  220, 
Clover,  White,  212. 
Clover,  Yellow,  212. 
Coffee,  440. 
Cohosh,  Blue,  152. 
Collinsonia  Canadensis,  390. 
Columbine,  146. 
Comfrey,  Wild,  378. 

CO.MMELIMACE^,    I  8. 

Co>nmelina  hirtella,  i8. 
Commeliyia  Virginica,  20. 
COMPOSITyC,  466. 
Composite  Family,  466. 
Concord,  Mass.,  154, 
Cone-flower,  508. 
Cone-flower,  Purple,  506. 
Cone-flower,  Tall.  508. 
Conioselinum  Canadcnse,  306. 
Conium  niaculatum,  312. 
Conopholis  Americana,  436. 
Convallaria  majalis,  34. 

CONVOLVULACK.-E,    370. 

Convolvulus  arvensis,  372. 
Convolvulus  Family,  370. 
Convolvulus  sepium,  370. 
Convolvulus  sepium.,  var.  repens, 

372. 
Convolvulus  spithamcBUS,   370. 
Coolwort,  184. 
Coptis  trijolia,  146. 
Coral-berry.  148. 
Corallorhiza  innata,  70. 
Ccrallorhiza  multiflora,  70. 
Corallorhiza  odontorhiza,  70. 
Coral  Root,  Early,  70. 
Coral  Root,  Large,  70. 
Coral  Root,  Small-flowered,  yes. 
CORNACE.«,   318. 
Corn  Cockle,  120. 
Cornel,  Dwarf,  318. 
Corn  Salad,  454. 
Cornus  Canadensis,  318. 
Cornus,  florida,  318. 
Corydalis  aurea,  164. 
Corydalis  glauca,  162. 
Corydalis,  Golden,  164. 
Corydalis,  Pale,  162. 
Cowbane,  308. 
Cowbane,  Spotted,  312. 
Cowslip,  American,  342. 
Cowslip,  Virginia,  378. 
Cowslips,  144. 
Cow-wheat,  434. 
Cranberries,  328. 
Cranesbill,  230. 
Crassulace.'E,  180. 
Cress,  Hairy  Rock,  168. 
Cress.  Small  Bitter,  168. 
Cress,  Spring,  166. 
Cress,  Winter,  172. 
Critikleroot,  166. 
Crotalaria  sagittalis,  208. 
Crowfoot,  Bristly,  142 


540 


INDEX 


Crowfoot  Family,   128. 
Crowfoot,  Hooked,  140. 
Crowfoot,  Small-flowered,   1.58. 
Crucifer.«,  166. 
Cuckoo  Flower,   122. 
Cucumber,  Climbing  Wild,  454. 

CUCURBITACE.-E,    454. 

Cudweed,  Low,  504. 
Cudweed,  Marsh,  504. 
Culver's  Root,  422. 
Cuphea,  Clammy,  288. 
Cuphea  viscosissima,  288. 
Currant,  Indian,  448. 
Ctiscu  ta  Gro  n  ov  ii,  372. 
Cynoglossum  officinale,  376. 
Cynoglossum  Virginicum,  378. 
Cypripedium,  68. 
Cypripedium  acaule,  q6. 
Cypripedium  candidum,  94,  96. 
Cypripedium  parviflorum,  94. 
Cypripedium  pubescens,  94,  96. 
Cypripedium,  spectabile,  96. 

Daisy,  Michaelmas,  490. 
Daisy  Oxeye,  516. 
Dalibarda  re  pens,  192. 
Dandelion,  Common,  532. 
Dandelion,  Dwarf,  524. 
Dandelion,  Fall,  524. 
Dandelion,  Red-seeded,  532. 
Datura  Stramonium,  414. 
Datura  Tatula,  414. 
Daucus  Carota,  306. 
Day  Flower,  18. 
Decodon  verticillatus,  288. 
Deer-grass,  290. 
Delphinium  Ajacis,  148. 
Delphinium  Consolida,  148. 
Delphiniiwi  exallatum,  148. 
Dentaria  diphylla,  166. 
Dentaria  lacniiata,  166. 
Desmodium  acuminatum,  218. 
Desmodium  Canadense.  218. 
Desmodium  Dillenii,  218. 
Desmodium  nudiflorum,  21O. 
Desmodium  paniculatum,  218. 
Desmodium  rotundi folium,  218. 
Devil's  Bit,  46. 
Dianthus  Armeria,  116. 
Dianthus  deltoides,  116. 

DlAPENSIACE/E,    34O. 

Diapensia  Family,  340. 
Dicentra  Canadensis,  160. 
Dicentra  Cucullaria,  160. 
Dicentra  exima,  162. 
Diervilla  trifida,  452. 
Dock,  Bitter,  104. 
Dock,  Cvirled,  102. 
Dock,  Golden,  104. 
Dock,  Great  Water,   102. 
Dock,  Patience,  102, 
Dock,  Swamp,  102. 
Dodder,  Common,  372. 
Dodecatheon  Meadia,  342- 
Dogbane  Family,  364- 
Dogbane,  Spreading,  364. 


Dogwood  Family,  ji8. 
Dogwood,  Flowering.  31S, 
Dover,  Me.,  138. 
Draba  CaroHuiana,  168. 
Draba  vcrna.  170. 
Dragon,  Green,  10. 
Drag(jn-head,  False,  406. 
Dragi  )n-root,  10. 

DROS«:RACE.4i,    178. 

Droscra  filiform  is,  178. 

Droscra   intermedia,    var.   Am*T' 

icana,  178. 
Drosera  linearis,  178. 
Drosera  rotundifolia,  178. 
Dublin,  N.  H.,  70. 
Dutchman's  Breeches.  i6o. 
Dutchman's  Pipe,  100. 

East  Lexington,  Mass.,  286. 
Echinacea  pallida,  508. 
Echinacea  purpurea,  50O. 
Echinocystis  lobata.  454. 
Echinospcrmum  Lappula,  37S. 
Echinosprrmum  Virginicum,  378 
Echiiim,  37O. 
Echium  vulgare,  382. 
Elder,  446. 

Elder,  Red-berried,  440 . 
Elder,  Wild,  302. 
Elecampane,  504. 
Enchanter's  Nightshade,  300. 
Epigcra  repcns,  330. 
Epilobium  adenocaulon,  296. 
Epilobium  angustifoliiim,  294. 
Epilobium  coloratum,  296. 
Epilobium  hirsutum,  294. 
Epilobium  lincare,  294. 
Epilobium  palustre,  294. 
Epilobium  sirictum,  296. 
Epiphegus  Virginiana,  436. 
Erechtites  hieracifolia,  518. 
Ericace.«,  328. 
EricacecT,  340. 
Erigeron  annuus,  498. 
Erigeron  bcllidifolius,  500. 
Erigeron  Canadensis,  498. 
Erigeron  Philadclphicus,  500. 
Erigeron  strigosus,  408. 
Erythrcca  Cenlaurium,  352. 
Erythrcea  ramosissima,  352. 
Erythrcca  spicata,  352. 
Erythronium  albidum,  54. 
Erythroniitm  American um,  54. 
Eupatorium  ageratoidcs.  470. 
Eupatorium  album,  468. 
Eupatorium  aromaticum,  470. 
Eupatorium  prrfoliatum,  468. 
Eupatorium  purpurcum,  468. 
Eupatorium  scssilifolium,  468. 
EUPH0RB!ACE/C,    246. 

Euphorbia  Cyparissias,  248. 
Euphorbia  Hclioscopia,  248. 
Euphorbia  maculala,  246. 
Euphorbia  marginata,  24S. 
Euphorbia  polygimifotici,  246. 
Euphorbia  Prcslii,  246.-;' 


541 


INDEX. 


Euphrasia  Oakesii,  432. 

Euphrasia  officinalis,  432. 

Euphrasia  officinalis,   var.    Tar- 
tar ica,  432. 

Evening  Primrose,  Common, 
296. 

Evening  Primrose  Family,  292. 

Evening  Primrose,  Oakes's,  298. 

Everlasting,  500. 

Everlasting,  Clammy,  504. 

Everlasting,  Pearly,  502. 

Everlasting,  Sweet,  504. 

Eyebright,  430. 

Fagopyrum  esctdentum,  108 
False  Foxglove,  Downy,  426. 
False     Foxglove,      Fern-leaved, 

426. 
False  Foxglove,  Smooth,  428 
False  Mermaid,  232. 
False  Spikenard,  30. 
Farmer's  Curse,  516. 
Farmington,  Me.,  502. 
Featherfoil,  340. 
Feather  Geranium,  no. 
Feverfew,  516. 
Feverwort,  448. 
Figwort,  418. 
Figwort  Family,  416. 
Fireweed,  294,  518. 
Five-finger,  202. 
Flax,  Common,  238. 
Flax  Family,  238. 
Flax,  Wild  Yellow,  238. 
Fleabane,  Common,  500. 
Fleabane,  Daisy,  498. 
Fleur-de-lis,  62. 
Floerkea  proserpinacoides,  232. 
Flower-of-an-hour,  266. 
Fly-honeysuckle,  450. 
Fly-honeysuckle,  Mountain,  450. 
Foamflower,  1S4. 
Forget-me-not,  380. 
Forget-me-not,  Smaller,  380. 
Forget-me-not,  Spring,  380. 
Fragaria  Americana,  196. 
Fragaria  Virginiana,  196. 
Franconia,  N.  H.,  502. 
Frostweed,  274. 
FUMARIACE.^,    158. 
Fumaria  officinalis,  164. 
Fumitory,  164. 
Fumitory,  Climbing,  160. 

Galeopsis  Tetrahit,  410. 
Galium  aparine,  442. 
Galium  asprellum,  444,  460. 
Galium,  boreale,  444. 
Galium  circcszans,  444. 
Galium  trifldum,  444. 
Galium  triflorum,  444. 
Galium  verum,  442. 
Gall  of  the  Earth,  530. 
Garden  Orpine,  180. 
Gaultheria  procumbens,  330. 
Gentian,  Bottle,  360. 


Gentian,  Closed,  360. 

Gentian,  Downy,  358. 

Gentian  Family,  352. 

Gentian,  Fringed,  356. 

Gentian,  Horse,  448. 

Gentian,  Soapwort,  360. 

Gentianace.^,  352. 

Gentiana,  Andreusii,  360. 

Gentiana  angustifolia,  362. 

Gentiana  crinita,  356. 

Gentiana  linearis.  360. 

Gentiana  ochroleuca,  362. 

Gentiana  puberula,  358. 

Gentiana  quinqueflora,  358. 

Gentiana  Saponaria,  360. 

Gentiana  serrata,  358. 

Geraniace^,  230. 

Geranium  Bickncllii,  230. 

Geranium,  Carolinianum,  232. 

Geranium  Family,  230. 

Geranium  maculatum,  230. 

Geranium  Roberiianum,  230. 

Geranium,  Wild,  230. 

Gerardia  flava,  426. 

Gerardia  maritima,  428. 

Gerardia  pedicularia,  426. 

Gerardia.  Purple,  428. 

Gerardia  purpurea,  428. 

Gerardia  purpurea,  var    pauper* 
cula,  428 

Gerardia  querci folia,  42S. 

Gerardias,  430. 

Gerardia,  Seaside,  428. 

Gerardia,  Slender,  428. 

Gerardia  tenuifolia,  428 

Germander,  American,  390. 

Geum  album.  192. 

Geum  radtatum,  var.  Peckii,  194. 

Geum  rivale,  194. 

Geum  strictum,  194 

Geum  triflorum,  194. 

Geum  Virginianutn,  194. 

Gill-over-the-ground,  400. 
'Ginseng,  304. 

Ginseng,  Dwarf,  304. 

Ginseng  Family,  302. 

Glaux,  340. 

Glaux  maritima,  348. 

Gnaphalium  decurrens,  504. 

Gnaphalium  polycephalum,    504. 

Gnaphalium  uliginosum.,    504. 

Goat's  Beard,  190 

Golden     Aster,     Curved-leaved. 
472. 

Golden  Aster,  Grass-leaved,  472. 

Golden  Club,  16. 

Golden-rod.  Alpine,  476. 

Golden-rod.  Blue-stemmed,  474. 

Golden-rod,  Bog,  476. 

Golden-rod,  Broad-leaved,  474. 

Golden-rod,  Canada,  482. 

Golden-rod,  Early,  480. 

Golden-rod,  Elm-leaved,  478. 

Golden-rod,  Gray,  482. 
\    Golden-rod,  Hard-leaved,  482. 
1    Golden-rod,  Lance-leaved,  484. 


542 


INDEX. 


Golden-rod,  Lar^c-leaved,  47(). 
Golden-rod.  Late,  480. 
Golden-rod,     Rough-stem  nu-d, 

478. 
Golden-rod,  Seaside,  470. 
Golden-rod,  Sharp-leaved,  480. 
Golden-rod,  Showy,  476. 
(lolden-rod,  Slender,  484. 
(rolden-rod.  Spreading,  47S. 
Golden-rod,  Stout,  474. 
(rolden-rod,  Swainp,  4S0. 
(rulden-rod.  Sweet,  478. 
Golden-rod,  White,  474. 
Goldthread,  146. 
Goodyera  Menzicii,  78. 
Goodycra  pttbesceits,  yS 
Goodyera  re  pens,  76. 
Goodyera  repens,  ya,r.  aphides,  76. 
Goodyera  tesselata,  76. 
Goosefoot  Family,  no. 
Goosegrass,  442. 
Gourd  Family,  454. 
Grape,  Northern  Fox,  260. 
Grape,  River,  260. 
Grass-of-Parnasstxs,  186. 
Grass  Pink,  So. 
Great    Cranberry    Island,     Me., 

432. 
Green  Adder's  Mouth,  68. 
Green  Brier,  24. 
Grim  the  Collier,  526. 
Gromwell,  382. 
Gromwell,  Corn,  380. 
Ground  Cherry,  Clammy,  412. 
Ground  Cherry,  Virginia,  414. 
Ground  Moss,  374. 
Ground  Nut,  224. 

Habcnaria  hlephari glottis,  90. 
Haboiaria  bracteata,  84. 
Habcnaria  ciliaris,  88. 
Habenaria  cristata,  88. 
Habenaria  dtlatata,  86. 
Habenaria  fimbriata,  92. 
Habenaria  Hooker  iana,  86. 
Haboiaria  hyperborea,  86. 
Habenaria  integra,  84. 
Habenaria  lacera,  90. 
Habenaria  leucophcca,  88. 
Habenar-ia  nxvea,  84. 
Habenaria  peramcena,  92. 
Habenaria  psycodes.  90,  92. 
Haboiaria  tridentata,  84,  90. 
Habcnaria  virescens,  84. 
Hardhack,  188. 
Harebell,  458,  460. 
Hartford,  Conn.,  76. 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  422. 
Hawkweed,  Canada,  526. 
Hawkweed,  Tawny,  526. 
Heal-all,  406. 
Heath  Family,  320,  328. 
Hedcoma  pulegwtdes,  396- 
Hclcniiini  antiimnale,  514. 
Hcliauthcnuitn  Canadense,  274. 
Helianthus  annuus,  510. 


HchanlliHS  dccapetalus,  .sij. 
I    Helianthus  divaricatus,  510. 

I    Hrlia}illuts  giganlfus,  sio. 
I    Helianthus  pan<i}lorns,  510. 
j    Helianthus  slruniosus,  510. 

Helianthus  tubcrosus,  si?. 
'    Ilcliopsis  Icri'is,  50O. 
1    HeliL'psis  scabra,  500. 

Hemi)\veed,  Clinii)ing.  4<tS 

Helklxire,  Anieriean  Whili  .  4(1 
I    Henterocallis  jiava,  58. 

Hemerocallis  julva,  sS. 

Hemlock.  Poison,  312.  314. 

Hemli)ck,  Water,  312. 

Hepatiea,  134. 

Hepatica  acutiloba,   134. 

Hepatiea  triloba,  13J. 
i    Heracleum  lanatum,  30S. 

Herl)  R(xbert,  230. 
j    Heteranthera  reniformis,  22 
i    Heuchera  Americana,  186. 

Hibiscus  coccinctts,  266. 
I    Hibiscus  militaris,  2(u>. 

Hibiscus  Moschcutos,  26(1. 

Hibiscus  Trionum,  2()b. 

Hieracium  aurantiacum,  52O. 
j    Hieracium  Canadense,  52<>. 

Hieracium  GronovH,  528 

Hieracium  paniculatum,  52(1. 

Hieracium  scabrum,  528. 

Hieracium  venosum,  '528. 

Hobble-bush,  446. 

Hogwecd,  50(1. 

Holderness,  N.  H.,  240. 

Honeysuckle,  Bush.  452. 

Honeysuckle,  Coral,  45; 2. 

HoncN'suckle  Family,  446. 

Honeysuckle,  Trumpet,  452 

Honeysuckle,      White     Swamp. 
334- 

Honeysuckle,  Wild,  .i.!,(>. 

Horehound,  408. 

Horehound,    Cut-leaved   Water, 
^      394- 

Horseradish,  170. 

Horseweed,  498. 

Hottonia  inflata,  340. 

Hovmd's  tongvie,  376. 

Houstonia  cccrulea,  440. 

Houstonia,  Large,  440. 

Houstonia  purpurea,  440. 

Houstonia   purpurea,    var.   cilio- 
lata,  442. 

Houstonia,  purpurea  var.  longi- 
folia,  442. 

Huckleberries,  328. 

Hudsonia  tomcntosa,  274. 

Hydrastis  Canadensis,  150. 

Hydrocotyle  Americana,  3«'>- 

HVPERICACE.-K,    268. 

Hypericum  adprcssiim,  208. 
Hypericum  Ascyron,  2O8. 
Hypericum  Canadense,  272. 
Hypericum  elltpttcum,  270. 
Hypericum  maculatum,  270. 
Hypericum  muttlum,  272. 


543 


INDEX. 


Hypericum  nudicaule,  272. 
Hvpcricum  perforatum,  270. 
Hypericum  prolificum,  268. 
Hvperjctim  virgatum,  270. 
Hypericum  Virginicum,  272 
Hypoxis  erect  a,  60. 
Hyssop,  396. 
Hyssopus  officinalis,  396. 

Hysanihes  riparia,  422. 
Indigo,  Blue  False,  20S 
Indigo,  Wild,  208. 
Impaiiens  aiirea,  256. 
hnpatiens  bifiora,  256. 
Indian  Cucumber,  44. 
Indian  Hemp,  364- 
Indian  Pipe,  326. 
Indian  Poke,  46. 
Innocence,  440. 
Inula  Hclenium,  504. 
Iridace.'E,  62. 
Iris,  Crested  Dwarf,  64. 
Iris  cristata,  64. 
Iris,  Dwarf,  64. 
Iris  Family,  62. 
/rz5  prismatica,  64. 
/r75  verna,  64. 
/rz5  versicolor,  6  2 . 
Ironweed,  New  York,  468. 
Ironweed,  Tall,  466. 
Isanthus  cceruleus,  388. 
Ivy,  Ground,  400. 

Jack-in-the-pulpit,  10. 
Jackson,  N.  H.,  68. 
Jacob's  Ladder,  376. 
Jafifrey,  N.  H  ,  84,  492. 
Jamestown  Weed,  414. 
Jefferson,  N.  H.,  144. 
Jeffersortia  diphylla,  152. 
Jerusalem  Oak,  no. 
Jewel-weed,  256. 
Jewel- Weed  Family,  256. 
limson  Weed,  414. 
Joe-Pye-Weed,  468. 

Kalmia  angustifolia,  334. 
Kalmia  glauca,  334. 
Kalmia  latifolia,  332. 
Knotgrass,  106. 
Knotweed,  Erect,  106. 
Krtgia  ample xicaulis,  524. 
Krigia  Virginica,  524. 

Labiate,,  388. 
Lactuca,  506. 

Lactuca  Canadensis,  532,  534. 
Lactuca  hirsuta,  534. 
Lactuca  integrifolia,  532. 
Lactuca  leucophcea,  534. 
Lady's  Slipper,  Showy,  96 
Layd's  Slipper,  Stemless,  96. 
Lady's  Slipper,  White,  94. 
Lady's  SHpper,  Yellow,  94. 
Lady's  Thumb,  106. 


'    Ladies'  Tresses,  72 

Ladies'  Tresses,  Grass-leaved,  74 
Ladies'  Tresses,  Slender,  74. 
Lake  Champlain,  N.  Y.,  132. 
Lake  Dunmore,  Vt.,  370. 
I     Lake  Huron,  178. 

Lake  of  the  Clouds,  Mt.  AVash- 

ington.  N.  H  ,  200. 
Lake  Superior,   178. 
Lakewood,  N,  J.,  340. 
Lambkill,  334. 
Lamb's-quarters,  no. 
Lamium  amplexicaule,  408. 
Lamium  purpureum,  410. 
Langdon  Park,  Plymouth,  N.H., 

192,  422. 
Larkspur,  Field,  148. 
Larkspur,  Tall.  148. 
Lathyrus  maritimus,  224. 
Lathyrus  palustris,  244. 
Laurel,  Great,  338. 
Laurel,  Mountain,  332,  334. 
Laurel,  Pale,  334. 
Laurel,  Sheep-,  334. 
Leadwort,  350. 
Leather  Flower,  130. 
Lechea  minor,  274. 
Leguminos/E,  188,  208. 
Leontodon  autumnalis,  524. 
Leontodon  autumnalis,  var.  pra^ 

tens  IS,  524. 
Leonurus  Cardiaca,  408. 
Lepidium  Virginicum,  174. 
Lespedeza  capitata,  222 
Lespedeza  polystachya,  220. 
Lespedeza  procumbens,  220. 
Lespedeza  reticulata.  220. 
Lespedeza  violacea,  220. 
Lettuce,     Smooth-stemmed 

White,  528. 
Lettuce,  Tall  Blue,  534- 
Lettuce,  Tall  White,  530. 
Lettuce,  White,  528. 
Lettuce,  Wild,  532. 
Lexington,  Mass.,  116. 
Liatris  scariosa,  470. 
Liatris  spicata,  470. 
Liatris  squarrosa,  470. 

LlLIACE.^,   24. 

Lilium  Canadense,  50. 

Lilium  Philadelphicum,  48. 

Lilium  tigrinum,  52. 

Lilium  superbum,  52 

Lilium   superbum,  var.  Carolini- 

anum,  52. 
Lily,  Atamasco,  60. 
Lily,  Blackberry,  64. 
Lily,  Canada,  50. 
Lily,  Carolina,  52. 
Lily,  Day,  58. 
Lily  Family,  24. 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  34. 
Lily,  Tiger,  52. 
Lily,  Turk's  Cap,  52. 
Lilv,  Wild  Orange-red,  48. 
Lilv,  Wood,  48. 


544 


INDEX. 


Lily.  Yellow  Day,  58. 
Lily,  Yellow  Meadow,  50. 
Litnnanthemum,  3^2. 
Linage.^,  238. 
Linaria  Canadensis,  416. 
Linaria  vulgaris,  418. 
Lincoln,  Neb.,  170. 
Linncca  bon-alis,  448. 
Linum  snlcatntn,  238. 
Linum  usitatissimum,   238. 
Linum  Virginiajium,  238. 
Lion's-foot,  530. 
Liparis  liliifolia,  70. 
Liquorice,  Wild,  444. 
Listera  convallarioides.  72. 
Lister  a  cordata,  72. 
Lithospcrmum  arvensc,  380. 
Lithospermum  canesccns.  382. 
Lit  hos  per  mum  officinale,  380. 
Live-forever,  180. 
Liverwort,  134. 
Lobelia  cardinalis,  462. 

LoBEI,IACE/E,   462. 

Lobelia  Dortmanna,  464. 
Lobelia,  Downy,  462. 
Lobelia  Family,  462. 
Lobelia,  Great,  462. 
Lobelia  inflata.  464. 
Lobelia  Kalmii,  464. 
Lobelia,  Kalm's,  464. 
Lobelia.  Pale  Spiked,  464. 
Lobelia  puberttla,  462. 
Lobelia  spicata,  464. 
Lobelia,  syphilitica,  462. 
Lobelia,  Water,  464. 
Long  Purple.s,  288. 
Lonicera  cceruiea,  450. 
Lonicera  c  Hi  at  a,  450. 
Lonicera  sempervirens,  452. 
Loosestrife  Family,  286. 
Loosestrife,  Four-leaved,  346. 
Loosestrife,  Fringed,  344. 
Loosestrife,  Hyssop,  286. 
Loosestrife,    Purple    or    Spiked, 

288. 
Loosestrife,  Swamp,  288. 
Lopseed,  386 
Louse  wort,  432 
Lower  Cabut,  Vt.,  190. 
Lucerne,  214. 
Ludwigia  alternifolia,  292. 
Ludwigia  palustris,  292. 
Ludwigia  po!  year  pa,  292. 
Lupinus  perennis,  210. 
Lychnis  alba,  120. 
Lychnis,  Evening,  120. 
Lychnis,  Flos-cuculi,  122. 
Lycopsis  arvensis,  382. 
Lycopus  sitiuatus,  394. 
Lycopus  Virginicus,  394. 
Lysimachia  nunimularta,  348. 
Lysimachia  prodticta,  34S. 
Lysimachia  qiiadrifolia,  346. 
Lysimachia  stricta,  346- 
Lythrace.^,  286. 
Lythrwn  alatum,  286. 


Lythrum  Hyssopifolia,  286. 
Lythrum  lincarc,  280. 
Lythrum  salicaria,  288. 

Madder,  440. 
Madder  Family.  440. 
Maianlhrmum  Canadcnsc,  34. 

Mallow  Family,  2O2. 
Mallow,  High,'  264. 
Malliiw,  Marsh,  2^2. 
Mallow,  Musk.  2O4. 
Mallow.  Round-leaved.  2O2. 
Malvace.*:,  262. 
Malva  Moschata.  2(^4. 
Malva  rotundijolia,  202. 
Malva  sylvcstris,  264. 
Manchester,  Vt.,  412. 
Mandrake,   i  S4. 
Marigold,  NLar.^h,   144. 
Marrubium  vulgarc,  408. 
May  Apple.  154. 
Mayflower,  330,  442. 
Mayweed,  514. 
Meadow-beauty,  290. 
Meadow-beauty  Family,  290. 
Meadowsweet,  188. 
Medicago  lupulina,  2i<> 
Medicago  saliva,  214 
Mcdcola  Virginica,  44. 
Melampyrum  Amcricauum,  434. 
Mclanthium  V irginicum,  46. 
Melastomace.*,  290. 
Melilot,  Yellow,  214. 
Melilotus  alba.  214. 
Melilotus  officinalis,  214. 
Mentha  aqiiatica,  392. 
Mentha  arvensts,  394- 
Mentha  arvensis,   var.  Canaden- 
sis, 394. 
Mentha  piperita,  392. 
Mentha  sylvestris,  392. 
Mentha  viridis,  392. 
Menyanthcs,  352. 
Mertcnsia  Virginica,  378. 
Microstylis  ophioglossoidcs,  68. 
Middlesex  Fells,  Mass.,  276. 
Middletown,  Conn.,  122. 
Mikania  scandens,  468. 
Milfoil,  5  14. 
Milk  Purslane,  240. 
Milk  Vetch.  214- 
Milkweed,  Common,  iG&. 
Milkweed  Family,  3^4.  ,^<»6. 
Milkweed,  Four-leaved,  370- 
Milkweed.  Poke,  ^u>^. 
Milkweed.  Purple.  3<>'>- 
Milkweed,  Swamp,  366. 
Milkwort,  2.^2. 
Milkwort,  Cross-leaved,  244. 
Milkwort  Family.  240. 
Milkwort,  Fringed.  240. 
Milkwort,  Short-leaved.  244. 
Milkwort.  Whorled.  244. 
Mimiilus  ringens,  422. 
Mint.  Corn.  394 
Mini  Family.  3S8 


545 


INDEX. 


Mint,  Horse,  392. 
Mint,  Mountain,  396. 
Mint,  Water,  392. 
Mint,  Wild,  394. 
Mitchella  repens,  442. 
Mitella  diphylla,  184. 
Mitella  nuda,  184,  186. 
Mitrewort,  184. 
Mitrewort,  False,  184. 
Mitrewort,  Naked,  184. 
Moccasin  Flower,  96. 
Monarda  didyma,  398. 
Monarda  fistulosa,  398. 
Monarda  fistulosa,    var.    media, 

400. 
Monarda    fistulosa,    var.    rubra, 

400. 
Moneses  grandiflnra,  322. 
Moneywort,  348. 
Monkey-flower,  422.  ' 
Monkshood,  148. 
Monotropa  Hypopitys,  326. 
Monotropa  iimfiora,  326. 
Moss,  Flowering,  340. 
Motherwort,  408 
Mount  Agassiz,  N.  H.,  70. 
Mountain  Daisy,  122. 
Mountain  Fringe,  160. 
Mt.  Desert  Island,  122. 
Mt.  Eouinox,  Vt.,  4. 
Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.,  530. 
Mt.  Monroe,  N.  H.,  432. 
Mt.  Moosilauke,  N.  H.,  280. 
Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.,  72,  122, 

200,  280,  424,  430. 
Mud  Plantain,  22. 
Mugwort,  S16. 
Mullein,  Moth,  416. 
Mustard,  Black,  172. 
Mustard  Family,  166. 
Mustard,  Field,  172. 
Mustard,  Hedge,  172. 
Mustard,  White,  174. 
Myosotis  laxa,  380. 
Myosotis  palustris,  380. 
Myosotis  verna,  380. 
Myrtle,  348. 

Nantucket,  Mass.,  4,  48,  116, 
126,  208,  268,  270,  350,  352, 
356,  472,  524- 

Nasturtium  Armoracia,  170. 

Nasturtium  officinale,  170. 

Nasturtium  terrestre,  170. 

Nepeta  Cataria,  400. 

Nepeta  Glechoma,  400. 

Nettle,  Dead,  408. 

Nettle,  Hedge,  410. 

Nettle,  Hemp,  410. 

Newfane,  Vt.,  494. 

New  Jersey  Tea,  258. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  154. 

Nightshade,  412. 

Nightshade,  Black,  412. 

Nightshade  Family,  410. 

Nonesuch,  216. 


North  Easton,  Mass.,  24. 

Nuphar  advena,  126. 

Nuphar     advena,     var.      minus. 

128. 
Nuphar  Kalmianum,  128. 
Nymph.«ace.«,  126. 
Nyniphcsa  odorata,  126. 
Nvmphcea  odorata,    var.    minor, 

126. 
Nymphcea    odorata,    var.    rosea, 

126. 

Oakcsia,  38. 

Oakcsia  sessilifolia,  38. 

Oakes's   Gulf,   Mt.   Washington, 

N.  H.,  530. 
Old  Man's  Beard,  130. 
Onagrace.^,  292. 
0)wsmodium  Virginianum,  382. 
Orange-grass,  272. 
Orangeroot,  150. 
Orchidace.*;,  68. 
Orchid  Family,  68. 
Orchis,    Green    Round  -  Leaved, 

86. 
Orchis,  Green  Wood,  84. 
Orchis,  Hooker's,  86. 
Orchis,    Large    Purple    Fringed, 

92. 
Orchis,  Purple,  92. 
Orchis,  Ragged  Fringed,  90. 
Orchis  rotundifolia,  82. 
Orchis,  Showy,  82. 
Orchis,  Smaller  Purple  Fringed, 

92. 
Orchis  spcctahilis,  82. 
Orchis,  White  Fringed,  88. 
Orchis,  Yellow  Crested,  88. 
Orchis,  Yellow  Fringed,  88. 
Ornithogalum  umbellatum,  56. 
Orobanchace^,  436. 
Orobanche  uniflora,  436. 
Orono,  Me.,  138. 
Orontium  aquaticum,  16. 
Orpine  Family,  180. 
Osmorrhiza  brevistylis,  314. 
Osntorrhi^a  longistylis,  314. 
Oswego  Tea,  398. 
Oxalidace>e,  234. 
Oxalis  Acetosella,  234. 
Oxalis  cymosa,  236. 
Oxalis  stricta,  236. 
Oxalis  violacea,  234. 
Oxeye,  506. 

Painted  Cup,  430. 
Panax  quinquefolium,  304. 
Panax  tri folium,  304. 
Papaverace^,  156,  158 
Papoose  Root,  152. 
Parnassia  Caroliniana,  186. 
Parsley  Family,  306. 
Parsley,  Hemlock,  306. 
Parsnip,  Cow,  308. 
Parsnip,  Early  Meadow,  310. 
Parsnip,  Meadow,  310. 


546 


INDEX. 


Parsnip,  Water,  310. 

Parsnip,  Wild,  308. 

Partridgeberry,  442, 

Pastiyiaca  saliva,  308,  310. 

Pea,  Beach,  224. 

Peacham,  Vt.,  190. 

Peanvit,  Hotj,  226. 

Peanut,  Wild,  226. 

Pea  Partridge,  228. 

Pedicularis  Canadensis,  432. 

Pedicularis  lanceolata,  434. 

Peltandra  undulata,  12. 

Pemigewasset  Valley,  N.  H.. 
252,  456. 

Pennyroyal,  American,  306. 

Pennyroyal,  Bastard,   388. 

Pennyroyal,  False,  388. 

Penthorum  sedoides,  180. 

Pentstemon,  420. 

Pentstemon  IcBvigatus,  420,  422. 

Pentstemon  Icevigatus,  var.  digi- 
talis, 420,  422. 

Pentstemon  pubesccns,  420. 

Pepper-grass,  Wild,  174. 

Peppermint,  302. 

Perilla  ocymoides,  3qo. 

Persicaria,  Pennsylvania.   106. 

Phaseoliis  perennis,  226. 

Phillip's  Beach,  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  120. 

Phlox  divaricata,  374. 

Phlox,  Downy,  374. 

Phlox  Family,  374 

Phlox  paniculata,  374. 

Phlox  pilosa,  374. 

Phlox  subulata,  374. 

Phlox,  Wild  Blue,  374- 

Phryma  Icptostachya,  386. 

Phy salts  heterophylla,  412. 

Phy salts  pubescens,  414. 

Physalis  Virginiana,  414. 

Physostegia  Virginiana,  406. 

Physostegia  Virginiana,  var. 
denticulata,  406. 

Pickerel  Weed,  22. 

Pickerel  Weed  Family,  22. 

Pigweed,  no. 

Pimpernel,  350. 

Pimpernel,  False,  422. 

Pine-sap,  326. 

Pine-weed,  272. 

Pink,  354- 

Pink,  Deptford,  116. 

Pink  Family,  116. 

Pink,  Ground,  374. 

Pink,  Large  Marsh,  356. 

Pink,  Maiden,  116. 

F^ink,  Rose,  354. 

Pink,  Sea,  354. 

Pink,  Wild,  118. 

Pinweed,  274. 

Pinxter  Flower,  336. 

Pipsissewa,  320. 

Pitcher  Plant,  176. 

Pitcher  Plant  Family,  176. 

Pl.ANl  aGINACE/E,   438. 


Plantago  lanceolata.  438. 
Plautago  major,  438. 
Plantago  Rugelii.  438. 
Plantain,  Common.  4^8. 
Plantain.  English,  43H, 
Plantain  Family,  438. 
Plantain,  Rubin's,  500. 
Pleurisy  Root,  366. 
PlumbacinacE/K.  350. 
Plumbago,  3 so 
Plymouth,  N.  H.,  158.  448. 
Podophyllum,   152 
Podophyllum  peltatum,   154. 
Pogonia.  Ntjddini.',  80. 
Pogo)ua  ophioglossoidcs,  78,  80. 
Pogonia  pendula,  80 
Pogonia  vcrtictllata.  82. 
Poison  Ivy    252. 

POLEMONIACE.K,    374. 

I    Polcmonium  cirrulcum,  376. 
^    Polcmonium  reptans,  376. 
I    Polygala  brcvijolia,  244. 

POLYC.ALACE.t,    240. 

Polygala  cruciata.  244. 
Polygala  pancijolia,  240. 
Polygala  polygama,  242. 
Polygala  sanguinea,  242. 
Polygala  Senega,  242. 
Polygala  verticillata,  244. 
Polygala    verticillata,    var.     am- 
bigua,  244. 

POLYGONACE.«,    I02. 

Polygonatum  biflortim,  36. 

Polygonatum  giganteum,  },(>. 

Polygonum,  104. 

Polygonum  arijolium,   108. 

Polygonum  avuulare,  106. 
'    Polygonum      dumetorum.        var. 

scandois,  108. 
I    Polygonum  crcctum,  106. 
j    Polygonum  hydropiperoidcs,  106. 
I    Polygonum  P enn sylvan icum,\o<\. 

Polygonum  Persicaria.   io<). 
',    Polygonum  sagittatum,  108. 

Poiid-Lily,  Small  Yellow.  12S. 

Pond-Lily,  Yellow.  126. 

PONTEDERIACE.*.    22. 

Pontederia  cordata,  22. 
Poor  Man's  Weather-glass,  3.'»o. 
Poppy,  Celandine,  i.sft. 
Poppy  Family,  150. 
Poppv-mallow,  Purple,  2O4. 
Poppy,  Prickly.  158. 

PORTULACACE.^i.    II4. 

Portulaca  oleracca.  i  14 
Potentilla  Anserina,  202. 
Potent  ilia  argent :a,   iij8 
Potentilla  Canadensis,  202. 
Potentilla  jrigida,  200. 
Potentilla  jruticosa,  200. 
Potentilla  Xorvegiia,  108. 
Potentilla  palustris.  200. 
Potentilla  recta,  m8. 
Potentilla  simplex,  202. 
Potentilla  tridcntata,  200. 
Pownal.  Vt.,  208. 


547 


INDEX. 


Prenanihes  alba,  528,  530. 
Prenanthes  altissima,  530. 
Prenanthes  Bootii,  530. 
Prenanthes  racemosa,  528. 
Prenanthes  serpentaria,  530. 
Prenanthes  trifoliolata,  var.  nana, 

530. 
Primrose,  Dwarf  Canadian.  342. 
Primrose  Family,  340. 
Primulace.'E,  340- 
Primula  farinosa,  342. 
Primula  Mistassinica,  342. 
Prince's  Pine,  320. 
Profile  House,  Franconia  Notch, 

N.  H.,  202. 
Profile  Lake,   Franconia  Notch, 

N.   H.   234- 
Prunella  vulgaris,  406. 
Puccoon,  382. 
Pulse  Family,  208. 
Purple    Flowering  -  Raspberry, 

190. 
Purslane  Family,  114. 
Purslane  or  Pusley,  114. 
Pussy-toes,  500. 

Pycnantliemum  lanceolatum,  396. 
Pycnanthemum   linifolium,    396. 
Pyrola  asarifolia,  324. 
PVROLACE.C,   320. 
Pyrola  chlorantha,  322,  324. 
Pyrola  elliptica,  324. 
Pyrola  Family,  320. 
Pyrola,  One-flowered,  322. 
Pyrola  rotundifolia,  324 
Pyrola,  Round-leaved,  324. 
Pyrola  secunda,  322. 
Pyrola,  Small,  322. 
Pyxidanthera  barbulata,  340. 
Pyxie  Moss,  340. 

Quaker  Ladies,  440. 
Queen  Anne's  Lace,  306. 
Queen-of-the-Prairie,  190. 

Rabbit-foot,  Clover,  210. 
Ragged  Robin,  122. 
Ragweed,  Great,  506. 
Ragwort,  Golden,  518. 
Randolph,  Vt.,  190. 
Ranunculace^,  128. 
Ranunculus  abortivus,  138. 
Ranunculus  abortivus,  var.  eucy- 

clus,  138. 
Ranunculus  acris,  142,   144. 
Ranutieulus  acris,   var.   Steveni, 

144. 
Ranunculus  ambigens,  138. 
Ranunculus  bulbosus,  142. 
Ranuyiculus  fascicularis,  140. 
Ranunculus  Pennsylvanicus,  142. 
Ranunculus  recurvatus,  140. 
Ranunculus  re  pens,  142. 
Ranujicidus  septentrionalis,   140, 

142. 
Raspberry,  Mountain,  192. 


Rattlebox,  208. 
Rattlesnake  Plantain,  76. 
Rattlesnake-root,  1528. 
Rattlesnake-weed,  528. 
Rhamnace.b,  258. 
Rhamnus  alnifolia,  258. 
Rhamniis  cathartica,  258. 
Rhexia  aristosa,  290. 
Rhexia  Mariana,  290. 
Rhexia  Virginica,  290. 
Rhinanthus  Crista-galli,  432. 
Rhododendron    calendulaceum, 

336 
Rhododendron  Catawbtense,  338. 
Rhododendron  Lapponicum,  338. 
Rhododendron  maximum,  338. 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum,  336. 
Rhododendron  Rhodora,  336. 
Rhododendrons.  334. 
Rhododendron  viscosum,  334. 
Rhodora,  336. 
Rhus  copallina,  250. 
Rhus  glabra,  250. 
Rhus  toxicodendron,  252. 
Rhus  typhina,  250. 
Rhus  venenata,  252. 
Ribgrass,  438. 
Richard  ia,  12. 
Rich  Weed.  390. 
Rock-rose  Family,  274. 
Rosa  blanda,  204. 
Rosa  canina,  206. 
Rosa  Carolina,  204. 
Rosa  humilis,  206. 
Rosa  liicida,  204. 
Rosa  mtida,  206. 
Rosa  rubiginosa,  206. 
ROSACE.-E,   182,  188. 
Rosebay,  Lapland.  338. 
Rose,  Dwarf  Wild,  204. 
Rose  Family,  188. 
Rose-mallow,       Halberd-leaved, 

266. 
Rose-mallow.  Swamp.  266. 
Rosemary,  Marsh,  350. 
Rose,  Northeastern,  206. 
Rose,  Pasture,  206. 
Rose,  Smooth,  204. 
Rose,  Sw^amp,  204. 
Roxbury,  Conn.,  422. 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  iio. 
RUBIACE.-E,  438. 
Rubia  tinctorum,  440. 
Rubus  Chamcemorus,  192. 
Rubus  odoratus,  190. 
Rudbeckia  hirta,  508 
Rudbeckia  laciniata,  506. 
Rudbeckia  triloba,  508. 
Rue,  Early  Meadow,  136. 
Rue,  Purplish  Meadow,  138. 
Rue,  Tall  Meadow,  136. 
Rumex  Acetosella,   104. 
Rumex  Britannica,  102. 
Rumex  crispus,  102. 
Rumex  obtusif alius,  104. 
Rumex  Patientia,  102. 


548 


INDEX. 


Rumex  per  sic  ario  ides,  104. 
Rumex  verticillatus,  102. 


Sabbatia  angularis,  354. 
Sabbatia  chloroides,  356. 
Sabbatia  gracilis,  354. 
Sabbatia,  Lance-leaved,  354. 
Sabbatia  laitccolata,  354. 
Sabbatia  stellar  is,  354. 
Saddle  River,  N.  J.,  260. 
Sage,  Lyre-leaved,  398. 
Sage,  Wood,  390. 
Sagittaria  Engelmanniana,  8. 
Sagittaria  lati folia.  <S. 
Sagittaria  variabilis,  6. 
Sagittaria    variabilis,     var.     pu- 

bescens,  8. 
Salvia  lyrata,  398. 
Sambiicus  Canadensis,  446. 
Sambucus  racemosa,  446. 
Sand  Spurry,  126. 
Sandwich,  N.  H.,  70. 
Sandwort,  Mountain,  122. 
Sandwort,  Thyme-leaved,    122. 
Sanguinaria  Canadensis,    156. 
Sanicle,  316 

Sanicula  Marylandica,  316. 
SankatyHead,  Nantucket, Mass., 

204. 
Saponaria  oificinalis,  116. 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  58,  132. 
Sarraceniace^,  176. 
Sarraceyiia  purpurea,  176. 
Sarsaparilla,  Bristly,  302. 
Sarsaparilla,  Wild,  304- 
vSaxifragace.-e,  180,  182,  188. 
Saxifraga  Pennsylvanica,  182. 
Saxifraga  Virginiensis,  182. 
Saxifrage,  Early,  182. 
Saxifrage  Family,  182. 
Saxifrage,  Golden,  186. 
Saxifrage,  Swamp,  182. 
Scrophulariace.^,  416. 
Scrophularia  nodosa,  var.  Mari- 

landica,  418. 
Scutellaria  canescens,  404. 
Scutellaria  galericulata,  404. 
Scutellaria  intcgrifolia,  404. 
Scutellaria  lateriflora,  402. 
Scutellaria  nervosa,  406. 
Scutellaria  parvula,  404. 
Scutellaria  pilosa,  404. 
Scutellaria  scrrata.  402. 
Scutellaria  versicolor,  402. 
Sea  Lavender,  350. 
Sedum  Telephium,  180. 
Sedum  tematum,  180. 
Seedbox,  292. 
Self-heal,  406. 
Seneca  Snakeroot,  242. 
Senecio  aureus,  518. 
Senecio  Balsamita-,  518. 
Senna,  Wild,  228 
Sensitive  Plant,  Wild,   228. 
Shelburne,  N.  H.,   7°- 


Shepherd's  Purse,  174. 
Shinleaf,  322.  324. 
Shooting  Star,  342. 
Sicyos  angiilatus,  ^^h. 
Silcnc  Antirrhina,   118. 
Silcne  Cxicubalus,   1 1 S. 
Silcnc  noctiflora,   120. 
Silcnc  Pennsylvanica.  118. 
Silcne  stcllata,  i  iS. 
Silver  Grass,  472. 
Silver-rod,  474. 
Silverweed.  202. 
Sisymbrium  officinale,   it 3. 
Sisyrinchitttn  anceps,  (}(>. 
Sisyri>ichium  angusliiolium,  66. 
Sisyri>ichiu»i  Atlanlicum,  (>'». 
Sium  cicntcriolium,  mo. 
Skullcap,  Mad-dog.  402. 
Skunk  Cabbage,  14,  154. 
Smartweed,   106. 
Smilacina  racemosa.  30. 
Smilacina  stcllata,  32. 
Smilacina  tri folia,  32. 
Stvilax  herbacea.  24. 
Smilax  officinalis.  304. 
Smilax  rotundifolia,  24. 
Smilax  rotundifolia,    var.   quad- 

rangiilaris,  24. 
Smith's  College,    Northampton, 

Mass.,  434- 
Snake  Mouth,  80. 
Snakeroot,  Black.  150,316. 
Snakeroot,  White,  470. 
Snap-dragon,  Small,  418. 
Sneczeweed,  514. 
Snowberry,  450. 
Snowberry,  Creeping.  32S. 
Snow  on  the  Mountain,  248. 
Soapwort,  116. 
Solanace.-k,  410. 
Solanum  Dulcamara,  412. 
Solanum  nigrum,  412. 
Solidago,  472. 
Solidago  arguta,  4^°- 
Solidago  bicolor,  474. 
Solidago  ccEsia,  474- 
Solidago  Canadensis,  482. 
Solidago  juncea.  480. 
Solidago  lanceolata.  484. 
Solidago  latifolia.  474- 
Solidago  macrophylla,  476. 
Solidago  neglect  a.  480. 
Solidago  nemoralis.  482. 
Solidago  odora.  47  S. 
Solidago  patula.  a1^- 
Solidago  rigida.  482. 
Solidago  rugosa.  478. 
Solidago  sempervirens,  476. 
Solidago  serolina,  480. 
Solidago  speciosa,  476- 
Solidago  squarrosa.  474- 
Solidago  tenui folia.  484. 
Solidago  uliginosa,  47<>- 
So'idago  ulmifolia,  47^- 
Solidago  Virgaurea,  var.   alpina, 

470. 


54«J 


INDEX. 


Solomon's  Seal,  36. 
Solomon's  Seal,  False,  32. 
Solomon's     Seal,     Three-leaved 

False,  32. 
Sonchus  as  per    534. 
Sonchus  oleraceus,  534. 
Sorrel  Family,  234- 
Sorrel,  Field  or  Sheep,  104. 
Sorrel,  Lady's,  236. 
Sorrel,  Violet  Wood,  234- 
Sorrel,  Wood,  234. 
Sorrel.  Yellow  Wood,  236. 
Southbury,  Conn.,  374- 
Sparganiace/e,  4. 
Sparganiuni  androcladum,  4. 
Sparganium  eurycarpum,  4. 
Sparganiuni  simplex,  4. 
Spatter-dock,  126. 
Spearmint,  302. 
Spiderwort  Family,  18. 
Spikenard,  302. 
Specularia  perfoliata,  456. 
Speedwell,  Common,  424. 
Speedwell,  Marsh,  424. 
Speedwell,  Thyme-leaved,  426. 
Spiderwort,  20. 
Spircea  Aruncus.  190. 
Spircea  lobata,  igo. 
Spircea  salicifolia,  var.  latifolia, 

188. 
Spircea  tomentosa,  188. 
Spiranthes  cernua,  72,  74. 
Spiranthes  gracilis,  74. 
Spiranthes  prcrcox,  74. 
Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana,  76. 
Spring  Beauty,  114. 
Spurge,  Cypress,  248. 
Spurge  Family,  246. 
Spurge,  Seaside,  246. 
Spurge,  Spotted,  246. 
Spurge,  Sun,  248. 
Spurge,  White  Margined,  248. 
Squawroot,  436. 
Squirrel  Corn,  162. 
Siachys  as  per  a,  410.     ' 
Stachys  palustris,  410. 
Staff-Tree  Family,  254. 
St.  Andrew's  Cross,  268. 
Star  Flower,  344. 
Star  Grass,  60. 
Star-of-Bethlehem,  56. 
St  at  ice    Limonium,     var.     Caro- 

liniana,  350. 
Steeplebush,  188. 
Steironema  cHiatum,  344. 
Steironema  lanceolatum,  344. 
Stellar  ia  gr  amine  a,  124. 
Stellar ia  longifolia,  124. 
Stellaria  media,  124. 
Stenanthium  robustum,  48. 
Stenanthium.  Stout,  48. 
Stickseed,  European,  378. 
Stickseed,  Virginia,  378. 
Stick-tight,  512. 
Stitchwort,  Lesser.  124. 
Stitch  wort.  Long-leaved,   124. 


St.  John  River,  Fort  Kent,  Me.. 

132.^ 
St.  John's-wort,  Common,  270. 
St    John's-wort  Family,  268. 
St.  John's-wort,  Great,  268. 
St.  John's-wort,  Marsh,  272. 
St.  John's-wort,  Shrubby,  268. 
St.  Tohn's-wort,  Spotted,  270. 
St.  Libory,  St.  Clair  Co.,  111.,  158. 
Stonecrop,  Ditch,   180. 
Stonecrop,  Wild,   r8o. 
St.  Peter" s-wort,  268. 
Strawberry,     American     Wood, 

196. 
Strawberry,  Wild  Virginia,   19b. 
Streptopus  amplexijolius,  28. 
Streptopus  roseus,  28. 
Strophostyles  angulosa,  226. 
Stylophorum  diphyllum,  156. 
Succory,  524. 
Sumac,  Dwarf,  250. 
Sumac,  Poison,  252. 
Sumac,  Smooth,  250. 
Sumac,  Staghorn,  250. 
Sundew  Family,  178. 
Sundew,  Long-leaved,  178. 
Sundew,  Round-leaved,  178. 
Sundew,  Slender,   178. 
Sundew,  Thread-leaved,  178. 
Sundrops.  298,  300. 
Sunflower,  Small,  510. 
Sunflower,  Tall,  510. 
Sunflower,  Ten-petaled,  512. 
Sunflower,  Thin-leaved,  512. 
Sunflower,  Woodland,  510. 
Sweetbrier,  206. 
Sweet  Cicely,  314. 
Sweet  Flag,  16. 
Sweet  Scabius,  498. 
Symphoricarpos  racemostis,  450. 
Symphoricarpos  vulgaris,  448. 
Symplocarpus  jcetidus,  14. 

Tanacetum  vulgare,  516. 
Tansy,  516. 

Taraxacum  erythrospermum,  532. 
Taraxacum  officinale,  532. 
Tearthumb,   Arrow-leaved.    108. 
Tearthumb,       Halberd  -  leaved, 

108. 
Teucrium  Canadense,  390. 
Thalictrum  dioicum,  136. 
Thalictrum  polygamum,  136. 
Thalictrum  purpurascens,   138. 
Thaspium  aureum,  310. 
Thaspium     aureum,     var.    atro- 

purpureum,  310. 
Thaspium  barbinode,  310. 
Thimble-berry,  190. 
Thimble-weed,  130. 
Thistle,  Canada,  522. 
Thistle,  Common,  520. 
Thistle,  Pasture,  522. 
Thistle, 'Sow,  534. 
Thistle,  Swamp,  522. 
Thistle,  Tall,  522. 


550 


INDEX. 


Thistle,  Yellow,  520. 
Thorn  Apple,  414. 
Thorn  Apple,  Purple,  414. 
Thoroughwort,  468. 
Thoroughwort,  White,  468. 
Tiarella  cordifolia,  184. 
Tick  Trefcjil,  216. 
Tick  Trefoil,  Canadian.  218. 
Ticdemannia  rigida,  308. 
Tinker' s-weed,  448. 
Tissa  rubra  L  ,  126. 
Toad-flax,  418 
Toad-flax,  Blue,  410. 
Tobacco,  Indian.  464. 
Tooth  wort,  1 6b. 
Toothwort.  Cut-leaved,  16O. 
Touch-me-not,  Pale,  256. 
Touch-me-not,  Spotted,  256. 
Tradescantia  rosea,  20. 
Tradescantia  Virginica,  20. 
Trichosicma  dichotomum,  388. 
Truhostcma  lineare,  38S. 
Tricutalis  Americana,  344- 
TrijoUiim  agrarium,  212. 
Tnjoliitm  arvoisc,  210 
Tmolium  hybridiim,  212. 
Trifolium  pralcnse,  210. 
Trifolium  procunibens,  214. 
Trjfolium  rcpcns,  212. 
TrdUum  cernumn,  42. 
Trillium,  Dwarf  White,  42- 
Trillium  erectum,  40. 
Trillium  grandifloruni,  42. 
Trillium,  Large  Flowering,  42. 
Trillium  nivale,  42. 
Trillium,  Nodding,  42. 
Trillium,  Painted,  42. 
Trillium  recurvatum,  40. 
Trillium,  sessile,  40. 
Trillium,  Stemless,  40 
Trillium  undulatum,  42. 
Triosteiim  perfolialum,  448. 
Tuckerman's  Ravine,  Mt.  Wash- 
ington, N.    H.,  338. 
Tumble  Weed,  112. 
Turtle-head,  420. 
Twayblade,  Broad-lipped,  72. 
Twayblade,  Heart-leaved,  72. 
Twayblade,  Large,  70. 
Twinberrv,  442. 
Twin-flower,  448. 
Twinleaf ,  152. 
Twisted  Stalk,  28. 
Typha  angustifolia,  3. 
Typha  latifolia,  3. 
Typhace^,  3- 

Umbelliferce,  306. 
Umbrella  Leaf,  iS4- 
Uvularia  grandiflora,  38. 
Uvular ia  pcrfoliata,  38. 
Uxbridge,  Mass.,  132. 

Valerianace^,  452. 
Valeriana  officinalis,  454- 
Valeriana  sylvatica,  452. 


Valerian  Family.  453. 
Valerian.  Garden,  454. 
Valerian,  Great  Wild,  454. 
Valerian,  (in-ck.  3  7(). 
Valerian,  Swamp,  452. 
Valcriaiiclla  Woodsiana,  454 
Vandal-root.  454. 
Venus's  Looking-glass.  456. 
Veratrum  virtdc,  40. 
Verbascum  /-ilaltana,  41O. 
Verbascum  Thapsus,  414. 
Verbenace.-e.  3H4 
Verbena  angustifolia,  3H0. 
Verbena  hastata,  .iH(> 
Verbena  officinalis,  384 
Verbena  urticisjolia.  384 
Vernonia  altissima.  4(10. 
Vernonia  Novcboraccnsis,  40'>. 
Vernonias.  470. 
Veronica  alpino,  424. 
Vero7iica  Americana,  424 
Veronica  officinalis,  424. 
Veronica  scutellaia,  424. 
Veronica  serpyllijolia,  420. 
Veronica  Virginica,  422. 
Vervain,  Blue,  386 
Vervain,  European,  384. 
Vervain  Family,  384. 
Vervain,  Narnnv -leaved,  380. 
Vervain,  White,  384. 
Vetch,  Common,  222. 
Vetch,  Cow,  222. 
Viburnum  alnifolium,  440. 
Vicia  Americana,  222. 
Vicia  Cracca,  222. 
Vicia  sativa,  222. 
Vine  Family,  260. 
Viola  blanda,  280. 
Viola  Canadensis,  282. 
Viola  canina,  var.  Muhlenbergii, 

284.  ,        . 

Viola  canina,  var.  pubcruia,  284 
ViOLACE.-E,   276. 
Viola  lanceolata,  280. 
Viola  palmata,  27b. 
Viola    palmata,     var.    cuculata, 

278. 
Viola  palustris,  278. 
Viola  pedata,  276. 
Viola  pubesccns,  2^2. 
Viola  rotundifolia,  280. 
Viola  sagittata,  278. 
Viola  Sclkirkii,  278. 
Viola  striata,  284. 
Violet,  Arrow-leaved.  278. 
Violet.  Bird-foot,  27'). 
Violet,  Canada,  282. 
Violet,  CommoiT.   278. 
Violet.  Dog.  284. 
Violet.  Dogtooth.  54- 
Violet.  Downy  Yellow,  282. 
Violet  Family,  270. 
Violet.  Lance-leaved,  2 Ho. 
Violet,  Marsh.  278. 
Violet,  Pale,  284. 
Violet,  Round-kaved,  280. 


551 


INDEX. 


Violet,  Sweet  White.  280. 
Virginia  Creeper,  260. 
Virginia  Day  Flower,  20. 
Virginia  Snakeroot,  100. 
Virgin's  Bower,  128. 
Virgin's  Bower,  Purple,  130. 
VlTACE.-E,   260. 
Vitis  Labrusca,  260. 
Vitis  vulpina,  260. 

Wake-robin,  40. 
Watercress,  170. 
Watercress,  Marsh,  170. 
Water-Lily,  126. 
Water-Lily  Family,  126. 
Water  Pennywort,  316. 
Water  Pepper,  106. 
Water  Plantain,  6. 
Water  Plantain  Family,  6. 
Water  Plantain  Spearwort,  138. 
Water  Purslane,  292. 
Waterville,  Me.,  138. 
Waxwork,  Climbing  Bittersweet, 

254- 
Wayfaring  Tree,  446. 
White  Mt.  Notch,  7°; 
Whitlow-grass,  Carolina,  168. 
Whitlow-grass,  Common,  170. 
Wild  Balsam  Apple,  454. 
WiJd  Coffee,  448. 
Wild  Garlic,  56. 


Wild  Ginger,  98. 
Wild  Leek,  56- 
Wild  Lemon,  154. 
Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.,  132. 
Willow    Herb,  Great,  294. 
Willow  Herb,  Hairy,  294. 
Willow  Herb,  Spiked.  288. 
Wind  Flower,  132. 
Wintergreen,  330. 
Wintergreen,  Flowering,  240. 
Wintergreen,  Spotted,  320. 
Wormwood,  518. 
Wormwood,  Roman,  506. 
Wormwood,  Tall.  516. 

Xyridace,^.  18. 

Xyris  Caroliniana,  18. 

Xyris  fiexuosa,  18^ 

Xyris  fiexuosa,  var.  pusilla,  18. 

Yarrow,  514. 
Yellow-eyed  Grass,  18. 
Yellow-eyed  Grass,  Carolina,  li 
Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family,  18. 
Yellow  Melilot,  214. 
Yellow  Rattle,  432. 
Yellow  Rocket,  172. 

Zephyranthes  Ataniasco,  60. 
Zizia  aurea,  310.  312. 


552 


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